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Section 4.1 Section 4.2 Section 4.3 Section 4.4 Section 4.5 Section 4.6
Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration . . . . . . . . . 450 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . 462 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . 466 Integration by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
C H A P T E R Integration
Section 4.1
2.
d 4 x dx
1 x
4x3
1 x2
4.
d 2 x2 3 dx 3 x
d 2 3 x dx 3 x1
2
2x
3 2
1 2
x2 1 x3 2
6.
dr d r d Check: d C C
8.
dy dx y
2x 2x
2
1 x2 C
c 2x
3
Check: Rewrite x
2
1 d dx x 2
Given 10. 1 dx x2
Integrate x
1
Simplify 1 x 1 4 x 4 1 9x C
dx
1 x4 4
12.
x x2
3 dx
x3
3x dx
x2 2
3 2 x 2
14.
1 dx 3x 2
1 x 2dx 9 x2 2 x2 2 C
1 x 1 9 1
16.
5 Check:
x dx d 5x dx
5x
C 5 x
18.
4x3 Check:
6x 2 d 4 x dx
1 dx 2x 3
x4 x C
2x 3
x 4x 3
C 6x 2 1
20.
x3 Check:
4x d x4 dx 4 1
2 dx 2x 2
x4 4 2x
2x 2 C
2x x3
C 4x 2
22.
x Check:
2 x d 2 3 x dx 3
dx
2
x1 x1
2
1 x 2 x1
1 2
dx 1 x 2
x3 2 3 2
1 2
1 x1 2 2 1 2 x 1 2 x
2 3 x 3
x1
450
Section 4.1
451
24.
x3
1 dx d 4 7 x dx 7 3
4
x3 x
1 dx C x3
4
4 7 x 7 1
x
4
C 1
26.
1 dx x4 Check: d dx
dx
3 C
C 1 x4
1 3x3
Check:
x3
1 3x3
28.
x2
2x x4
dx x
x
1
2x 2x 1 x2
2
3x 3x
3
dx C
30.
2t2
1 2 dt
4t4 45 t 5
4t2 43 t 3 t C t
1 dt C 4t 4 2t2 4t2 1
2
1 1 x Check: d dx 1 x 1 x2 1 x3
2 1 x3 C x x2
3 C
2
Check: 2x 2x x4 34 t 4 1
3
d 45 t dt 5
43 t 3
3x
32.
1 Check:
3t t2 dt d 13 t dt 3
t2 34 t 4 13 t 3 cos t
3t3 dt C t2
13 t 3 3t3
C 3t t2
34.
3 dt Check:
3t d 3t dt
C C 3
36.
t2 Check:
sin t dt d 13 t dt 3
cos t C
C t2 sin t
38.
sec2 d 1 d 3
d
3
1 3 tan
tan C
2
C sec2
Check:
40.
sec y tan y
sec y dy
sec2 y dy C sec2 y
42.
cos x dx cos2 x
1 sin x
csc x 1 sin x
d sec y Check: dy
tan y
Check: sec y
d dx
csc x
44. f x
y 6 4
46. f x f x
C=3 C=0
x x2 2
y
48. f x C
f ( x) =
x2 + 2
1 x2 1 x
y
f x
2 f ( x) = 2
x
2
2 2 2 4
C = 2
x 4 6 8
8 6 4
f f ( x) = 1 + 1 x
f
4 2 2 4
f ( x) = 1 x
x 2 4
452
Chapter 4
Integration
50.
dy dx y 2 y
2x 2x 3 x2
2
2x 1 dx
2, 3, 2 x2 2x C 1
52.
dy dx y 3 y 1 1 1 x
1 x2 x
2
x dx
2,
1,3 1 x 2 C
23 2x 1
C C
C C 2, x > 0
54. (a)
5
(b)
dy dx y
x2 x3 3 1 3 1 3 7 3 x3 3
1, x
3
1, 3
(1, 3)
C 1 C
x 4
3 3 C y
56. g x gx g0 gx 60. f x f 0 f 0 f x f 0 f x f x f 0 f x
6x 2, g 0 6x 2 dx 1 2x3 x2 6 3 x 2 dx 0 1 3 x 3 1 3 x 3 0 1 4 x 12 0 C1 6 1 3 x 3 20 1 2x3
3
1 C CC 1
3 3s 2
4
f s f 2 f s 62. f x f 0 f 0
2s 4 C 12
C 32 CC 23
22 23
2s 4
C1 6
f x f 0 f x
6 C1
6 dx C2 6x 3
1 4 x 12 3 C2
6x 3
C2
f x f 0 f x
C2 2x
6 C2 6
Section 4.1
453
64.
dP dt Pt P0 P1 Pt P7
k t, 0 t 10 kt1 2 dt 0 2 k 3 C 500
2
2 3 kt 3
C 500
, 0 , f is decreasing on 66. Since f is negative on , 0 . Since f is positive on 0, , f is increasing on 0, . f has a relative minimum at 0, 0 . Since f is positive on , , f is increasing on , .
y 3
150
2
2 1
f
x 1 2 3
2 150 t3 3 100 7
100t3
500
2 2
3 2
2352 bacteria
68. f t f 0 f 0 f t f 0 f t f t f 0 f t
at v0 s0 vt 0 C1 32t st 0 0 16t
2
32 ft sec2
70. v0 s0 (a)
32 dt v0 C1 v0 32t C2 v0t
32t v0
C1
Choosing the positive value, v0 dt s0 C2 s0 v 1 2 17 32 1 2 17 16 16t2 s0 v0t C2 (b) t 1 2 vt s t 17 2.562 seconds. 32t 16
16 17
65.970 ft sec
72. From Exercise 71, f t 4.9t2 canyon floor as position 0.) f t 4.9t2 t2 0 1600 1600 t 4.9 4.9t2 1600
4.9t2 v0t
v0t 2,
2. If
326.53
18.1 sec
4.9 v02
454
Chapter 4
Integration
76.
v dv 1 2 v 2 When y 1 2 v 2 0 C 1 2 v 2 v2 v2
GM GM y R, v GM R 1 2 v 2 0 GM y 2GM y v02
78. x t (a) v t at
t t3
1 t 7t2 x t v t
15t 3t2 6t
0 when t 5 7 3 3
cos t a t dt v t dt 3 cos t 0 cos 0 4 k ,k 0, 1, 2, . . . (a) 16.5t 66 t s 66 66t Let s 0 0. 44 16.5 (b) 16.5t 22 16.5 66 t s (c)
66 h= mp
cos t dt sin t dt C2
sin t cos t 1
C1 C2
sin t since v0
C2 C2
66 ft sec
66 . a 66 66 a 33 2 16.5.
117.33 ft
ft/s ec mp 0m h= ph 22 f t/se c
mp 30
66 s a
ft/s
ec
h=
44
45
0 73.33 feet
117.33 feet
66t
It takes 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 45 mph to 30 mph, 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 30 mph to 15 mph, and 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 15 mph to 0 mph. Each time, less distance is needed to reach the next speed reduction.
15
132
Section 4.1
455
84. No, car 2 will be ahead of car 1. If v1 t and v2 t are the respective velocities, then
0
v2 t dt >
0
v1 t dt.
86. (a) v
0.6139t3
5.525t2
0.0492t
65.9881
(b) s t
65.9881t
s6
88. Let the aircrafts be located 10 and 17 miles away from the airport, as indicated in the figure. vA t sA t kA t 1 2 k t 2 A 150 150t 10 vB sB kB t 1 2 k t 2 B 250 250t 17
Airport
0
A
10
B
17
(a) When aircraft A lands at time tA you have vA tA sA tA kA tA 1 2 k t 2 A A 150 150tA 100 kA 10 150tA 125tA tA 50 tA 125 10 0 10 10 10 . 125 S1 t 625 2 t 2 150t 10 50 tA
1 50 2 t 2 tA A
kA
50
625 SA t
Similarly, when aircraft B lands at time tB you have vB tB sB tB kB tB 1 2 k t 2 B B 250 250tB 115 kB 17 250tB 365 t 2 B tB 135 tB 365 34 0 17 17 34 . 365 S2 t 49,275 2 t 68 (c) d
sB sA
0 0 0.1 0 0
135 tB
1 135 2 t 2 tB B
kB (b)
20
135
49,275 SB t 34
250t sB t
17 sA t
20
90. True
92. True
456
Chapter 4
Integration d sx dx
96.
cx
2s x s x 2s x c x 0
2c x c x 2c x s x
Thus, s x s0 Therefore, sx
2
cx
0 and c 0
cx
sin x and c x
Section 4.2
6
Area
5
2.
k 3 4
kk
31
42
53
64
50
4.
j
1 3 j
1 3
1 4
1 5
47 60
6.
i 1
27
64
125
238
15
8.
i 1
5 1 i
15
10.
j 1
j 4
12.
2 n 1 ni 1
10
2i n
10
14.
1n ni
1
0
i n
15
10
16.
i 1
2i
2
i
i
1
3 15 45 195
18.
i 1
i2
1
i
i2
1 i 1
1 10 375
15 16 2
10
10 11 21 6
10
10
20.
i 1
i i2
1
i
i3
1 i 2 1
i 10 11 2 3080
3 2i
2x, x, 1, 15, 1 15 15
2
14,160 (TI-82)
2
>
102 11 4
i3
i 1
15 4 16
2
2 15 16
15 15 2
4 24. S s 5 4 5 4 4 2 2 1 0 1 16 10 s 2 1 26. S 5 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 3
14,160
55 6 9 2 4.5
28. S 8
1 4
1 4
1 2 5 4
1 4 1 4 5 2 1 2
3 4 3 2 6 2 2 1 4
1 4 1 4 7 2 . . .
1 7 4 2
1 4 2 1 4 2 2 1 4
2 1 1 4
1 16 4 s8 0 2
1 2 1 4
2 2 1 4
3 2 2
6.038 7 4 1 4
5.685
Section 4.2 1 5 24 5 1 64 n n n3 1 5
2
Area
457
30. S 5
1 5 21 5 1 5 1
1 5 16 5 1 2 5
1 9 5
2
2 5
1 5
3 5
1 5
4 5
1 5
1 1 5 s5
0.859 1 3n2 n3 1 2 2n n 5 n 3 5
2
1 5 2n3
1 5 64 3
4 5
1 5
0.659
32. lim
n
1 2n 6
64 lim 6 n
64 2 6
34. lim
n n
1 n2 n lim 2 n n2 1 4n n 1 n2 2
1 1 2
36.
j 1
4j
3n
Sn
38.
i
4i2 i 1 n4 1
i2
nn n 2n2
1 2n 6 3n 6 6n Sn
1 1
6n2 2n2
3n 3n
4n2 2
40. lim
n i 1
lim
4 n i n2i 1
lim
4 nn 1 n2 2
lim
4 1 2
1 n
42. lim
n i 1
2 n
lim
2 n n n3i 1 2 n3
n
2i
lim lim
n2
i 1
4n
i 1
4
i
i2
1
2 3 n n3 1 2 2 4 3
4n 2 n
nn 2 4 3
1 2 n
4n n 2 3n2
1 2n 6
2 lim
n
2 1
26 3
458
Chapter 4
n 3
Integration 1 n n n4i 1 1 n 3 n n4 i 1 1 4 n n4 1 3 13 n
44. lim
n i 1
2i n
2 n
2 lim
n
2i
2 lim
n
6n2i 6n2 3 n 4 n2 nn 2 4
12ni 2 1 6 n 20 2 n2
8i 3 12n 2 nn 4 n 1 2n 6 2 n2 1 8 n2 n 4 1
2
2 lim
n
2 lim
n
2 lim 10
n
46. (a)
4
(b)
3 n
2 n
Endpoints:
3 2 1 x 2 4
1 < 1 1 <1 1
2 < 1 n 2
2n n n
3 1 2 n < 1 n 2 n
2 < 1 n
(c) Since y sn
x is increasing, f mi
n
f xi
on xi
1,
xi .
f xi
i n 1
x i
1,
f 1
i 1
1 xi
n
2 n
2 n
1
i 1
2 n
2 n
(d) f Mi Sn
i
f xi on [xi
n
f xi
1
x
i 1
f 1 50 3.96 4.04 2 n 2 n
2 n
1
i 1
2 n
2 n
(e)
x sn Sn
n
5 3.6 4.4
10 3.8 4.2
(f) lim
n i 1
lim lim
2 n 2 2 n n 2
n 2n
2 nn 1 n 2 2 n 4 n
n lim 4 2 n 4
n n n
lim
i 1
2 n
2 n
lim
2 nn 1 n 2 2n n 1 lim 4 2 n 4
lim
Section 4.2 5 n 2 3 n
12 10 8
Area
459
48. y
3x Sn
4 on 2, 5 .
n
Note: x 3i n 3i n 3 n 4 3 n 6 39 2 3
f 2
i n 1
3 2
i 1
18 27 1 2
3 n 1 n
2 n
i
i 1
12
4 2 x 4 6 8 10 12
6 Area
27 n 1 n n2 2 6 27 2
lim S n
50. y Sn
x2
n l
1 on 0, 3 . Note: x 3i f n 1 3 n
n l 1
0 n 3 n
3 n
12 10 8 6
3i n
27 n 2 l n3 l 1 27 n n n3 Area
n
3 n 1 nl 1 1 2n 6 9 2 2 1 3 n n 3 12 9 2n 2
2
4 2
3n n2
lim S n
52. y
1 sn
x2 on
n i
Note: x
1 n
3 2
i f n 1
1
i 1
i n
1 n 1 1 1 2 6 3 n 1 n2
1 1 Area 2 Area
1 n 2 i n3 i 1 1
1 1 3
nn 2 3
1 2n 6n3
2 1
x 2
lim s n
4 3 1 n 0 1 n
2.0 1.5
54. y
2x
x3 on 0, 1 .
Note: x
Since y both increases and decreases on 0, 1 , T n is neither an upper nor lower sum.
n
Tn
i 1
f 2 n2 i 1
n
i n i
1
1 n 1 n4 i 1 4 1
n
2
i 1
i n 1 n2
i n
1 n 1 n n 1 n4 4
2 2
i3
1
nn 1 4n2 3 4
1 n
2 4n 1 4
Area
lim T n
460
Chapter 4
Integration 0 n 1
i 1
56. y
x2 sn
x3 on
n
1, 0 . 1 2 5i n 5 2n 2 5 2 i n
Note: x 1 n 4i 2 n2 4 3 4 3 2 n 1 4 4 n
n
1 i n 2 1 4
2
1 n
3
f
i n i 1 1
1 5 n i n2 i 1 1 2n 1 4n2
i n
1 n 1 n 3 i n4 i 1
2 1 x 1 1 2
i3 n3
1 n 2 3n3 7 12 2
4 n 2 i n3 i 1
2 Area
5 2
lim s n
58. g y Sn
1 y, 2 y 4. Note: y 2
n
2 n
60. f y Sn
4y
n
y 2, 1 y 2. Note: y f 1 i n 1 n i n 4i n 2i n 1 i2 n2 1 nn n2 1 2n 6 1 1 3 1 11 3 1 2i n i n
2
2 n
1 n
g 2
i n i 1
2i n 2i n
2 n 2 n 2 ni 2 1 3
n
1 2 1 2
1
1
i n 1 n
1 n 4 1 ni 1 1 n 4 ni 1 1 n 3 ni 1 1 3n n 3 Area
y 5
2 n n Area
y 5 4 3 2 1
1nn 1 n 2 2
i2 n2
lim S n
2nn 1 n 2 1 n n
1 2n 6
x 1 2 3 4 5
lim S n
3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4 5
62. h y Sn
y3
n
1, 1 y 2 Note: y h 1 i n i n
3
1 n
y 5 4 3
i n
1 n 1 3i2 n2
2
1
i 1
1 n 3i n 3 nn n2 1 2n n2 1 3 2 1 19 4 1 2n 6 1 3nn 1 n 2
1 n 2 ni 1 1 2n n 2 Area n
i3 n3
2 1 x 2 4 6 8 10
1 n2 n 1 n3 4 1 n24
2
1 n 2 2 1 4
3n 1 2n
lim S n
Area
461
x2 xi
4x, 0 x 4, n xi 2
1
66. f x Let ci
sin x, 0 x xi xi 2 , c1
1
,n
. 1 ,c 2 2
4
. , c2
4
1, c1 f ci
i 1
3 ,c 2 3 ci2
i 1
5 ,c 2 4 4ci 1 25 4 10
7 2 Area
x
n
16 x
3 ,c 16 3 sin ci 8 5 16
5 ,c 16 4
7 16
Area
x 2 9 4
f ci
i 1
1 4 53 68. f x n 8 x2 1
49 4
14 8
sin
16
sin
3 16
sin
sin
7 16
1.006
Approximate area
70. f x n
Approximate area
x, 0 x 8 10 10.998 12.598 12.040 20 11.519 12.319 12.016 50 11.816 12.136 12.005 100 11.910 12.070 12.002 200 11.956 12.036 12.001
78. True.
(Theorem 4.3)
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x
a. A
3 square units
462
Integration
2 1 2 r sin 2 n 2 n. As n
x0
r2
sin 2 n 2 n
lim An
lim
r2
82. (a)
i
2i
1
nn
1 1: 2 11 k: 1 2
(b)
i
i3
1
n2 n 4
The formula is true for n 1 because 12 1 1 2 4 13 1 4 4 Assume that the formula is true for n k:
2i
i 1
kk
1.
k 1 k
Then we have
i 1
2i
i
2i
1
2k 1 1 k
1
i 1
i3 1
k2 k 4
k
1
1
kk k
2k 2
Then we have
i 1
i3
i
i3
1
k 1 4 1
2 2
1.
k2 k k 4 k 4 1
k k2 4k 2
2
1.
Section 4.3
2. f x
3
x, y
1, ci i n3
n 3
i3 n3 1
3
3i 2
3i n3 3i n3 i 3 3n2 n2 4
1 1
n n
lim
i 1
f ci
xi
i 3 3i 2 n3 3i 2
2
1 n lim 4 3i 3 n n i 1
n
lim lim
nn 2n3
1 2n 6 3n2 2 3 4 1 2n n
1 n2
nn 2 n 2 3 4
lim
lim
1 4n2
Section 4.3 3 n 5i n 5 n
n
463
4. y
x on
n
2, 3 .
n
Note: x f
i 1
5 , n 2
0 as n 5i n 25 1 2 5 n 1 n 10 5 2 25 n i n2 i 1 25 2n
f ci
i 1
xi
10
3
25 n n 1 n2 2 5 2 25 2n 3 n 2 n
2
10
x dx
2
lim
5 2 1 2 , n
6. y
n
3x 2 on 1, 3 . Note: x
n
0 as n
f ci xi
i 1 i n 1
f 1 3 1
i 1
2i n 2i n 4i n
2 n 4i2 n2 4 nn n2 n 1 2n n2 4n 1 2n 6 1 1 2n n2 1 1
6 n 1 ni 1 6 n n 6
3
4nn 1 n 2 12 6 n n 1 4
3x 2 dx
1
lim 12
12 n 1 n 8 26
8. y
3x 2
n
2 on f ci xi
1, 2 . Note: x
n
2 n 3 n
3 ; n
0 as n
f
i 1
1 1
3i n
3 n 3 ni 1 3 n 3 1 ni 1 3 3n n 15
2
3i n 6i n
2 9i2 n2 2 27 n n n2 1 2n n2 27 n 2 1 2n 6 1 1 2n n2 1 1 2n
18 n n 1 n 2 27 n 1 n 15 27
4
27 n 2 n n 15 1
3x 2
1
2 dx
lim
27 27
15
n
10. lim
0 i
6ci 4
1
ci
xi
0
6x 4
x 2 dx
12. lim
0 i
3 ci2
xi
1
3 dx x2
on the interval 0, 4 .
2 2
on the interval 1, 3 .
1
14.
0
2x dx
16.
0
x2 dx
18.
1
1 x
2
dx
20.
0
tan x dx
464
2
Chapter 4
Integration
22.
0
2 2 dy
24. Rectangle A A
a
y
26. Triangle 24 a A A
0
y
bh
a
1 bh 2
4
1 4 2 2 4
4 dx
8a
x dx 2
5 3 2
3 2 1
Triangle Rectangle
1 x 1 2 3 4 a x 1
28. Triangle A A
0
30. Triangle 1 8 8 2 x dx 32 32 A A
a
y
32. Semicircle 1 2a a 2 a x dx a2 A A
r
y
1 bh 2
8
1 bh 2
a
1 2 r 2
r
r2
x 2 dx
1 2 r 2
y
a
Semicircle
Triangle
10 8 6 4 2 x 2 4 6 8 10
r a a x r r x
In Exercises 34 40,
2 2
x3 dx
60,
2
x dx
6,
2
dx
2.
4 4
34.
2
x3 dx
36.
2
15 dx
15
2
dx
15 2
30
38.
2
x3
4 dx
2
x3 dx
4
2
dx
60
42
68
40.
2
2x
x3 dx
6
2
dx
2
2
x dx
2
x3 dx 36
62
6 3 6 0 1
26
1
60
42. (a)
0
f x dx
0 3
f x dx
3 6
f x dx 1
4 1
44. (a)
1 1
f x dx
1 0
f x dx
0
f x dx 5 30 35 5 0 15
0 10
(b)
6 3
f x dx
3
f x dx 0
6
(b)
0 1
f x dx
1
f x dx
1
(c)
3
f x dx
6
(c)
1 1
3f x dx 3f x dx
0
3
1 1
f x dx f x dx
0
(d)
3
5f x dx
5
3
f x dx
(d)
Section 4.3
5 5 5 3
465
46. (a)
0 5
f x
2 dx
0 5
f x dx
0
2 dx
10
14
(b)
2 5
f x
2 dx
0
f x dx
Let u
2.
(c)
5
f x dx
2
0
f x dx
24
f even
(d)
5
f x dx
f odd
48. The right endpoint approximation will be less than the actual area: <
50. The average of Exercise 39 and Exercise 40 consists of a trapezoidal approximation, and is greater than the exact area: > 54.
4 3 2 1 x
1 4 1 2 3 4
x dx x
is integrable, sketch a graph of the region bounded by f x x x and the x-axis for 1 x 1. You see that the integral equals 0.
y
b. A
4 3
square units
2 1 x 1 2
56.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
58.
0
5 x2 1 4
dx
n Ln
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
Mn Rn
c. Area
3
27.
60.
0
x sin x dx n Ln Mn Rn 4 2.8186 3.1784 3.1361 8 2.9985 3.1277 3.1573 12 3.0434 3.1185 3.1493 16 3.0631 3.1152 3.1425 20 3.0740 3.1138 3.1375
62. False
1 1 1
64. True x dx
0 0
66. False
4
x x dx
0
x dx
2
x dx
466 68. f x x0
Chapter 4 sin x, 0, 2 0, x1 4 , x2
Integration
, x3
, x4 2 , x4 3 3 2 f 3
x1 c1
4 6
4
, x2
12 3 xi , c3
, x3
, c2 f ci
2 ,c 3 4 f 1 2 6 4 x1
x2
2 3 3 2
x3 2 3
3 2 1
x4 0.708
3 2
12
70. To find
y
2 0
3 2 1 x 1 1 2 3
Thus,
2
x dx
0
12
1.
Section 4.4
2. f x cos x 0
4. f x
2
x 2 x 2
x
2
cos x dx
0
x dx is negative.
2
2 5
6.
2
3 dv
3v
2
37
32
15
8.
2
3v
4 dv
3 2 v 2
4v
2
75 2
3
20
39 2 5 2
10.
1
3x 2
5x
4 dx
x3
5x 2 2
4x
1
27 38
45 2
12
12.
1 1
t3
9t dt
14 t 4 u2 2
92 t 2 1 u
1 1
1 4 1 2
9 2
1 4
9 2 1 2
14.
2
1 du u2
1 2
Section 4.4
3
467
16.
3 8
v1 3 dv 2 dx x 2
0 1
3 4 v 4 2
3 3 3 8
3 4
1 2
3
8
0
8
18.
1 2
x
1 2
dx
2 2 x1
2 1
2 2x
1
2 2
2
20.
t dt
0
2t1 1 2
1
t3
dt
43 t 3
25 t 5
2 2 0
t t 20 15
6t
0
2 2 20 15
12
16 2 15
22.
8
x x2 dx 23 x
x2
8 3
x5 3 8 x 8
3
dx
1 8
1 3 5 x 2 5
4
x5 3 24 80
4
15x
8
1 39 80 3 dx
32 144 80
4569 80
24.
1
1x
31 dx
1 3
3 x dx
1
x
4
3 dx
3
6
3
x dx x2 2
4 3
x2 2 9 2 4
4 1
6x
1
1 2 16 18
24 9 2 3 dx
8 13 2
3
18
9 2
26.
0
x2
4x
3 dx
0
x2 x3 3 1 3 4 3 0
4
4x 2x2 2 3 4 3
x2
1
4x 3x
3 dx
3 3
x2 x3 3 2x2 64 3
4x
4
3 dx
3x
0
x3 3 18 0 4
2x2 9
3x
3
9 4 3
4
1 3
32
12
18
28.
0 2
sin2 cos2
d
0
d
0 2
4 0
4
30.
4 2
csc2 x dx
2x
cot x
2 2 2
2
2
2 1 2
2 2
32.
2
2t
2
cos t dt
t2
sin t
2
4 2
4 2
34. P
2
0 1
sin d
cos
0
63.7%
2
36. A
1
x 4 dx
x x2 2
1 5 x 5
1 1
8 5
2 2
38. A
1
1 dx x2
1 x
2 1
1 2
1 2
40. A
0
sin x dx
cos x
0
4 2
468
Chapter 4
Integration
42. Since y 0 on 0. 8 ,
8
Area
0
x1
dx
3 4 x 4
8 3 0
3 16 4
20
3
44. Since y 0 on 0, 3 ,
3
46.
1
9 dx x3 f c 3 1
9 2x2
3 1
1 2
9 2
A
0
3x
x2 dx
3 2 x 2
x3 3 3
0
9 . 2
4 2 9 2
3
9 c3 c3 c
9 2
1.6510
48.
3
cos x dx f c
sin x
3
3 3 3 3 2
0.5971
2
50.
1 3 1
3 1
4 x2 1 dx x2
2
1
1 1 3
dx 16 3
2 x
1 x
3 1
3 cos c c
2 3
52.
1 2
cos x dx
0
sin x
0
1.5 2 (0.881, (
2
0 0.5 2.71
2 0.881
54. (a)
1
f x dx
7 20 20 6
8 6
4 3
Average value
y 7 6
10 3
y 4
A1
3
A2
2 1
A3
A4
3 2 1 x 1 x 2 3 4 5 6 7
Section 4.4
6 6 2 2
469
56.
2
f x dx
area or region B
0
f x dx
0
f x dx
58.
0
2f x dx
2
0
f x dx
1.5
3.0
1.5 f x dx
0
kR
0
r dr
k 2 Rr R
r 3
3 R 0
2kR 3
3 158.660 157.071
2
4 160
157.071 1 155 6 30 dt
158.660
6.5
5
0.5
2 1 5 t3 6 3
30t
5.0
2.33t 4
100
14.67t3
3.67t2
70.67t
(c)
0
R t dt
2.33t5 5 181.957
14.67t4 4
3.67t3 3
70.67t2 2
4 0
1 20
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(b) 6
12
15
14
11
2 60
83 60
4980 customers
0.084175t3
0.63492t2
0.79052
4.10317.
2 2
10
(e)
0
N t dt
85.162 5110.
7
N t dt 60
50.28 60
3017.
470
Chapter 4
x
Integration t4 4 x4 4 x4 4
x
70. F x
2
t3
2t
2 dt
t2 x2 x2
2t
2
2x 2x 4
F2 F5 F8 72. F x
4 625 4 84 4
x 2
4 25
4 10 16
x
0 4 4 2t
2
Note: F 2
2
t3
2t
2 dt
167.25 1068
64 2 t3 1 4 1 4 1 4 dt 0
3 dt
1 t2
x 2
1 x2
1 4
F2 F5 F8
1 4 1 25 1 64
x
21 100 15 64
0.21
74. F x
0
sin d 1 1 1
x
cos
0
cos x
cos 0
cos x
F2 F5 F8
76. (a)
0
t t2 d 1 4 x dx 4
x
1 dt
0
t3 x3 x
t dt x x2
14 t 4 1
12 t 2
x 0
1 4 x 4
1 2 x 2
x2 2 x 4
(b)
1 2 x 2 23 t 3 16 3 t2 t2 1 1
x 2 4
78. (a)
4
t dt d 2 3 x dx 3
x 2
2 3 x 3
2
16 3 x
2 3 x 3
x 2
80. (a)
3
sec t
3
sec x
(b)
x1
(b)
sec x tan x
82. F x
1
dt
84. F x F x
4
x 4 1
t dt
86. F x
0
sec3 t dt sec3 x
F x
x2 x
2
F x
Section 4.4
x
471
88. F x F x 0
t 3 dt
x
t4 4
0
x
Alternate solution
x
Fx
x 0
t3 dt
x
t3 dt
x x 0
t3 dt
x
t3 dt
0 0
t3 dt 1 x3 0
F x
x
2
90. F x
2
3 dt
2 x2
1 2t2 x2
3
x2 2
1 2x4 2x
5
1 F x 8
2x
Alternate solution: F x
x
2
2x
92. F x
0
sin sin x 2
2d 2
F x 94. (a)
2x
2x sin x 4 (b)
6 4 2 y
x gx
1 1
2 2
3 0
4 2 6.
5 4
6 6
7 3
8 0
9 3
10 6
(c) Minimum of g at 6,
x 2 2 4 6 10 12
(d) Minimum at 10, 6 . Relative maximum at 2, 2 . (e) On 6, 10 g increases at a rate of (f) Zeros of g: x 4 t2 4 4 3, x 8. 12 4 3.
4 6
96. (a) g t
t
(b) A x
1
4 4t 4x2 4 t
4 dt t2
x
lim g t
4x
1
4 x 4x x 4 x 8
8 1
2
Horizontal asymptote: y
8x x
lim A x
lim 4x
The graph of A x does not have a horizontal asymptote. 98. True 100. Let F t be an antiderivative of f t . Then,
vx vx
f t dt
ux
Ft
ux
Fvx Fux
Fux
d dx
vx
f t dt
ux
d Fvx dx F vx v x f vx v x
F ux u x f ux u x.
472
Chapter 4
x s
Integration f t dt ds
0 0 s s
102. G x
0
(a) G 0
0
s
0
f t dt ds
x
(b) Let F s Gx
s
0
f t dt.
x
(c) G x (d) G 0
x 0
f x
0
f t dt
0
F s ds
0 x
f 0
0
f t dt
G x G 0
Fx
0
x
0
f t dt 0
0
0
f t dt
104. x t x t
t 3t2
1 t 14t
t3
7t 2
15t
15
Total distance
0
x t dt
27.37 units
Section 4.5
f g x g x dx
Integration by Substitution
u gx du g x dx
2. 4. 6.
x2 x3
1 dx
x3 2x sin x
3x2 dx 2 dx cos x dx
8.
x2 Check:
2x dx
C 4 x2 4 9
3
d x2 9 dx 4
2x
x2
2x
10.
2x2
1 3
4x dx 2x2
4 3
3 1 4 C
2x2 3 4
4 3
C 2x2
1 3
Check:
d 3 1 dx 4
4 1 3
4x
2x2
1 3
4x
12.
x2 x3 Check:
5 4 dx
1 3
5
x3 C
3x2 dx
1 x3 5 3 5 x3
C 5 4x2
x3 15
d x3 5 dx 15
5 x3
5 4 3x2 15
14.
x 4x2 Check:
3 3 dx
1 8
4
4x2 C
8x dx 3 32
1 4x2 3 8 4
3
C 3
3
4x2 3 32
d 4x2 3 dx 32
4 4x2
8x
x 4x2
Section 4.5 1 4 5 1 t4 5 4 3 2 5
1 2 3 2
Integration by Substitution
473
16.
t3 t4 Check:
5 dt d 1 4 t dt 6
t4
3 2
1 2
4t3 dt 1 6
C t4
1 4 t 6 5
1 2
5 t3
3 2
3 4 t 2
4t3
18.
u2 u3 Check:
2 du
1 3
u3
3 2
2 C
1 2
3u2 du 2 9 3 3 u 2
1 u3 2 3 3 2 2
1 2
3 2
C u3
2 u3 9 2
1 2
3 2
d 2 u3 2 du 9 1 4
3u2
u2
20.
x3 dx 1 x4 2 Check:
x4 C
4x3 dx 1 1 4 x4
2
1 1 4 4x3
x4
1 41 x4
d 1 4 dx 4 1 x 1 3
x3 1 x4 1 16 3
22.
x2 16 Check: x3
2
dx
16 C
x3 1 3
3x2 dx 1 16 x3
2
x3 1 16
C x2 x3
2
1 3 16 x3
1 d dx 3 16 x3 1 4 1 2 x4
3x2
24.
x3 dx 1 x4 Check: d dx 1 3x
x4 C
1 2
4x3 dx 1 1 2 x4
1 1 x4 4 1 2
1 2
1 2
C x3 1 x4 x3 3
1 2
x4
1 2 1 x 9 C
4x3
26.
x2 Check:
dx 1 x 9
1
x2
dx 1 x 9
x3 3
2
1 x 1 9 1 x2 1 3x
2
1 9x
3x4 1 9x
d 1 3 x dx 3 1 x 2 x
x2
28.
1 2 x
dx d dx
1 2
dx 1
1 x1 2 2 1 2 2 x 23 t 3 t1
2
Check:
30.
2t2 t
dt
2
t1
2t3
2
dt
45 t 5 2t3
2
C t 2t2 t
2 3 t 15
6t
Check:
d 23 t dt 3 1 dt 4t2
45 t 5
32.
t3 3 Check:
13 t 3 1 4t C
1 t 4
dt
1 t4 3 4 1 4t2
1 t 1 4 1
1 4 t 12
1 4t
d 1 4 t dt 12
13 t 3
474
Chapter 4
Integration 2 7 y 7 2 7 y 7
2
34.
2 y8 Check:
y3
dy
2 y3
8y
2
y5 C
dy d 2 dy
4y2 4y2
C C
4 y2 14 7 16 y
y3
C 2 y 8 y3
2
d 4 y2 14 dy 7 10x2 dx 1 x3
2 y5
36. y 10 3
38. y
1 2
x x2 1 2 x2
4 8x 8x
1 1
dx
1 2
x3
3x2 dx C
2x C
8 dx
10 1 x3 3 1 2 20 3 40. (a)
3
1 2
1 x2 2 x2
8x 1 1 2 8x 1
1 2
x3
C dy dx y
(b)
5 2 3
x 5
0, 1 : 1 y
1 sin 0 2 1 sin x2 2
42.
4x3 sin x4 dx
sin x4 4x3 dx
cos x4
44.
cos 6x dx
1 6
cos 6x 6 dx
1 sin 6x 6
46.
x sin x2 dx
1 2
sin x2 2x dx
1 cos x2 2
48.
sec 1
x tan 1
x dx
sec 1
x tan 1
1 dx
sec 1
50.
tan x sec2 x dx
tan x 3 3 2
2 tan x 3
3 2
52.
sin x dx cos3 x x dx 2
cos x
sin x dx
cos x 2 x 2
1 2 cos2 x
1 sec2 x 2
54.
csc2
2 csc2
x 2
1 dx 2
2 cot
56. f x
sec x C, C
C 1. Thus
Since f 1 3 f x
sec x
Section 4.5 1 u 2 1 dx 1 4 1 du 2 1
3 2
Integration by Substitution
475
58. u
2x
1, x
1 , dx 1 u 2 u
60. u
2 x
x, x 1
2 2
u, dx x dx
du 3 3u 2u3 2u3 5
2
x 2x
u u
1 du 2 du
2
u
1 2
u du u
3 2
1 2
du C C 2 3 x C C
1 2 5 u 4 5
2 3 u 3 5 1 1 1
3 2
2 5 u 5 u
3 2
u3 2 3u 30 1 2x 30 1 2x 30 1 2x 15 62. Let u 2x x x 1 dx 4 4, x u 2u 4, du 4 u
2
C 3 2x 6x 3x 1 2 1 5 C C C
5 x x
2 2 5 2 2 5
5 x
3 2
3 2
3 2
dx. 1 du du C C 4 13 21 C C
64. u
4, t t3 t
u 4 dt
4, dt u u4 3 7 u 7 3u4 7 3 t 7 3 t 7
3 3
du 4 u1 3 du 4u1 3u4 u 4 4 7
4 3 3 3
7u 14u1
2
1 2
du C C
2u
21
x x
42x 4 2x
t t
4 3
7 C
4 3
x3
8, du 8 2 dx 1 3
3x2 dx.
4
x2 x3
2
x3
2
8 8
3
3x2 dx 8 8
3
1 x3 8 3 3
3 4 2
1 64 9 x2, du x2 dx
41,472
68. Let u
1
1 x 1
0
2x dx. 1 2
1
1
0
x2
1 2
2x dx
1 1 3
x2
3 2 0
1 3
1 3
70. Let u
2 0
1 x 1
2x2, du 2x2 dx
4x dx. 1 4
2
1
0
2x2
1 2
4x dx
1 2
2x2
0
3 2
1 2
476
Chapter 4 4
2
Integration 2x dx. 1 2
2
72. Let u
x2, du x2 dx
x3 4
0
4
0
x2
1 3
2x dx
3 4 8
x2
4 3 0
3 4 8 8
44
33 4 2
3.619
2x
1, du 1, u
2 dx, x
1 u 2 5, u
1. 9. 1 4
9
1. When x
9
x 2x
dx
1
1 2u
1 1 du u 2
9
u1
1
1 2
du
1 2 3 u 4 3 1 4 16 3
2
2u1
2 1
2 27 3
23
2 3
76.
3
cos x dx
x2 2
sin x
3
18
3 2
5 2 72
2 2
78. u
2, x
u 2, u
6
2, dx
du 6, u
8
When x Area
0. When x 2 dx
8.
8
x2 3 x
2
u
0
23
u du
0
u7
4u4
4u1
du
3 10 u 10
12 7 u 7
8 3
3u4
3 0
4752 35
80. A
0
sin x
cos 2x dx
cos x
1 sin 2x 2
2
0
82. Let u
2x, du
4
Area
1 2
csc 2x cot 2x 2 dx
12
1 csc 2x 2
4 12
1 2
84.
0
x3 x
20
2 dx
7.581
86.
1
50
x2 x
1 dx
67.505
88.
0
2
sin 2x dx
1.0
0 0 0 2 1 0 5
2
1
90.
sin2 x 2
C1 cos2 x 2 C2 1 2 C2
sin x dx C2 1 . 2
sin2 x 2 C1
sin2 x 2
Integration by Substitution
477
94. f x
2
sin2 x cos x dx
2 0
96. (a)
4
sin x dx
4
(b)
2
cos x dx
4
2
0 2
cos x dx cos x dx
0
2 sin x
0 2
(c)
2
cos x dx
2
2 sin x x cos x
(d)
sin x cos x dx
2
0 since sin
98.
sin 3x
cos 3x dx
sin 3x dx
cos 3x dx
2
0
cos 3x dx
2 sin 3x 3
0
0
100. If u
x2, then du
2x dx and
x5
x2 3 dx
1 2
x2
2x dx
1 3 u du. 2
102.
3.121
8
1.377
t 2 dt
12 0
t
3
2,000,000 k t
3.
2 100
When t
50, Q 50
R t dt 1 3
12
(c)
R t dt
9
24
106. (a)
70
(b) Volume
0
R t dt
0 0
24
478
Chapter 4
4
Integration
108. (a)
0
g
9.4
(b) g is nonnegative because the graph of f is positive at the beginning, and generally has more positive sections than negative ones.
f
4
(c) The points on g that correspond to the extrema of f are points of inflection of g.
(d) No, some zeros of f, like x 2, do not correspond to an extrema of g. The graph of g continues to increase after x 2 because f remains above the x-axis.
(e)
0
9.4
gt
0
f x dx
2 t
f x dx
0 2
f x dx
ht.
110. False x x2 1 2 dx 1 2 x2 1 2x dx 1 2 x 4 1
2
112. True
b b b 2
sin x dx
a
cos x
a
cos b
cos a
cos b
cos a
a
sin x dx
sin 2x
2 cos 2x dx
1 sin 2x 2 3
1 3 sin 2x 6
f x . Then
a
f x dx
a
f x dx f x dx.
0
f x dx
0
Let x When x
1
u, dx 0, u
a, u
a
a. f x dx
0
f x dx
a 0
f
a
du
a
f u du
0 0
f x dx
Section 4.6
Numerical Integration
479
Section 4.6
1
Numerical Integration
x2 2 x2 2 x2 2 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx x3 6 1 1 8 1 1 12
2 1
2. Exact:
0 1
x
0
7 6 1 4 2
2
1.1667 1
2
Trapezoidal:
0 1
2 4
2 1 2
1 2 2
1
2
2 1 4
3 4 2
1
2
12 2 1 12 2
1 1
75 64 7 6
1.1719 1.1667
Simpsons:
0
1 4 2
1 2 2
3 4 2
4. Exact:
1 2
1 dx x2 1 dx x2 1 dx x2
1 x 1 1 8 1 1 12
0.5000
1
Trapezoidal:
1 2
2 4
4 5 4 5
2
2
4 6 2 4 6
2
2
4 7 4 4 7
1 4
2
0.5090 0.5004
Simpsons:
1
1 4
6. Exact:
0 8
x dx x dx x dx
3 4 x 4 1 0 2 1 0 3
8 3 0
Trapezoidal:
0 8
Simpsons:
0
8. Exact:
1 3
4 4
1 3
x2 dx x2 dx x2 dx
4x 1 3 4 1 3 6 1 2 x 3 1 0 4 1 0 6
x3 3
3
1
11 3 3 2
2
2 3 20
0.6667 2 4 25 4 5 2 5
2
Trapezoidal: Simpsons:
1
2 4 4 4 9 4
5 0.6667
0.7500
4 4
10. Exact:
0 2
x x2 x x2
0 2
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
1 2 4
3 2 0
1 3 5 3 1 2 1 2
2
1 21 21
3.393 12 12 1 1 2 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
2
Trapezoidal: Simpsons:
0
1 2 1 2
1 1
1 1
2 22 2 22
1 1
3.457 3.392
x x2
12. Trapezoidal:
0 2
1 1 1 1 x3 x
3
dx dx
1 1 4 1 1 6
2 4
1 1 1 1 1 2
3
1 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 13 1
3
2 4
1 1 1 1 3 2
3
3 2
1 3 1 3
1.397 1.405
Simpsons:
0
480
Chapter 4
14. Trapezoidal:
2
x sin x dx x sin x dx
2
16 24
2 2
1 4
1.430 1.458
Simpsons:
16. Trapezoidal:
0
tan x2 dx
4 8 0.271
tan 0
2 tan
4 4
2 tan
4 2
2 tan
3 4
tan
Simpsons:
0
tan x2 dx
4 12 0.257
tan 0
4 tan
4 4
2 tan
4 2
4 tan
3 4
tan
18. Trapezoidal:
0 2
1 1
0
cos2 x dx cos2 x dx
16 24
2 2
2 1 4 1
cos2 cos2
8 8
2 1 2 1
cos2 cos2
4 4
2 1 4 1
cos2 3 cos2 3
8 8
1 1
1.910 1.910
Simpsons:
Graphing utility: 1.910 sin x dx x sin x dx x 2 sin 4 4 sin 4 4 2 sin 2 4 2 sin 2 2 2 2 sin 3 4 3 4 4 sin 3 4 3 4
20. Trapezoidal:
0
8 12
1 1
0 0
1.836 1.852
Simpsons:
0
Graphing utility: 1.852 22. Trapezoidal: Linear polynomials Simpsons: Quadratic polynomials 1 x x x x x 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 24 1
5 3 2
24.
f x f x f x f x f
4
1 0 12 42
1 96 0.
0.01 since
1 05 24 180 44
1 1920
0.0005 0.
x is maximum in 0, 1 when x
Section 4.6 2 1 x
3
Numerical Integration
481
26. f x
in 0, 1 . 0 and f 0 2. 130.
24 1 x
5
x is maximum when x
Simpsons: Error
28. f x (a) f x
2 3
2 9x 1
4 3
in 0, 2 . 0 and f 0 2 . 9 122.
8 2 12n4 9
10 3
x
4
81 x
56 1
in 0, 2 0 and f
4
x is maximum when x
cos x2 in 0, 1 . 1 and f 1
3
2.2853. 139.
x
4
16x4
1 0 2.2853 < 0.00001, n2 > 19,044.17, n > 138.00; let n 12n2 12 sin x2 48x2 cos x2 in 0, 1 0.852 and f
4
x is maximum when x
0.852
28.4285. 12.
Simpsons: Error
32. The program will vary depending upon the computer or programmable calculator that you use. 34. f x n 4 8 10 12 16 20 1 Ln 0.8739 0.8350 0.8261 0.8200 0.8121 0.8071 x2 on 0, 1 . Mn 0.7960 0.7892 0.7881 0.7875 0.7867 0.7864 Rn 0.6239 0.7100 0.7261 0.7367 0.7496 0.7571 Tn 0.7489 0.7725 0.7761 0.7783 0.7808 0.7821 Sn 0.7709 0.7803 0.7818 0.7826 0.7836 0.7841
482
Chapter 4
Integration
36. f x n 4 8 10 12 16 20
sin x on 1, 2 . x Ln 0.7070 0.6833 0.6786 0.6754 0.6714 0.6690 Mn 0.6597 0.6594 0.6594 0.6594 0.6594 0.6593 Rn 0.6103 0.6350 0.6399 0.6431 0.6472 0.6496 Tn 0.6586 0.6592 0.6592 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 Sn 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593
8 3
0
2 2 sin d 3
f x dx
0
2 4.32 28
2 4.36
2 4.58
2 5.79
2 6.14
2 7.25
2 7.64
2 8.08
8.14
12.518
Simpsons:
2
f x dx
0
2 4.32 38
4 4.36
2 4.58
4 5.79
2 6.14
4 7.25
2 7.64
4 8.08
8.14
12.592
4.0092x2 12.53
0.6202x
4.2844
Integrating,
0
y dx
6 dx 4 1 36 3.14159 1 4 1 6
2
4
0
1 1 x2
2 2 6
4 3 6
2 46
4 5 6
1 2
44. Area
120 75 2 12 7435 sq m
2 81
2 84
2 76
2 67
2 68
2 69
2 72
2 68
2 56
2 42
2 23