Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks

Part I: 3G Mobile Core Network in a Nutshell

VU 389.134 389 134 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 5.10.2009

What this lecture is about

Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks
Cellular networks Packet switched data transmission Video and other services Cross layer approaches

How to measure/analyze/optimize such services What you should already know

Cellular network (basics) UDP TCP IP, UDP, TCP, IP eMail / HTTP / streaming (basics)
HTTP IP TCP UDP HyperText Transport Protocol Internet Protocol Transport Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol
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The Problem
Today data services generate more traffic than voice
Radio link is expensive and limit resource

Data services
consume more bandwidth at less revenue QoS definition is problematic

Looking for ways to offer constant QoS at reduced datarate/bandwidth needs

Measurement and analysis of existing traffic Link layer modeling from IP point of view Cross layer optimization (video streaming ) streaming, ) Traffic modeling with respect to cellular networks
QoS Quality Q alit of Ser ice Service
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Possible Solutions
Communication system are split into independent atomic layers
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model

Data transmission
Two consecutive layers: payload Two corresponding layers: payload, signaling

Processing information stays within the layer g y y

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Some (more) Motivation

Today every layer is optimized to a large extend
e.g.: receivers fight for < 1dB improvement

Idea: use processing information from multiple layers

Soften the boundaries between two layers e.g.: variable priority for video streaming and web browsing g p y g g

Optimization problems get much harder

Optimum often hard to prove

X
TB Transport Block
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Outline of this Lecture

Cellular Mobile Networks: (5.10.2009 - 16 11 2009 / Svoboda) (5 10 2009 16.11.2009 PS-Core Network Link Error Analysis y Link Error Prediction Measurement and Analysis Video in Error Prone Environments (23.11.2009 - 14.12.2009 / Rupp) Principles of Video Encoding Error Detection and Concealment Cross Layer Error Resilience in Video Streaming End to End Video Q alit Estimation Quality Traffic in Mobile Networks (11.01.2010 - 25.01.2010 / Svoboda) Detection of Anomalies in a Network Traffic Flows Traffic Modeling in High-Delay Environments
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Outline of today's talk

Evolution of mobile cellular networks 3G Network Hierarchy 3G core network El t k Elements t 3G protocol Hi t l Hierarchy h S Simple procedures in mobile cellular networks l d bl ll l k Journey of a packet through the network

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Network Architecture
Hierarchical ordering of functional groups Functional structures/groups
Defined by functions / procedures functions Consist of one or several physical elements

Interfaces (reference points)

Points allowing for interconnection between functional structures

IP MS UE

Internet Protocol Mobile Station User E i U Equipment

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Network Architecture: Example GSM/GPRS

GSM (2G): digital circuit switched network for voice
All services reserve the same fixed bandwidth Charging on time unit basis Data rate: 9.6 kbit/s

GPRS (2.5G): extension for p ( ) packet switched traffic

Packet switched (PS) domain is introduced PS oriented shared data channels at the radio link Data rate: ~114 kbit/s
GSM GPRS SIM BTS BSC PCU MSC SGSN GGSN Global System for Mobile Communication General Packet Radio Service Subscriber Identity Module Base Transceiver Station Base Station Controller Packet Control Unit Mobile Switching Center Serving GPRS Support Node Gateway SGSN
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Network Architecture: Example UMTS/HSPA

UMTS (3G):
The UTRAN (UMTS RAN) is added to existing 2.5G networks
WCDMA, soft handover, QoS, , ,Q ,

Link speed is variable but fixed to certain values. Data rate: 384 kbit/s

HSPA (3.5G):
Real packet switched radio bearers (similar to GPRS) N more soft h d No f handover Data rate: 7.2 Mbit/s
PS UMTS HSPA USIM NodeB RNC Packet Switched Universal Mobile Telecommunications System High Speed Packet Access Universal SIM NodeB Radio Network Controller
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Evolution of (digital) Cellular Networks

GSM (2G) GPRS (2.5G) (2 5G)
No changes on the radio interface Large changes in RAN g g Birth of the PS-Core (!)

GPRS (2.5G) UMTS (3G)

Large changes in the RAN
The first network designed for PS traffic

Small changes in the Core

UMTS R99 (3G) HSPA (3.5G)

Changes in the radio interface No changes in the Core

RAN PS GSM GPRS UMTS HSPA

Radio Access N t R di A Network k Packet Switched Global System for Mobile Communication General Packet Radio Service Universal Mobile Telecommunications System High Speed P k t A Hi h S d Packet Access
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The Complete Picture of a 3G Core Network

2G

3G

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Summary of (digital) Cellular Networks

Main Components of a Cellular Network
User equipment Radio access network Core network
RAN PS GSM GPRS UMTS HSPA Radio Access Network Packet Switched Global System for Mobile Communication General Packet Radio Service Universal Mobile Telecommunications System High Speed Packet Access

GSM: digital and circuit switched GPRS: adds the CN PS-domain to GSM

UMTS: pseudo PS radio links, RAN UTRAN HSPA: PS radio links for UMTS, no soft handover
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The Core Network Elements

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The Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Routing grid for Circuit Switched (CS) services Main functions:
Interconnect of CS services Mobility Management Localization Signaling

Protocols:
PCM30 / PCM30 (not AMR!)

Interfaces:
IuCS / SS7(E)

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The Serving GPRS Support Node

Counter part to the MSC in the Packet Switched (PS) domain Main functions:
Security / authentication Mobility Management (MM): cell update, etc. Handling of data sessions (routing) Caching user subscriber data

Protocols:
GTP / GTP (not terminated in SGSN!)

I t f Interfaces:
IuPS / Gn
RNC
Iu-ps

SGSN
Gn G Gr

Gn

GGSN

SGSN

HLR
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The Gateway GPRS Supporting Node (GGSN)

The Gatekeeper to the outer Territories The Territories GGSN hides the GPRS infrastructure Main functions:
Handling of the PDP Context Building a bridge to the external networks eg. Internet Converting the IP packets to GTP protocol Billing, QoS,

Protocols:
GTP / IP

Interfaces:
Gn (GTP) / Gi (IP)
SGSN
Gn

GGSN

Gi

INTERNET

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The Home Location Register (HLR)

Database holding static user information
Telephone number (MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN) Subscriber number (IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN) ( ) Security issues AUC (key) IMSI MCC QoS parameters MNC MSIN Available services (voice, packet....) Position information: Visitor Location Register (VLR)
MSISDN = MS - ISDN CC Country Code NDC National Dest. Code SN Subscriber Number Int. Mobile Subscriber Id Mobile Country Code Mobile Network Code Mobile Station Id Number

P t Protocols: l
IP

Interfaces:
Gr, C
Gr C

G-MSC

HLR

SGSN

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Summary of Core Network Elements

Core Network Elements
CS: MSC, G-MSC PS: SGSN, GGSN , OM: HLR, VLR, EIR,

MSC / SGSN interconnect RAN to the CN G-MSC / GGSN interconnect CN with other networks HLR holds all static user information VLR local copy of HLR in SGSN CS Circuit Switched PS Packet Switched Further Management units: OM Operation and Maintenance
EIR, OMC,
MSC G-MSC SGSN GGSN HLR VLR Mobile Switching Center Gateway MSC Serving GPRS Supporting Node Gateway GPRS Supporting Node Home Location Register Visiting Location Register
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The Protocols

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The Protocol Hierarchy

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The Control Plane

SDH

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The User Plane

IP

PDCP RLC MAC

Iu - UP GTP-U ATM/ UDP

Iu - UP GTP-U ATM GTP-U UDP/ ATM GTP-U UDP/ATM

SDH

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The GPRS Mobility Management (GMM)

GPRS version of the MM protocol (MM still needed) Managing the mobility of the terminals
Present location Connections management services User identity confidentiality User states: Idle: the subscriber is not attached Standby: the subscriber is attached R d the subscriber i active Ready: h b ib is i

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The RAN Application Part (RANAP)

Handles the signaling between UTRAN and PS CN (Iu) PS-CN
Booking ATM lines, Changing Setup, .

Includes all control information for UTRAN 3 Classes of elementary procedures:

General control services Notification services Dedicated control services

Some functions:
Iu Release (1) Overload Control (2) RAB Assignment (3) A i t
RAB Radio Access Bearer
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The Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)

Task:
Abstraction between UMTS and transport system (ATM, IP) Transport System is hidden. p y

Supports
connection -less and oriented extension to MTP Address translation Full F ll OSI l layer 3 compatibility ibili Below SS7 protocol

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The GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP v0)

For the connection between RNC SGSN, GGSN RNC, SGSN Payload is attached to GTP headers (8Bytes) Used for signaling and data Fields:
Version: GTP v0 or v1 Protocol Type: GTP GTP (GTP protocol is used to transfer charging data to the GTP, GTP (GTP Charging Gateway Function) Flags: Extension, Sequence, N-PDU Message Type: What is this GTP message about Length: length of payload Tunnel Endpoint Identifier: Start/End point of the GTP tunnel (user, APN)

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The GTP -U / -C
GTP-C(ontrol) GTP C(ontrol)
GPRS mobility management between GSNs Logically attached to the GTP-U tunnel physically separated Functions:
Create/Update/Change PDP Context Echo Request/Response RAN Information

GTP-U(ser) GTP U(ser)

Hides mobility from IP layer Supports reordering of T-PDUs TEID is always unique Functions:
Data Transmission Tunnel Setup/Release/Error Echo Request/Response

TEID

Tunnel Endpoint IDentifier

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Summary of Core Network Protocols

Protocol hierarchy
Non-access / Access Stratum Radio / Transport Network Layer p y

Core network p C protocols:

GMM: RANAP: SCCP: GTP-U: GTP-C: GTP C: location, user mobility, signaling between UTRAN and CN abstraction between UMTS layers and transport layer transport of user data payload managing of corresponding GTP U (always in pairs) GTP-U

Every user has a least one GTP tunnel (pair) active SGSN records the states of these protocols for every user
CS PS Circuit Switched Packet Switched P k S i h d
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Let's start the Journey . . . y

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Processed Steps
Now we will use the basics basics. GPRS attach PDP context activation Mobile Station starts to send data (IP Packets)

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Activating a PDP Context

Svoboda

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Protocol Mapping

Image Size = 2000 Bytes

Original

1472 Data1 (1472) 0

20 TCP

20 IP 1500

528 Data2 0

20 TCP

20 IP 1500

IP Layer USER

UTRAN

8 GTP

8 UDP

20 IP

8 GTP

8 UDP

20 IP

GTP Layer + UDP, IP Core

48 5

48 5

48 5

48 5

48 5

48 5 ATM Layer

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Sending the Packet: UTRAN-SGSN

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Sending the Packet: SGSN-GGSN

SGSN
Gn

GGSN

PAYLOAD (1500)

PAYLOAD (1500)

PAYLOAD (1500)

TCP Header (20) IP Header (20) GTP Header (8)

TCP Header (20) IP Header (20) GTP Header (8)

TCP Header (20) IP Header (20)

UDP (8) IP (20)

ATM (5)

PDH (var)

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Sending the Packet: Outer Regions

Where is the i th bird?
GGSN
INTERNET

PAYLOAD (1500) PAYLOAD (1500)

TCP Header (20) IP Header (20)

TCP Header (20) IP Header (20) Ethernet

Ethernet

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Summary of this lecture

Network hierarchy Core network elements Protocol hierarchy How a data (IP) transmission over mobile cellular networks works Important things/abbreviations
Subscriber: Elements: Interfaces: Procedures: IMSI, TIMSI IMSI TIMSI, GTP RNC, SGSN, GGSN, NodeB Gi, Gn, IuCS, IuPS PDP, GMM

Next stop: UTRAN

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Thank you for your attention

Questions? Q i ? psvoboda@nt.tuwien.ac.at

Where to look?
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] RANAP on Iu: 3gpp 25.413; 23.108 (E Interface) Iu User Plane: 3gpp 25.415 GTP: 3gpp 29.060 Core Network Basics: 3gpp 23.002 www.umtslink.at http://www.techfest.com/networking/ http://www.manualy.sk/protocols2/pbook/gprs.htm#GTP http://www.manualy.sk/protocols2/pbook/umts.htm http://www.tkn.tu-berlin.de/curricula/ws0405/vl-umts/

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AAL2 ALCAP APN AS ASN.1 ATM BSC BTS CC CN CRNC CS DCH DL DRNC DRNS DSCH EP GERAN GGSN G MSC G-MSC GMM/SM Management GPRS GSM GTP GWCN HLR IE IMEI IMSI

ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 pp Access Link Control Application Part Access Point Name Access Stratum Abstract Syntax Notation One Asynchronous Transfer Mode Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Call Control Core Network Controlling RNC Circuit Switched Ci i S i h d Dedicated Channel Downlink Drift RNC Drift RNS Downlink Shared Channel Elementary Procedure GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network Gateway GPRS Supporting Node Gateway Mobile Switching Center GPRS Mobility Management / Session

Abbreviations (1)
IPv4 IPv6 MAC MBMS MM MOCN MSC MTP NACC NAS NRT N-PDU P-TMSI PCM PCU PDCP PDP PDU PLMN PS PSTN QoS RAB RANAP RLC RNC RNS RRC RT Internet Protocol (version 4) Internet Protocol (version 6) Media Access Control Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Mobility Management Multi O M lti Operator C t Core N t Network k Mobile services Switching Centre Message Transfer Part Network Assisted Cell Change Non Access Stratum Non-Real Time Network Protocol Data Unit Packet TMSI Puls Code Modulation Packet Control Unit Packet Data Convergence Protocol Packet Data Protocol Protocol Data Unit Public Land Mobile Network Packet Switched Public Switched Telephone Network Quality of Service Radio Access Bearer Radio Access Network Application Part Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Radio Network Subsystem Radio Resource Control Real Time 40 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

General Packet Radio System Global System for Mobile communications GPRS Tunneling Protocol GateWay Core Network Home Location Register Information Element International Mobile Equipment Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity