dependent sample also called paired or matched samples.

eg: We want to estimate the difference between the mean weights of all participants before and after a weight loss program. We take a sample of 40 participants and measure their weights before and after the completion of this program. These two samples include the same 40 persons, so called dependent samples. Note: Both samples are the same size.

INDEPENDENT SAMPLE two samples are independent as they are drawn from two different populations, and the samples have no effect on each other. eg: We want to estimate the difference between the mean salaries of all male and all female executives. We draw one sample from the population of male executives and another from the population of female executives. These two samples are independent because they come from different populations and the samples have no effect on each other.

Addition Rule Sum Rule for Probability

A method for finding the probability that either or both of two events occurs. Addition Rule: If events A and B are mutually exclusive (disjoint), then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) Otherwise, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)

Example 1: mutually exclusive

In a group of 101 students 30 are freshmen and 41 are sophomores. Find the probability that a student picked from this group at random is either a freshman or sophomore. Note that P(freshman) = 30/101 and P(sophomore) = 41/101. Thus P(freshman or sophomore) = 30/101 + 41/101 = 71/101 This makes sense since 71 of the 101 students are freshmen or sophomores.

Example 2: not mutually exclusive

In a group of 101 students 40 are juniors, 50 are female, and 22 are female juniors. Find the probability that a student picked from this group at random is either a junior or female. Note that P(junior) = 40/101 and P(female) = 50/101, and P(junior and female) = 22/101. Thus P(junior or female) = 40/101 + 50/101 22/101 = 68/101 This makes sense since 68 of the 101 students are juniors or female. Not sure why? When we add 40 juniors to 50 females and get a total of 90, we have overcounted. The 22 female juniors were counted twice; 90 minus 22 makes 68 students who are juniors or female.

Multiplication Rule A method for finding the probability that both of two events occur.

Independent Events
Events for which the probability of any one event occurring is unaffected by the occurrence or non-occurrence of any of the other events. Formally, A and B are independent if and only if P(A|B) = P(A).

Conditional Probability A probability that is computed based on the assumption that some event has already occurred. The probability of event B given that event A has occurred is written P(B|A).

Dependent Variable A variable that depends on one or more other variables. For equations such as y = 3x 2, the dependent variable is y. The value of y depends on the value chosen for x. Usually the dependent variable is isolated on one side of an equation. Formally, a

dependent variable is a variable in anexpression, equation, or function that has its value determined by the choice of value(s) of other variable(s).

SOLEDAD by Angela Manalang Gloria

It was a sacrilege, the neighbors cried, The way she shattered every mullioned pane To let a firebrand in. They tried in vain To understand how one so carved from pride And glassed in dream could have so flung aside Her graven days, or why she dared profane The bread and wine of life for some insane Moment with him. The scandal never died. But no one guessed that loveliness would claim Her soul's cathedral burned by his desires Or that he left her aureoled in flame And seeing nothing but her blackened spires, The town condemned this girl who loved too well and found her heaven in the depths of hell.

This poem was about a woman named Soledad who was left alone and was left behind by everyone. She thinks that she is really unfortunate and her life and/or everyday life is miserable and no happiness since then.

She always look forward with nothing but pain. She thinks that her life is very hopeless to be happy even if she does something else to change it. She thinks that she is left on heavenly desires that makes her inner-self burn along.

All she could see is the negatives around her and theres no chance for her to be happy and theres nothing or no one could ever change her life. Shes always depressed and in pain, and she believe that she found her heaven in the depths of hell, as the second line said. Thats too much misery for her. :(

Poems of Angela Manalang Gloria

Through life, I have never been a poem-lover so to speak. The only ones I've appreciated are those by authors who wrote classical and lyrical poems- the ones that are strict with the meters, the rhymes and so forth. I enjoy my poems structured, because it represent order and talent. It's like comparing Picasso and Rembrandt on the merits of their technical acumen to which I am biased towards the latter. My only idols in this genre are: Edgar Allan Poe, Rudyard Kipling, and Jose Rizal. Now, I shall add to the list the illustrious Angela Manalang Gloria (1915 - 1996). Her poems are almost song-like but full of wit and wisdom. Since she was a feminist during the colonial years, her works are centered mostly from a woman's point of view. Even that is such the case, her talent resonates in everyone who reads them. Her biography can be read here in PinoyLit. I have collected her hard-to-come-by poems floating in the net because hers are quite rare to find. She has only published one book called Poems (1940) and it's out of stock. So, sit back and enjoy some of her better known ouerves. Old Maid Walking on a City Street* (1950) She had a way of walking through concupiscence And past the graces her fingers never twirled: Because her mind refused the heavy burden, Her broad feet shovelled up the world. Querida* (1940) The door is closed, the curtains drawn within One room, a brilliant question mark of light... Outside her gate an empty limousine Waits in the brimming emptiness of night. Revolt From Hymen** (1940) O to be free at last, to sleep at last As infants sleep within the womb of rest! To stir and stirring find no blackness vast With passion weighted down upon the breast, To turn the face this way and that and feel No kisses festering on it like sores, To be alone at last, broken the seal That marks the flesh no better than a whore's! Any Woman Speaks*** (1940) Half of the world's true glamour Is held--you know by whom? Not by the gilt Four Hundred Parading in perfume, Nor by the silvered meteors That light the celluloid sky-But by these eyes that called you, Blind fool who passed me by!

Ermita in the Rain*** (1940) It is not the rain that wanly Sobs its tale across the bay, Not the sobs of lone acacias Trembling darkly in the gray, Not the groans of harried breakers Flinging tatters on the shore, But the phantom of your voice that Stays me dreaming at my door. Soledad*** (1940) It was a sacrilege, the neighbors cried, The way she shattered every mullioned pane To let a firebrand in. They tried in vain To understand how one so carved from pride And glassed in dream could have so flung aside Her graven days, or why she dared profane The bread and wine of life for some insane Moment with him. The scandal never died. But no one guessed that loveliness would claim Her soul's cathedral burned by his desires Or that he left her aureoled in flame And seeing nothing but her blackened spires, The town condemned this girl who loved too well and found her heaven in the depths of hell. Words*** (1940) I never meant the words I said, So trouble not your honest head And never mean the words I write, But come and kiss me now goodnight. The words I said break with the thunder Of billows surging into spray: Unfathomed depths withhold the wonder Of all the words I never say. Cementerio del Norte**** To the memory of Consuelo And so, it all must come to thisa dying afternoon, Thin cerements of rain around the forlorn ghost of weeping, White tombs so desolately splendid, a priestly monotone Drifting in sacramental grace, and thenthe final sleeping. What else is there to say? (The last word has been said too soon For you and all the golden hopes once minted for your keeping) White tombs so desolately splendid, bone unto alien bone, What else is there to say, now that the sleepless dead are sleeping?

Magnificence Estrella D. Alfon There was nothing to fear, for the man was always so gentle, so kind. At night when the little girl and her brother were bathed in the light of the big shaded bulb that hung over the big study table in the downstairs hall, the man would knock gently on the door, and come in. he would stand for a while just beyond the pool of light, his feet in the circle of illumination, the rest of him in shadow. The little girl and her brother would look up at him where they sat at the big table, their eyes bright in the bright light, and watch him come fully into the light, but his voice soft, his manner slow. He would smell very faintly of sweat and pomade, but the children didnt mind although they did notice, for they waited for him every evening as they sat at their lessons like this. Hed throw his visored cap on the table, and it would fall down with a soft plop, then hed nod his head to say one was right, or shake it to say one was wrong. It was not always that he came. They could remember perhaps two weeks when he remarked to their mother that he had never seen two children looking so smart. The praise had made their mother look over them as they stood around listening to the goings-on at the meeting of the neighborhood association, of which their mother was president. Two children, one a girl of seven, and a boy of eight. They were both very tall for their age, and their legs were the long gangly legs of fine spirited colts. Their mother saw them with eyes that held pride, and then to partly gloss over the maternal gloating she exhibited, she said to the man, in answer to his praise, But their homework. Theyre so lazy with them. And the man said, I have nothing to do in the evenings, let me help them. Mother nodded her head and said, if you want to bother yourself. And the thing rested there, and the man came in the evenings therefore, and he helped solve fractions for the boy, and write correct phrases in language for the little girl. In those days, the rage was for pencils. School children always have rages going at one time or another. Sometimes for paper butterflies that are held on sticks, and whirr in the wind. The Japanese bazaars promoted a rage for those. Sometimes it is for little lead toys found in the folded waffles that Japanese confection-makers had such light hands with. At this particular time, it was for pencils. Pencils big but light in circumference not smaller than a mans thumb. They were unwieldy in a childs hands, but in all schools then, where Japanese bazaars clustered