LNO Handbk1

AVIATION LIAISON OFFICER (LNO)
HANDBOOK
(JAN 2000)
AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)
Purpose
The purpose of this Handbook is to provide Advanced Course Graduates with a basis for developing or improving existing LNO handbooks in their units. It is not designed to be a finished product but is meant to be completed with unit specific information upon arrival at the next duty station.
Scope
This handbook outlines the duties, responsibilities, and missions of the Ground Maneuver Brigade LNO while providing him/her with as much information as possible without reprinting doctrinal manuals. The handbook lists a number of possible contributions that the aviation brigade can provide to the supported unit, but this list is by no means complete. The prospective LNO must use his imagination, ingenuity, and technical and tactical expertise to add to these lists to provide the best possible support for the maneuver brigades. It is certainly not designed to make the user an expert in executing all of the operations listed. Rather, it identifies the coordination and information requirements necessary for the effective employment of aviation and aviation related assets to the combined-arms team. This handbook is directed at the ground maneuver brigade aviation LNO within a division, but could be adapted for use at ground maneuver battalion level. It is not designed to be an aviation commander's Smart book., but is written from the ground maneuver brigade perspective. In fact, the handbook would serve any ground maneuver brigade S-3(Air) and should be disseminated to the ground maneuver brigades as well as the Aviation Brigade, especially if the Aviation Brigade does not send dedicated LNO's to the ground maneuver brigades. This handbook will require a good deal of modification for use within an ACR, but many of the missions and support relationships are similar to the divisional aviation brigades. This handbook is, at best, only a starting reference for use at division and higher levels.
CONTENTS
LNO - Roles, Responsibilities, Procedures LNO - Checklist/Packing List Aviation Unit Missions - Attack Units. - Cavalry Units.. - Assault Units.. - Utility (Medium Lift, GSAB, CAB) Units. Aviation Support of Combat Operations - Heavy Division Offense - Heavy Division Defense.. - Heavy Division Other Operations.. - Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Division Offense - Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Division Defense.. - Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Division Other Operations.. Attack Helicopter Operations Planning Considerations Air Assault Operations Planning Considerations.. Utility Helicopter Operations Planning Considerations. Cavalry Operations Planning Considerations. LNO Coordination Requirements.. Orders Process/Briefing Formats.. Planning Factors (Aircraft Capabilities/Limitations) FARP Operations. A2C2 Definitions.. JAAT Planning Considerations. Safety BLUE Book Extracts - Operational Terms.. - EAGLE Study Sheet - Army Fundamentals (Offense/Defense).. - Logistics - Military Decision-Making Process - Fire Support. - MEDEVAC Request... Initial Planning Conference (IPC) Checklist/Format. 1 2
3 4 5 7
8 12 14 17 21 24 29 37 41 44 47 51 58 62 64 66 68
71 79 86 90 91 92 94 95
Roles, Responsibilities, and Procedures

Roles The role of the LNO is to represent the Aviation Brigade Commander at a designated headquarters for the duration of a specific operation or as detailed by the situation. Effective employment of LNOs is imperative for coordination and synchronization. Liaison Officers must be involved during the ground maneuver brigade's command estimate process to ensure the planned employment is within aviation capabilities with the assets available and that the aviation assets are being utilized according to doctrine to maximize their combat potential. Responsibilities The liaison officer is a critical staff member whose performance will have a direct impact on the ground maneuver unit's success or failure. As the aviation unit commander's representative, the LNO must embody competence, credibility, and be a good representative of Army Aviation. A commander must exercise extreme care in choosing his liaison officers since his unit will often be judged on the performance and impressions given by his LNO's. The LNO must be capable of changing his focus and his approach depending on his location and who he is supporting at the time. Above all, the LNO must be knowledgeable in all aspects of aviation employment and must project a can-do attitude to the supported unit commander. LNO Procedures 1. Actions prior to departing for supported unit: a. Get a briefing from the Brigade S3 that outlines: (1). Unit supported. (2). POC at supported unit. (3). Call sign/frequency of supported unit. (4). LNO linkup location with supported unit. (5). Assets avail from the Avn Bde to support the ground maneuver brigade. (6). Avn Bde Cdr's intent for the mission or operation to be supported. b. Collect equipment listed in the equipment section of the checklist and brief the driver. c. Confirm supported unit knows you're coming. 2. Actions en route to the supported unit: a. Establish/maintain communications with supported unit. b. Obtain status (MOPP, THREATCON, etc) of assembly area and request permission to enter. 3. Actions upon arrival at the supported unit: a. Report to the POC listed above. b. If the supported brigade does not have any missions for you immediately, see the HHC commander for location to park your vehicle. c. Set up wire communications and remotes into the TOC from your vehicle. d. Establish communication with the supporting aviation unit(s). e. Camouflage your vehicle and living quarters. f. Ensure you and your driver are on the headcount for meals with the HHC Cdr. g. Get a situation update from the S2/S3. h. Prepare a briefing for the S3 on how aviation can support the operations. 4. Actions following the Mission. a. Debrief the supported commander on the mission. Be specific and point out what good and bad things the supported unit did with its aviation assets. b. Debrief the aviation unit commander on the mission. Point out the good and bad things the supporting aviation unit did to support the ground maneuver commander. c. Complete a written AAR and maintain a copy at the Aviation Brigade. You should also offer a copy to the supported unit for their records. Be careful to avoid finger pointing and try to use the document as a training tool.
LNO Checklist/Packing List

General This checklist outlines the minimum equipment, and references that the LNO must have when assigned to perform liaison duties. Local SOPs and experience can provide great insight into actual requirements. References FM 1-104 FARP Operations FM 1-111 Aviation Brigades FM 1-112 Attack Helicopter Battalion FM 1-113 Assault Helicopter Battalion FM 1-114 Regimental Aviation Squadron (ACRs) TC 1-115 Medium Lift Helicopter Battalion FM 1-116 Air Cavalry Troop FM 1-117 Air Reconnaissance Squadron (Light DlVs) FM 17-95 Cavalry Operations (Heavy DIVs) FM 55-50-1 External Load Operations FM 71-100 Division Operations FM 90-4 Air Assault Operations FM 90-21 JAAT Operations FM 100-103 A2C2 in a Combat Zone FM 100-3 Aviation Brigade Tactical SOP Air Assault School Handbook Equipment Vehicle (Must have mobility matching supported unit's C2 vehicles). Camouflage to cover vehicle and living quarters. Secure Communications Equipment capable of reaching Aviation Brigade from supported unit. Must include remote operation capability and extra batteries. Tentage (Check with supported unit for their recommendation on type and need). Mapboard of the AO. If possible, rig for vehicle mounting so you can deliver briefings to supporting aviation units. Plenty of paper, acetate, alcohol, shop towels, pens, pencils, alcohol-based markers, 100 mph tape, post-it notes, and DA 1594s. Emergency food, fuel and water. SOI. It must contain frequencies/callsigns for both the aviation brigade and the supported unit. Field desk or field table to prepare orders, estimates or overlays. Footlocker to carry references. Laptop computer with printer and extra battery pack. Mission Coordination Checklist 1. Participate in the brigade's command estimate process to ensure the aviation assets allocated are used doctrinally and to their full capability. See pp. 67 - 69 for the LNO's contribution to the command estimate process, pp. 9 - 15 for the basic doctrinal missions of the different types of aviation units, and pp. 16 - 62 for Aviation Support of Ground Operations. 2. Perform the coordination outlined on pp. 63 - 66 for the types of units and aircraft allocated for support of the brigade's mission. 3. Assist the S3 Air with the A2C2 plan. Ensure it is disseminated to the Aviation Brigade. 4. Notify the maneuver commander of the capabilities and limitations of the aircraft types allocated for support. Sac pp. 79 - 84 for some of these limitations. 5. Keep the aviation commander informed!
Attack Helicopter Units (FM 1-112) (ensure you get METL from units)
General The mission of the ATKHB is to destroy massed, moving, enemy armored and mechanized forces and other forces with aerial firepower, mobility, and shock effect. The ATKHB is a combat maneuver unit. It is normally employed as a battalion and uses aerial firepower and maneuver to mass combat power alone or to complement other maneuver forces as a member of the combined arms team. Attack helicopter units can also perform recormsi~sance and security missions. Tactical Employment The Commander employs the ATKHB through coordination of the Attack Helicopter Companies (ATKHC), Combat Support and Combat Service Support cements. The missions that an attack helicopter battalion can expect to accomplish and- the results of these attacks are: attack to destroy (kill at least 70% of the enemy force), attack to attrit (kill between 30% and 70% of the enemy force), attack to disrupt, deny avenue of approach, and overmatch. This is accomplished by the use of one of the following methods of employment: Continuous Attack This method of attack is designed to alert constant pressure on the enemy throughout the battle. It is characterized by; at least one company remains on station and in the battle; the other two companies remain in holding areas or the FARP ready to relieve the company in the battle; provides the most flexible and most efficient use of FARPs - one FARP can sustain the attack; uses scouts to conduct battle handover and/or relief-on-station. Phased Attack This is a modification of the continuous attack and is designed to increase the initial firepower of the battalion. It is characterized by; initially employing one company to start the attack; the second company is quickly phased into the battle from a different battle position; when either of the first two companies is low on fuel or ammunition, the third company is phased in to continue the battle; after initial strike., the attack is the same as a continuous attack, the commander may choose to employ one company first and then exploit the battle with other two companies phased in simultaneously; FARP turnaround times must be minimized to sustain this method; one FARP can sustain the attack, however, the use of two FARPs is more flexible and responsive. Maximum Destruction This method enables the commander to deliver as much combat power as possible into the battle and overwhelm the enemy with massed fires. It is characterized by employing all three companies simultaneously from different battle positions. Depending on the location and efficiency of the FARP, the entire battalion may be out of the battle for 20 to 90 minutes after expending fuel or ammunition.
Assault Units (FMs 1-113, 90-4) (ensure you get METL from units)
General Assault Helicopters can be utilized to accomplish a variety of missions on the Battlefield. The versatility, agility, and speed of Assault Helicopters performing Combat (Air Assault), Combat Support, and Combat Service Support missions can be a significant combat multiplier to any ground commander employing those assets. Tactical Employment Air Assault Operations Air Assaults are deliberate, precisely planned, and vigorously executed combined arms combat operations designed to allow the Air Assault Task Force to strike over extended distances, terrain barriers, and man made barriers to attack the enemy when and where he is most vulnerable using speed and surprise as its main weapon. Combat Support (CS) Missions Assault Helicopters performing air movement of combat power missions transport combat forces whose main mission is to engage and destroy enemy forces. These operations differ from Air Assaults in command and control relationships and in classification of mission. Air Movements do not usually result in the task organization of aviation assets as a member of the combined arms team (Air Assaults generally do). Aviation assets are not considered to be maneuver assets when performing air movements. Combat Service Support (CSS) Missions CSS air movements are those involving the use of Army airlift assets for other than Air Assault or CS Operations. As with CS Air Movements, they do not generally result in task organization of aviation assets into the combined arms team. These air movements conducted only in the close and rear battle areas are commonly used to transport troops, equipment, ammunition, food and supplies around the battlefield.
Cavalry Units (FMs 1-117. 17-95) (ensure you get METL from units)
General The Divisional Cavalry/Air Reconnaissance Squadron can perform the full range of reconnaissance (route, One, area), limited security (screen), and other operations (passage of lines/banie handover, facilitate movement, restore command and control, area damage control, economy of force, and deception operations) for the Division Commander. In essence, it is the eyes and ears of the division. In the light divisions, it also gives the division commander an additional resource that can deliver rapid, maneuverable firepower. Tactical Employment Reconnaissance Operations Route Reconnaissance: obtain information about a specific route and adjacent terrain where the threat could influence movement along the route. The reconnaissance may be oriented on a road, an axis, an air route, or a general direction of advance or attack. Zone Reconnaissance: obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces in a zone defined by boundaries. In a zone recon, the Cavalry force should not bypass enemy in the zone. Area Reconnaissance: obtain detailed information about a specific area (town, ridgdine, key terrain, choke point, arc.). The primary difference between a zone and an area reconnaissance is movement to and from the area; the Cavalry force may bypass enemy enroute to their defined area. Reconnaissance in Force: a limited objective operation designed to obtain information, locate, and test the enemy's disposition, strength, and reaction. This operation will require the squadron to be augmented. Security Operations The purpose of security operations is to gather information about the enemy, provide reaction.time, maneuver space, and protection for the main body and to prevent observation, harassment, surprise, and premature deployment of the friendly main body force. Screen A screen provides early warning to the main body; impedes and harasses the enemy by organic and supporting fires; destroys or repels enemy reconnaissance elements without becoming decisively engaged. The screening force operates between the main body and known or suspected enemy locations. Screens can be stationary (normally in the defense) or moving (offense or retrograde operations). Guard A guard operation protects the main body from threat ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack. It attacks, defends, or delays to destroy threat reconnaissance elements and disrupts the deployment of threat first echelon forces. Guards are normally conducted within the range of friendly artillery, but separate from the main body by at least the range of the enemy's direct fire weapons systems. There are three types; advance, flank, and rear. Divisional Cavalry squadrons will require augmentation to conduct a guard. METT-T and the degree of protection required will determine the amount of augmentation. Cover A cover gives the main body protection, information about the enemy, early warning, reaction time, and maneuver space. A covering force is a tactically self contained security force which operates at considerable distance from the front, flank, or rear of a moving or stationary force. The only Cavalry organization that can do a cover without considerable augmentation is the Armored Cavalry Regiment. Air Assault Security The Air Reconnaissance Squadron or its troops conduct reconnaissance, screening and overmatch operations during the 5 phases of the Air Assault. During the air movement phase, the squadron's elements normally precede the assault aircraft along the route. They conduct a route reconnaissance, followed by an area reconnaissance of the LZ or objective area. They may also fly along with the assault aircraft providing security and overwatch from successive battle positions.
Other Operations Support a passage of lines Operation in which one force moves either forward or rearward though another force to gain or break contact with the enemy. If a unit must pass laterally through another unit, movement is conducted as a forward passage. The divisional Cavalry squadrons are ideally suited for and trained to conduct and assist passages of lines. Facilitate Movement When a major movement is necessary, the divisional Cavalry squadron may be tasked to assist this movement. It will recon the movement routes and then provide movement control teams to regulate and control traffic flow along those routes. Restore/Enhance Command and Control If the division has a lapse in its communications with its subordinate units, the Cavalry squadron may be tasked to restore this communication. To accomplish this, the squadron normally conducts a route or area reconnaissance to locate the CP(s) and restore communication with the higher headquarters. If gaps develop between subordinate units, the Cavalry squadron may be tasked to fill the gaps. To accomplish this mission, the Cavalry normally conducts a zone reconnaissance while attempting to gain contact with the lost or separated unit(s). Area Damage Control When a natural or man-made disaster occurs, the division commander may assign the Cavalry squadron the mission of area damage control. The Cavalry treats this mission as an area reconnaissance but has the additional responsibilities of: a. Assume control of survivors. b. Clear obstacles. c. Assemble combat capable cements and act as a communications link between them and higher headquarters. d. Establish casualty collection points; evacuate casualties as necessary. e. Establish maintenance collection points; evacuate vehicles/equipment as necessary. Economy of Force The Cavalry squadron may conduct offensive or defensive operations as an economy of force operation. The Cavalry squadron in most divisions has the same capability to conduct offensive and defensive operations as the maneuver battalions but on a much smaller scale. The exception to this rule is in the Air Assault Division; the Air Reconnaissance Squadron in that division has no ground maneuver forces assigned to it. Deception Operations A special type of economy of force mission is the deception. Cavalry squadrons (Heavy Divisions) routinely depict maneuver brigades to prevent the enemy from discerning the division commander's intent. The four types of deception are: a. Feint A feint is a limited attack to divert an enemy's attack. As a rule, brigade and smaller units conduct feints before or during a main attack to deceive the enemy. b. Demonstration A demonstration serves the same purpose as a feint but differs in that it does not involve contact with the enemy and no tactical decision is sought in the operation. c. Display A display is conducted to further deceive the enemy about the size and composition of the force he has encountered. The display normally includes simulations, disguises, portrayals or some combination. d. Ruse A ruse is a trick designed to deceive the enemy by deliberately exposing false information to his collection means. Reconnaissance in Force A limited objective operation designed to locate and test the enemy's disposition, strength and reaction. The squadron must be augmented to conduct the reconnaissance in force.
Utility Units (CMD AVN BN, Medium Lift, GEN SPT AVN BN) (ensure you get METL from units)
Command Aviation Battalion/General Support Aviation Battalion Mission The primary mission of the CAB/GSAB is to enhance C3 for the division or corps. They do this by moving commanders, staffs, and liaison personnel by air in a specific area of operations or from one location to another. Because the CAB/GSAB is flexible, it may perform a variety of other missions; mission assignment and priority are based on the Aviation Brigade commander's intent and METT-T. Although they can perform each of the following missions, it cannot accomplish all of them simultaneously. - Liaison - Surveillance and Restoration of Lines of Communication - Rear Area Reconnaissance and Radiological Survey Operations - Target Acquisition - Casualty Evacuation - Air Assault Augmentation - Downed Aircrew Recovery - Air Movement - Small Unit Insertion/Extraction (LRS-D/C, COLT Tm, SF Tms) - Electronic Warfare - Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence Enhancement
Medium Helicopter Company/Battalion.(FM 90-4, TC 1-115) General Medium Helicopter Battalions are found at Corps and Echelons Above Corps Aviation Brigades and in the Air Assault Division. During peacetime, you may see companies and possibly platoons assigned or OPCON at lower levels to facilitate training, command and control, and usage. Because of the limited numbers and relatively high vulnerability, the force commander using Medium Helicopters must analyze the risk involved and weigh the benefits against the risks when tasking the assets. Mission The medium helicopter unit has two basic missions; to conduct air movement operations and to conduct air assault operations to support the Force Commander's maneuver, combat support and combat service support plans. The unit accomplishes this by providing aerial movement of fire support systems, combat troops, equipment and supplies whenever and wherever the commander needs them. Depending on the commander's risk analysis, the medium lift helicopter can support close, deep, and rear operations.
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Aviation Support of Ground Operations

This section of the handbook is designed to assist LNO's in making recommendations to the ground maneuver brigade Commander on the best doctrinal employment of aviation assets in support of his missions. This section is divided into 2 sub-sections, one for heavy (Mechanized Infantry and Armor) divisions, and one for light (Light Infantry, Airborne, Air Assault) divisions. Once the ground maneuver commander and S-3 complete their mission analysis, the LNO need only look up the ground maneuver brigade's mission in the table of contents, turn to that page, and the handbook lists the doctrinal missions (defined by task and purpose) that each type of aviation asset normally assigned to that type unit can perform in support of the ground maneuver brigade. This section is not designed to be the Aviation Brigade Commander's Smart book.. Aviation units conduct missions directly for the division commander and the Aviation Brigade may assume any of these missions itself. The ground maneuver brigade LNO need not concern himself with these missions.
Heavy Division Offense Movement to Contact

Attack Helicopters Augment and reinforce Cavalry/scout units seeking enemy contact. Especially effective due to AH-64's night capability. Conduct armed reconnaissance or reconnaissance in force to gain and maintain enemy contact. Screen front, flank, or rear (counter-reconnaissance). Act as rapid reaction force (hasty attack) to develop the situation in a meeting engagement or allow for disengagement if enemy is too strong for the advance guard forces. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movements for general resupply and CASEVAC if available. Cavalry Conduct flank or forward screans. If both air troops are used then 24 hour operations are performed by the ground troops. Air and ground troops should work together to maximize effectiveness and increase survivability. Aircraft will have limited effectiveness during night operations. Aircraft capabilities are maximized during day operations. Conduct route reconnaissance. Air and ground troops should work together for a detailed reconnaissance. Aircraft working alone will accomplish the reconnaissance quicker but with less detail. Conduct guard operations. The squadron must be augmented with tanks or Bradleys to accomplish this mission. Conduct screen operations while Units consolidate on objectives. The squadron can provide security for an assaulting force after it has reached its objective. Cavalry assets can provide early warning of enemy counter attack or routes of the Enemy withdrawal. Command Aviation OH-58Ds assist with optics and artillery targeting in finding the enemy and developing the situation. OH-58Ds augment attack/cav assets performing reconnaissance, security, and attack operations during the movement to contact.
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Hasty Attack
Attack Helicopters Attack enemy's flanks, rear to develop the situation, divert his attention. Can be used as either main or supporting attack. Screen own flanks. Act as reserve. Attack deep to separate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks. Conduct Air Assault security to protect Air Assault Task Force. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to seize key terrain, disrupt the enemy's rear. Conduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Cavalry Conduct flank or forward screen to provide early warning, maneuver space and reaction time for the force conducting the movement to contact. Conduct route reconnaissance to prevent disruption of the movement. Recon Enemy frontage and depth to locate routes around enemy position. Recon to the rear of an enemy position to provide reports on enemy positions, reserves, artillery, and control CAS and artillery fires. Conduct deception operations to prevent detection of the movement to contact force. Be the division's Tactical Combat Force (TCF) for rear operations. Conduct limited attack helicopter operations. The limitations of numbers of AH-l's and its weapon systems limit the effectiveness of the air troops. Conduct limited hasty attacks to develop the situation. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force. Command Avaition Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to see the battle. Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, and actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movements for general resupply especially of large or bulky items which may not fit easily on tactical vehicles. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Deliberate Attack
Attack Helicopters Attack enemy's flanks, rear to develop the situation, divert his attention. Screen own flanks. Act as reserve. Attack deep to separate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks (main or supporting attack). Conduct Air Assault Security to protect Air Assault Task Force. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to seize key terrain, disrupt the enemy's rear. Conduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Cavalry Same as movement to contact and hasty attack. If the enemy location and situation is known, caution should be used in the employment of Cavalry assets in the attack role. Weigh loss of scarce Cavalry assets to confine known enemy locations. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.
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Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to see the battle. Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movements for general resupply especially of large or bulky items which may not fit easily on tactical vehicles. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Exploitation
Attack Helicopters Attack flanks and rear to maintain constant pressure on the defeated force. Attack rear area Command and Control and CSS assets to ensure total defeat of the enemy force. Act as reserve to blunt any counterattacks or provide the decisive blow by attacking to destroy lucrative targets. Screen vulnerable own flanks or gaps. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movements to resupply food and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum. Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Cavalry Screen vulnerable own flanks or gaps when performing as part of a large force. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60's directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for Cdrs/S3s to utilize to see the battle. Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, actions especially at night and screen flanks or gaps. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movements to resupply fuel and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum. Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Pursuit
Attack Helicopters Attack to destroy/disrupt/attrit counterattack or reserve forces. Attack to fix withdrawing forces. Screen pursuing forces' Flails, especially at night. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movements to resupply food and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum. Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum. Conduct air movement for Casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Cavalry Screen vulnerable own flanks or gaps when performing as part of a larger force. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.
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Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60's directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 Net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.. Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, actions especially at night and screen flanks or gaps. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movements to resupply fuel and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum. Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Reserve Operations
Attack Helicopters Can act as reserve by itself. Attacks to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/block penetrations during enemy counterattacks. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Cavalry Receive contingency missions to conduct offensive operations similar to attack helicopters. Conduct wide or route reconnaissance of the attack axis for the reserve force. Command Aviation Provide mobility for commander of reserve force to see the battlefield. Overwatch/screen passage of lines with OH-58Ds. Pinpoint artillery fires to hide intentions of reserve force (Copperhead & OH-58Ds) Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Rear Operations
Attack Helicopters Conduct zone, area, or route reconnaissances. Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats. Overwatch MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles. Assault Helicopters Conduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF). Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations. Cavalry Normally occurs after the squadron has performed some other mission. (a) The squadron will be responsible for its own levy I and II response and may be designated as the TCF or form a part of the TCF upon arrival in the rear area. (b) Tasks will normally be assigned if the organic MP support cannot meet the required missions. Close coordination with the MPs is required to minimize duplication of effort. (c) Missions will normally be reconnaissance and security missions (similar to attack helicopter missions above). Command Aviation Provide mobility for the Rear Area Commander. OH-S8Ds screen and conduct reconnaissance, especially in vulnerable areas or likely LZs/DZs. Medium Helicopters Conduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF). Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations.
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Heavy Division Defense Mobile Defense

Attack Helicopters Attack to fix enemy forces - assists in defeat mechanism or allows disengagement of mobile defensive forces. Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions. Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to defend against one echelon at a time. Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available). Cavalry Conduct normal reconnaissance and security missions to provide information, reaction time, and maneuver space for the division commander. Conduct hasty defense operations during reconnaissance and screen missions. Conduct more deliberate defensive operations when part of a covering force or guard mission (with augmentation). Conduct Economy of Force for the Division Commander so that he can concentrate his combat power in the decisive area. Squadron may defend in sector, delay, counterattack or perform deception operations. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations and actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Area Defense
Attack Helicopters Attack to fix enemy forces - assists in defeat mechanism. Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement subsequent positions. Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to defend against one echelon at a time. Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available). Cavalry Conduct normal reconnaissance and security missions to provide information, reaction time, and maneuver space for the division commander. Conduct hasty defense operations, dog reconnaissance and screen missions. Conduct more deliberate defensive operations when part of a covering force or guard mission (with augmentation). Conduct Economy of Force for the Division Commander so that he can concentrate his combat
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power in the decisive area. Squadron may defend in sector, delay, counterattack or perform deception operations. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations and actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Reserve Operations
Attack Helicopters Can act as reserve by itself. Attacks to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/block penetrations during enemy counterattacks. Assault Helicopter Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Cavalry Receive contingency missions to conduct offensive operations similar to attack helicopters. Command Aviation Provide mobility for commander of reserve force to see the battlefield. Overwatch/screen passage of lines with OH-58Ds. Pinpoint artillery fires to hide intentions of reserve force (Copperhead & OH-58Ds) Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Rear Operations
Attack Helicopters Conduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance. Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats. Overwatches MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles. Assault Helicopters Conduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF). Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations. Cavalry Normally occurs after the squadron has performed some other mission. The squadron will be responsible for its own level I and II response and may be designated as the TCF or form a part of the TCF upon arrival in the rear area. Tasks will normally be assigned if the organic MP support cannot meet the required missions. Close coordination with the MPs is required to minimize duplication of effort. Missions will normally be reconnaissance and security missions (see attack helicopter missions above). Command Aviation Provide mobility for the Rear Area Operations Commander. OH-58Ds screen and conduct reconnaissance, especially in vulnerable areas or likely LZs/DZs. Medium Helicopters Conduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF). Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations.
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Heavy Division Other Operations Relief in Place

Attack Helicopters Screen forward and flanks during relief, especially at night or during limited visibility. Attack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the relief. Act as reserve during relief. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement operations to move limited numbers of personnel and equipment into and out of relief positions. Conduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Augment C2 by providing mobility for commanders. Conduct air movement operations to move MPs forward/rearward to man traffic control points. Cavalry Facilitate movement for both the brigade assuming the battle and the brigade leaving the battle to ensure the movement into and out of the area is smooth. Screen forward or flanks during relief to provide early warning of an attack; during the transfer of responsibility. Command Aviation Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle. Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations and actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
Passage of Lines
Attack Helicopters Conduct screen/overwatch of Battle Handover Line (BHL). Attack to disrupt enemy force to allow friendly forces to disengage. Act as reserve force during passage of lines. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Augment C2 by providing mobility for commanders. Conduct air movement operations to move MPs forward to man traffic control points. Cavalry The divisional Cavalry is the best unit to assist in the conduct of a passage of lines. Facilitate movement through the stationary units. Act as guides and liaison to ensure smooth passage. Command Aviation Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle. Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead). Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations, actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
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Breakout of Encircled Forces

Attack Helicopters Attack to destroy enemy forces at the rupture point of the breakout. Attack to disrupt enemy forces and divert attention away from the rupture point - this is not a good utilization of the attack assets. Screen flanks of main body during breakout, especially at night. Act as reserve force or attack to support reserve force (assets should not be located with encircled forces due to vulnerability). Attack to disrupt enemy fighting against rear guard. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement operations to move limited numbers of personnel and equipment into and out of the encircled forces. Conduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Augment C2 by providing mobility for commanders. Cavalry Conduct deception operations to divert the enemy's attention away from the rupture point. Screen the front or flanks during the breakout to give the moving commander early warning, maneuver space and reaction time. Command Aviation Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle. Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead) at the rupture point. Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations, actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement operations to move limited numbers of personnel and equipment into and out of relief positions. Conduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
River Crossing Operations

Attack Helicopters Screen assault force crossing and far bank seizure. Attack deep to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces attacking bridgehead. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Conduct air movement operations to resupply assault force with limited fuel and ammunition. Conduct air movement operations to move MPs forward to man traffic control points. Cavalry Screen forward, especially for the initial assault force establishing the bridgehead. Facilitate movement around the marshalling area and on routes to the crossing site. Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force. Command Aviation Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle. Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations and actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Conduct air movement operations to resupply assault force with fuel and ammunition.
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Retrograde Operations
Attack Helicopter Screen forward, flanks and rear during retrograde, especially at night or during limited visibility. Attack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the retrograde operation. Act as reserve during retrograde. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement operations to move MPs forward to man traffic control points. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Cavalry Screen forward, flanks and rear during retrograde. Attack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the retrograde operation. Act as reserve during retrograde. Command Aviation Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle. Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations and actions especially at night. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement operations to move fuel to Refuel on the Move (ROM) sites for force conducting retrograde operation. Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).
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Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Offense Hasty Attack

Attack Helicopters Overwatch assault objectives to prevent ambushes and traps. Screen own flanks. Act as reserve. Attack deep against command and control, logistics sites, moving forces, and artillery to separate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to exploit the advantage gained during the movement to contact or to develop the situation. Air assault forces to modify the original plan, either to reinforce a weakness or exploit an advantage. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Conduct route, zone or area reconnaissance to provide the force commander with information on the zone of attack. Screen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Conduct deception operations to prevent the enemy from massing to defeat the main attack. Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield and reduce uncertainties. Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security and first echelon defenses of the enemy. Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area. Command Aviation Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for Commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to exploit the advantage gained during the movement to contact or to develop the situation. Air assault forces to modify the original plan, either to reinforce a weakness or exploit an advantage. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Deliberate Attack
Attack Helicopters Attack enemy's flanks, rear to develop the situation, divert his attention. Screen own flanks. Act as reserve. Attack deep to separate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks.
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Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopter Air assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key terrain. Air assault forces away from the enemy or into armor-restrictive terrain to conduct dismounted attacks against mechanized forces. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Conduct route, zone or area reconnaissance to provide the force commander with information on the zone of attack. Screen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Conduct deception operations to prevent the enemy from massing to defeat the main attack. Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield and reduce uncertainties. Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security and first echelon defenses of the enemy. Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60's directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle. Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key terrain. Air assault forces away from the enemy or into armor-restrictive terrain to conduct dismounted attacks against Urbanized forces. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Exploitation
Attack Helicopters Attack flanks and rear to maintain constant pressure on the defeated force. Attack rear area, C2 and CSS assets to ensure total defeat of the enemy force. Act as reserve to blunt any counterattacks or provide the decisive blow by attacking to destroy lucrative targets. Screen vulnerable own flanks or gaps. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key terrain to maintain the momentum. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.
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Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Screen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield and reduce uncertainties. Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security and first echelon defenses of the enemy. Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key terrain to maintain the momentum. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Pursuit
Attack Helicopters Attack to destroy/disrupt/attrit counterattack or reserve forces. Attack to fix withdrawing forces. Screen pursuing forces flanks, especially at night. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key terrain and act as the encircling force. , Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Screen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield and reduce uncertainties. Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security and first echelon defenses of the enemy. Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopter Air assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key
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terrain and act as the encircling force. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Raid
Attack Helicopters Conduct air assault security. Overwatch avenues of approach into the objective area. Attack to destroy enemy in the objective area. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to destroy enemy installations, communications facilities, logistics bases. Conduct air movement operations during the raid to provide C2 aircraft to AATFC if he desires. ****Conduct air assault to withdraw forces in contact. This is a critical event in the raid.**** Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets. This may be the primary means of conducting the raid, or may be in support of the AATF. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Conduct route reconnaissance for raiding aircraft. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Screen the objective area to provide early warning, reaction time, and maneuver space to the force commander. Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to destroy enemy installations, communications facilities, logistics bases. Conduct air movement operations during the raid to provide C2 aircraft to AATFC if he desires. ****Conduct air assault to withdraw forces in contact. This is a critical event in the raid.**** Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire support/ADA assets. This may be the primary means of conducting the raid, or may be in support of the AATF. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
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Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Defense Defend against an Infantry-Heavy Threat

Attack Helicopters Attack to destroy command and control, logistic, and artillery sites. Attack to deny enemy avenues of approach and MSRs. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to subsequent battle positions to allow a defense in depth. Air assault forces in the Covering Force Area to allow disengagement from or prevent decisive engagement with enemy forces. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Screen forward, flanks, or rear to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space to the force commander. Guard forward or flank, when augmented, to protect a force that is preparing its defense. Cover when augmented to force the attacker to deploy and defeat his recon and first echelon forces. Conduct deception operations to divert enemy forces from the main attack. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle. Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to subsequent battle positions to allow a defense in depth. Air assault forces in the Covering Force Area to allow disengagement from or prevent decisive engagement with enemy forces. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Defend Against an Armor-Heavy Threat

Attack Helicopters Attack to flux forces - assists in defeat mechanism or allows disengagement of mobile defensive forces. Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions. Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to defend against one echelon at a time. Conduct reconnaissance counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to restrictive or urban terrain to defend in favorable areas. Air assault forces to act as the rear area response force. Air assault forces as part of a raid/counterattack (see previous reference raid/counterattack). Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available).
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Air Reconnaissance Attack to fix enemy forces - assists in defeat mechanism or allows disengagement of mobile defensive forces. Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions. Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to defend against one echelon at a time. Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if OH-58D equipped. Screen forward, flanks, or rear to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space to the force commander. Guard forward or flank, when augmented, to protect a force that is preparing its defense. Cover when augmented to force the attacker to deploy and defeat his reconnaissance and first echelon forces. Conduct deception operations to divert enemy forces from the main attack. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for Commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to restrictive or urban terrain to defend in favorable areas. Air assault forces to act as the rear area response force. Air assault forces as part of a raid/counterattack (see previous). Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Economy of Force
Attack Helicopters If allocated to a unit conducting an economy of force, will probably be the only fire support means available to that commander. Must be prepared to conduct all doctrinal missions (attack, delay, deny, overwatch, screen). Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to likely avenues of approach and withdraw them to subsequent battle positions before decisively engaged. Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available). Air Reconnaissance If allocated to a unit conducting an economy of force, will probably be the only fire support means available to that commander. Must be prepared to conduct all doctrinal missions (attack, delay, deny, overmatch, screen). Provide air assault security if an air assault is past of the force commanders plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".
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Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to likely avenues of approach and withdraw them to subsequent battle positions before decisively engaged. Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Delay
Attack Helicopters Attack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive forces. Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions. Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delay against one echelon at a time; Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to subsequent battle positions before becoming decisively engaged (strip alert). Conduct air assault/air movement to withdraw stay behind forces if necessary. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available). Air Reconnaissance Attack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive forces. Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions. Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delay against one echelon at a time. Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if OH-58D equipped. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to subsequent battle positions before becoming decisively engaged (strip alert). Conduct air assault/air movement to withdraw stay behind forces if necessary. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
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Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Other Operations Screen

Attack Helicopters Augment and reinforce Cavalry units seeking enemy contact. Especially effective due to AH-64s night capability (if equipped). Conduct armed reconnaissance or reconnaissance in force to make and maintain enemy contact. Screen front, flank, or rear (counter-reconnaissance). Act as rapid reaction force (back) to develop the situation in a meeting engagement or allow for disengagement if enemy is too strong for the screening forces. Air Reconnaissance Screen front, flanks or rear of screening force as part of the ground commander's plan.
Guard
Attack Helicopters Attack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive forces (moving guard). Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions (moving guard). Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delay against one echelon at a time. Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement to emplace troops and equipment at successive positions (flanks or rear). Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Screen front, flanks or rear of guarding force as part of the ground commander's plan. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commanders plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming". Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopter Conduct air movement to emplace troops and equipment at successive positions (flanks or rear). Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Cover
Attack Helicopters Attack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive/offensive forces. Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions.
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Attack to destroy lead echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delay/attack against one echelon at a time. Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to destroy enemy that has been discovered by division reconnaissance units. Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Screen front, flanks or rear of covering force as part of the ground commander's plan. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to destroy enemy that has been discovered by divisional reconnaissance units. Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield. Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Reinforce
Attack Helicopters Can act as reserve by itself. Attacks to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/block penetrations during enemy counterattacks. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault reserve forces to the decisive point on the battlefield.. Air assault additional anti-armor platoons where necessary (will require UH-60L if TOW HMMWVs). Conduct air movement to emplace Fire Support assets to weight the main effort and influence the battle. Air Reconnaissance Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Conduct route, zone, or area reconnaissance to provide information on the terrain and enemy to the force commander. Conduct limited attacks to blunt counterattacks or exploit success. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault reserve forces to the decisive point on the battlefield. Air assault additional anti-tank platoons where necessary. Conduct air movement to emplace Fire Support assets to weight the main effort and influence the battle.
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Linkup
Attack Helicopters Screen forward and flanks during lineup, especially at night or during limited visibility if AH-64 equipped. Attack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the linkup. Act as reserve during linkup. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Enhance command and control links to ensure fratricide risks are reduced. Screen forward, flanks of lineup force to reduce uncertainties and make contact with the stationary force. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Provide mobility over enemy terrain to effect liaison between the linking units. Aid communications between the linking units (aerial retrans). Provide aerial C3 platforms to allow commanders to prevent fratricide between linking units. Medium Helicopters Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle. Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the forces in contact. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
River Crossing
Attack Helicopters Screen assault force crossing and far bank seizure. Attack deep to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces attacking bridgehead. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault forces to seize key terrain to prevent enemy interference with the crossing operation. Air assault forces to provide flank security. Air assault forces to secure the bridgehead. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Screen assault force crossing and far bank seizure. Attack to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces attacking bridgehead. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Air assault forces to seize key terrain to prevent enemy interference with the crossing operation. Air assault forces to provide flank security. Air assault forces to secure the bridgehead. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
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Rear Operations
Attack Helicopters Conduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance. Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats. Overwatches MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Air assault tactical combat force to predetermined LZs to counter the rear area threat. Conduct air movement operations to place MPs in critical areas. Conduct air movement operations to emplace sensors in unoccupied or difficult terrain. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Air Reconnaissance Conduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance. Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats. Overwatches MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for rear commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopter Air assault tactical combat force to predetermined LZs to counter the rear area threat. Conduct air movement operations to place MPs in critical areas. Conduct air movement operations to emplace sensors in unoccupied or difficult remain. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).
Operations Other Than War

Attack Helicopters Attack to destroy enemy in the objective area. Especially effective with point weapons systems to reduce collateral damage (TOW/Hellfire). Overwatch routes, MSRs, and air routes to facilitate ground and air movement. Deny enemy avenue of approach. Dominate key terrain around an objective area. Attack to provide fires in support of the ground operation. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Assault Helicopters Conduct raids (see above). Air assault forces to conduct attacks against specific targets. Conduct air movement operations to emplace reconnaissance assets, including TOW vehicles due to their thermal sights (TOW HMMWVs require UH-60L). Support immediate reaction force for own security (see rear operations above). Conduct false air movements and air assaults to aid in the PSYOPS campaign. Can also conduct leaflet drops and speaker operations. Conduct air movement operations to resupply remote OPs, check points, and road blocks. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Conduct air movement operations to remove damaged or destroyed equipment from the objective areas. Conduct air assault in support of Non-Combatant Evacuation (NEO) operations. Air Reconnaissance Conduct reconnaissance operations to reduce uncertainties in the area of operations.
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Screen the forces assembly area to provide early warning of attacks. Conduct air assault security if that is part of the force commander's plan. Conduct limited attack operations (see previous). Enhance command, control, communications, and intelligence especially along critical routes such as lines of communication. Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas. Command Aviation Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of its capabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming). Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle". Medium Helicopters Conduct raids (see above). Air assault forces to conduct attacks against specific targets. Conduct air movement operations to emplace reconnaissance assets, including TOW vehicles due to their thermal sights. Support immediate reaction force for own security (see rear operations above). Conduct false air movements and air assaults to aid in the PSYOPS campaign. Can also conduct leaflet drops and speaker operations. Conduct air movement operations to resupply remote OPs, check points, and road blocks. Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC). Conduct air movement operations to remove damaged or destroyed equipment from the objective areas. Conduct air assault in support of Non-Combatant Evacuation (NEO) operations.
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Attack Helicopter Operations Planning Considerations (FM 1-112)

1.
FORCE COMMANDERS OPTIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF THE ATKHB a. Attack massed enemy armored or light forces b. Attack in depth to extend the influence of the force c. Dominate avenues of approach d. Reinforce ground forces by fire e. Mass to defeat enemy penetrations f. Attack to protect the flanks of a moving or halted friendly main body g. Provide security for the movement and passage of lines by ground forces h. Conduct reconnaissance i. Perform search and attack missions THE 5 COMPLIMENTARY ELEMENTS OF THE CORPS OR DIVISION OFFENSIVE BATTLE The ATKHB can be used in any of the 5 elements. a. Main and supporting attacks b. Reserve in support of an attack c. Reconnaissance and security operation forward, to the flanks, and to the rear of attacks d. Deep operations e. Rear operations FORMS OF THE OFFENSE (MAPE) a. Movement to Contact - Used to gain or reestablish contact with the enemy, may be used when contact has been temporarily lost or to initiate an attack. MTC operations help develop the situation and maintain the commanders freedom of action.
b.
2.
3.
Attack: 1. Hasty Attack - An operation for which the unit has not made extensive planning. Used to maintain momentum or take advantage of the enemy situation. 2. Deliberate Attack - Operation that is carefully coordinated with all concerned elements. Based on a thorough reconnaissance, an evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat power, an analysis of various COAs, and other factors affecting the situation. Pursuit - An offensive operation undertaken after a successful attack or developed during an exploitation. As the enemy disengages; friendly forces maintain relentless pressure in an attempt to destroy enemy forces completely. Exploitation - Follows a successful attack and is made to take advantage of weakened or collapsed enemy defenses.
c.
d.
4.
FORMS OF THE DEFENSE - The objective of defensive operations is to cause the enemy attack to fail, preserve the force, facilities and installations, control key terrain, gain time, and concentrate elsewhere. Other objectives may be to retain key terrain and degrade enemy forces so the offensive operations can be resumed. The ATKHB in the defense - ATKHB uses mobility and long range observations and engagement capabilities to deny terrain to the enemy, as well as, support the ground defense with direct fires. a. Area Defense - The orientation of the area defense is to deny the enemy designated terrain. It is conducted when: 1. Directed to defend specified terrain 2. Enemy enjoys a mobility advantage 3. Well defined avenues of approach exist
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b.
Defending force has sufficient combat power to cover avenues of approach Mobile defense - The commander allows the enemy force to advance to a point where it is exposed to a decisive attack by a striking force. The commander organizes his force into two sub-units: 1. Fixing force - Shapes the penetration or contains the enemy advance 2. Striking force - Conducts the decisive attack
4.
4.
DEEP OPERATIONS - Operations directed against enemy forces that currently are not engaged but could influence the division and corps close operations within the next 24 to 72 hours. CLOSE OPERATIONS - ATKHBs may be part of the larger forces security operations as a member of a covering force. In the main battle area the ATKHB is used against the enemys main effort. The ATKHB may be held in reserve to commit them at the decisive point on the battlefield. Missions may include: a. Attacking enemy second echelon battalions and regiments b. Massing to defeat enemy penetrations c. Attacking to defeat enemy flanking forces REAR OPERATIONS - Operations conducted to assure freedom of maneuver and operational continuity from the corps rear boundary forward to the rear boundary of committed maneuver units. An ATKHB may be given an on-order mission to act as a rapid reaction force to Level II or III incursions.
5.
6.
MISSION - The primary mission of an ATKHB is to destroy enemy forces using fire, maneuver, and shock effect. ATKHB attacks to destroy, attrit, disrupt, or delay. It may also conduct other offensive operations, as well as reconnaissance, security, and defensive operations. a. Most effective against massed, moving targets b. Least effective against forces prepared in well camouflaged positions c. Cannot occupy terrain d. Can deny enemy terrain for limited time through the use of direct and indirect fires The ATKHB mission is the same regardless of the type of division or corps to which it is assigned. However, employment criteria, mission priorities, and target priorities may vary.
7. 8.
ATKHB MISSIONS - This is the what in the ATKHBs mission statement. a. Attack to destroy - A high-risk mission. Renders the enemy force combat ineffective unless reconstituted. Commander must accept a substantial risk that may cause the ATKHB to become combat ineffective at the completion of the attack.
b.
Attack to attrit - A high to medium risk mission. Reduces the effectiveness of an enemy force caused by loss of personnel and material. The greater the enemy force the ATKHB must attrit, the greater the risk the commander must accept. Attack to delay - A medium to high-risk mission. The ATKHB engages the enemy understanding that the destruction of the enemy force is secondary to slowing his advance to gain time. The ATKHB attacks to delay the enemys use of a geographic area for a specific period of time. Risk is determined by the amount of time that the ATKHB must delay, location of the enemy, and the enemy force that is encountered. Attack to disrupt - A medium to low risk mission. Break apart an enemys formation and tempo, interrupt the enemys timetable, cause premature commitment of forces, and/or piecemeal their attack. Risk is based on the friendly loss he is willing to accept the location of the attack, or the number of attacks that will be made.
c.
d.
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e. f.
Conduct reconnaissance - Zone, route, area, force oriented, or reconnaissance in force. Provide security - Provides security to friendly forces during passage of lines, river crossings, air assaults, and as they maneuver in a movement to contact. Types of security missions include; screen, guard, cover (if augmented), area security, and air assault security (a form of guard). It will position itself where it can make a hasty attack to assist friendly forces to disengage or brush aside enemy forces attempting to disrupt the operation. Defend - May conduct an area or mobile defense in coordination with ground forces. ATKHB forces the enemy to attack under unfavorable circumstances and retain decisive terrain or deny a vital area to the enemy.
g.
9.
EMPLOYMENT METHODS a. Continuous Attack Used to exert constant pressure on the enemy force. While one company is in the battle, the other two prepare to relieve the engaged company as they remain in HAs or the FARP. This method provides the most flexibility and most efficient FARP operations. b. Phased Attack - Used to increase initial firepower. Two companies are initially in the battle, the third is phased in as either of the first two companies become low on ammunition or fuel. Because of FARP limitations, will eventually become a continuous attack. c. Maximum Destruction Used to place as much combat power as possible into the battle. The battalion deploys with all three companies in contact. The battalion will be out of the fight for 20 to 90 minutes after initial attack. PRECOMBAT CHECKS. Commanders conduct precombat checks to ensure the unit is prepared for the mission. The following contain a suggested format. a. Before Mission Receipt Checks 1. Preflight complete/logbook in known location 2. Fuel and Ammo upload complete 3. Aircrews on appropriate rest schedule b. Upon Mission Receipt 1. Assessment of enemy capability 2. Mission graphics 3. Route planning according to A2C2 plan 4. FS and fire distribution on objective 5. Actions on contact 6. Comm card or SOI 7. COMSEC/IFF codes for aircraft 8. WX, light data, and fuel requirements 9. Flight plan prep and filing 10. Risk assessment c. Preparation for the Mission 1. Mission briefing conducted 2. Company continuously update friendly and enemy situation 3. Company determines the missions time sequence. 4. Flight plan or field strip is filed d. Final Checks a. Graphics b. Comm card c. Mission Statement and CDRs Intent d. Chain of Command e. Crew Checks 1. Crew endurance 2. Aircraft key present
10.
34
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
ALSE Publications Water and MREs Special mission equipment COMSEC/IFF loaded
11.
ADDITIONAL TERMS FROM FM 1-112 a. Battle Position Planning (NORMA) Nature of the target - target types and array. Flank or rear shots are best. Obstacle clearance - height above obstacles (10ft w/in 200m of a/c minimum for HF) Range to target - maintain a 75% Pk for the weapons system. Multiple firing positions - large enough so that each a/c has several firing positions (5min rule) Adequate area for proper dispersion between a/c - large enough for maneuver and safety . b. Firing Position Planning (BRASSCRAF) Background - dark background prevents sky-lining a/c. Range to target - maintain a 75% Pk for the weapons system. Altitude - at the same altitude or higher than the EA. Consider look-down angle. Sun - keep the sun to your back, never to the front. Shadows - reduce glare, reflection off the canopy, help hide the a/c Cover and concealment - cover is protection from direct fire, concealment is protection from enemy observation. Rotorwash - dust clouds will quickly give away a/c location. Adequate maneuver area - multiple firing positions, and room to maneuver. Fields of fire - continuous tgt visibility, line of sight with the EA. EA DEVELOPMENT
Battalions plan engagement areas while companies conduct direct fire planning using the eight-step process of EA development STEP 1: IPB - The S-2 must answer at a minimum: 1. Where is the enemy currently located? 2. Where is the enemy going? 3. Where can we best engage the enemy? 4. When will the enemy be there? 5. What weapons systems do the enemy have that can effect me? STEP 2: SELECT THE GROUND FOR THE ATTACK Once the S-2 identifies the enemys most probable COA the BN CDR picks the point on the ground where he wants to kill the enemy. This point is where the commander intends to mass his combat power. The commander issues or reconfirms his nine elements of commanders guidance. 1. Guidance on enemy COA 2. Restated mission 3. Commanders intent 4. Concept of the operation 5. Deception objective 6. Priorities 7. The time plan 8. Type of order to issue 9. Type of rehearsal to conduct STEP 3: INTEGRATION OF THE EA - The staff must integrate all elements of the BOSs.
35
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Select BPs/ABFs a. Commanders guidance b. Terrain analysis c. Sensor range that will produce a 75% Pk Integration of direct fires a. Enemy avenue of approach b. Enemy rate of march c. Key terrain along the avenue of approach d. Enemy formations e. Expected range f. When will the enemy begin counter engagements? g. Effect of enemy use of indirect fires h. Where is dead space and how it may be covered? War-game enemy and friendly actions on the objective a. How will the enemy react and with what tactics? b. What will he do when we start engaging? c. Where is the enemy likely to dismount and assault? Integrate the use of artillery, CAS, and mortars to shape the battle space for the direct firefight. Based on the commanders intent for fires. a. What is the end-state of the indirect fire plan? b. How much arty/CAS/mortars are available? c. Who will initiate fires? d. How will the unit shift fires? e. Who will clear fires? Effects of obscurants in the EA a. Prevailing and forecast winds b. Nature of the targets c. Number of targets d. Terrain e. Planned obscurants Commander checks EA planning using the EA check list. Does the plan: a. Avoid overkill (conserve ammo, combat power) b. Concentrate on long range targets c. Engage targets with a high Ph d. Take best shots e. Minimize risk f. Destroy most dangerous targets first g. Maximize each weapons system
STEP 4: PLANNING THE DIRECT FIRE FIGHT - The BN staff passes EA information to the companies to allow for more detailed direct fire planning at the company level. 1. CO CDR sectors the EA using TRPs, terrain features, or man made obstacles. Individual helicopter sectors must be wide enough for overlap but narrow enough to avoid overkill. Sectors reduce scanning distance for gunners, avoid overkill, and ensure the entire EA or sector is covered. 2. CO CDR establishes control measures. a. BN CDR establishes triggers b. CO CDR initiates based on the established triggers 3. CO CDR ensures sectors of fire provide full mutual support between helicopters and integrates fire support. a. Rear and flank security b. Selects proper weapons for TGT and range c. Know location of friendly elements
36
4. 5. 6.
7.
8.
Ensure supplementary BP/ABFs integrate the same level of planning as the primary BP/ABFs. CO CDR must devise a method to determine if the mission was accomplished and determine if the attack should continue or recommend re-attack. Principles of direct fire planning: (MLFDSAR) a. MASS FIRES b. LEADERS CONTROL FIRES c. FOCUS FIRES d. DISTRIBUTE FIRES e. SHIFTING FIRES f. ALL CREWS UNDERSTAND PLAN g. REHEARSE Principles of fire control (DAULT) a. DESTROY MOST DANGEROUS TGTS FIRST b. AVOID TGT OVERKILL c. USE EACH WEAPON IN ITS BEST ROLE d. LONG RANGE TGTS e. TAKE BEST SHOTS/EXPOSE ONLY THE A/C THAT NEED TO FIRE Techniques for fire distribution (TQFES) a. TRP b. QUADRANT c. FIRE PATTERNS d. ENEMY ARRAY e. SECTORS
STEP 5: FIRE COMMANDS - Commander uses two processes to control fires; a primary and alternate 1. Fire planning = triggers 2. Fire commands = communications 3. When time is limited as in a movement to contact/meeting engagement: a. CDR initiates fires with a fire command; controls with fire patterns b. Fire command: Alert, Description, Orientation, Execution 4. When time is less critical, deliberate attack, the commander initiates w/ fire commands or an event 5. Unit should ensure SOP covers standard fire commands 6. Commander controls fires a. Two basic fire patterns; Frontal and Depth b. Engage most dangerous to least dangerous c. CDR must determine the effects he wants his fires to have d. CDR terminates engagement STEP 6: REVIEW THE PLAN - Aircrews and the staff should be able to answer the following questions. 1. What is the mission and end-state? 2. Where is the enemy and how will he enter the AO? What does his IPB say? 3. Where are his key weapons? Capabilities? 4. Where are we going to kill the enemy? 5. Where will we engage/range/position to maneuver? 6. What do we engage first? 7. How will we initiate fires? 8. Which Weapon system will fire first? 9. What is the desired effect of fires from each system? 10. How will fires be distributed (laterally/in depth)? 11. Where will each element focus fires?
37
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
How will we mass fires? Do we have enough space/time/assets/volume of fire to accomplish the mission? Where will C2 be? Can the commander see the battlefield? How do we shift fires/refocus fires/why shift/key event to shift fires? How do we deal with enemy reaction to our fires? Have we planned for flank and rear security in the BP/ABF? Does the plan follow the principles of direct fire? (MFDSLAR)
STEP 7: REHEARSING THE PLAN 1. Actions in the EA 2. Actions on contact 3. Contingencies 4. Everyone must understand the plan 5. Everyone must understand the Commanders Intent 6. Ask and answer critical questions STEP 8: EXECUTE THE PLAN 1. Contact is made and SPOT reports are passed to the commander 2. Crews observe TGT array and engage based upon preplanned fire pattern 3. CDR executes indirect fire engagements in the EA 4. Crews engage TGTs based on engagement priorities 5. Crews maneuver for survivability 6. When engagements are complete crews send BDA and FARM report to the commander 7. CDR determines whether to break station or continue the attack SUMMARY: 1. BNs plan EAs. COs conduct direct fire planning. 2. Standardized fire commands must be established by unit SOP and practiced by all leaders and crews. 3. All crews must understand basic fire patterns and each crews responsibility for target engagement by SOP. 4. A well-planned engagement requires minimum radio traffic during execution; trigger points, priority of engagements, and targets are established in advance. 5. Leaders must plan engagements within the useable range of the sensor, not merely maximum range. 6. All crewmembers must understand the mission and the commanders intent. DEEP OPERATIONS
1.
Definitions: a. FM 100-5 (6-14) Deep operations are those directed against enemy forces and functions beyond the close battle. They are executed at all levels with fires, maneuver, and leadership. b. FM 1-112 (1-6) Deep operations, or raids, are activities directed against enemy forces that currently are not engaged but that could influence division or corps close operations within the next 24 to 72 hours. c. FM 1-111 (3-13) Deep operations comprise activities directed against enemy forces not in contact with friendly ground forces. The objective of deep operations is to delay, disrupt, or destroy enemy forces, facilities, and high-payoff systems. DOCC (Deep Operations Coordination Center) Plans, coordinates, and synchronizes deep operations. The chief-of-staff is normally in charge of the DOCC with additional members: DIVARTY, G3 plans, G2, Aviation, DFSCOORD, EWO, ADAO, ALO, G3 AIR, PSYOP, G5, ADE.
2.
38
3.
PLANNING FOR DEEP OPERATIONS (Corps/BDE): a. IPB. Focus on what the enemy force consists of, where he currently is, where he is going, and time lines for movement. b. DOCC. Focuses on targets to be serviced in the next 72 to 96 hours. c. Staff Planning Process. Deliberate process. Staff selects NAIs and TAIs. H-Hour is established for all systems taking part in the attack. d. Designating the EA. Planners develop a sensor matrix that matches sensors to targets. EAs should canalize enemy and restrict movement as well as provide terrain masking and good fields of fire. e. Develop the collection plan. The S2/G2 develops a collection plan based on available resources to support the selected DPs, NAIs, and TAIs. f. Monitor movement of the enemy. g. Preparing for attack. h. Refining templated enemy positions. i. High-Payoff Target List. SIX PHASES OF CROSS-FLOT ATTACK (BDE/BN) a. Preparation. 1. Mission Analysis 2. IPB 3. Task Organization 4. Gun-to-gun lay comparison 5. Command, Control, Communication 6. Execution Matrix 7. Assessment of new and additional PIRs against current PIRs 8. Event Sequence b. Penetration. c. Movement to the Objective. d. Actions at the Objective. 1. Intelligence collection at the objective 2. Target engagements 3. Fire distribution and control e. Return 1. Withdrawal from the objective 2. Return route and rearward passage of lines 3. Battlefield damage assessment f. Reconstitution and Battle Damage Assessment. JOINT SEAD. JSEAD is that activity that neutralizes, destroys, disrupts, or temporarily degrades enemy air defenses in a specific area by physical attack and/or electronic warfare. a. Lethal 1. USAF AI 2. MLRS/CANNON 3. SELF-SEAD b. Non-lethal 1. COMPASS CALL (EC-130H) - Communications jammer 2. ADVANCE QUICKFIX (UH-60) 3. RIVET JOINT 4. EA6B
4.
5.
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AIR ASSAULT OPERATIONS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS (FM 1-113)

1.
MISSION: Led by the Air Assault Task Force Commander, the air assault operation employs firepower and mobility to engage and destroy the enemy. EMPLOYMENT: An air assault task force is employed judiciously and only on missions that require: a. Massing or shifting combat power rapidly. b. Surprise. c. Flexibility, mobility, and speed. d. Gaining and maintaining the initiative. e. Extending the depth, width, or breadth of the battlefield. OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES: An air assault task force is normally a highly tailored force specifically designed to hit fast and hard. They are best employed in situations that provide the air assault task force a calculated advantage due to surprise, terrain, threat, or mobility. PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT: a. The Air Assault Task Force should normally be assigned to missions that take advantage of their superior mobility and should not be employed in roles requiring deliberate operations over an extended period of time. b. The Air Assault forces always fight as a combined arms team. c. Availability of aviation assets is critical. d. The Air Assault planning must be centralized and precise; execution must be aggressive and decentralized. e. The Air Assault operations may be conducted at night or during adverse weather, but require more planning and preparation time in those cases. f. Unit tactical integrity must be maintained throughout an air assault. When planning loads, squads are normally loaded intact on the same helicopter, with platoons located in the same serial. This ensures fighting unit integrity upon landing. g. The fire support planning must provide for suppressive fires along flight routes and in the vicinity of landing zones. Priority for fires must be to the suppression of enemy air defense systems (SEAD). h. Integrating aviation units with infantry does not fundamentally change infantry unit operations; however, tempo and distance are dramatically changed. i. Although mechanized infantry units are not frequently employed in air assault operations, such operations conducted on a limited scale may be the decisive form of combat. Typical air assault operations conducted by mechanized forces are river crossing operations, seizure of key terrain, raids, and rear area combat operations. j. An Air Assault Task Force is employed most effectively in environments where limited lines of communication are available to the enemy, where he lacks air superiority and effective air defense systems. KEY PERSONNEL: a. Air Assault Task Force Commander (AATFC): The AATFC is normally the infantry brigade or battalion commander. For a battalion size air assault, the brigade commander is the AATFC. For a company size air assault, the battalion commander is the AATFC. b. Air Assault Task Force S3: Is normally from the AATFCs staff. He serves as the AATFC in his absence. Positions himself in either jump TOC or TAC.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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c. Air Mission Commander (AMC): The assault helicopter unit provides an AMC. The aviation commander or his designated representative is the AMC for the movements of an air assault task force, whereas an aviation platoon leader usually serves as the AMC for a company team. The AMC fights the battle from PZ to LZ while keeping the AATFC informed. d. Aviation Liaison Officer (LNO): The LNO is the AMCs representative at the task force headquarters. He provides assistance and makes recommendations to the task force commander and S3. He must be very knowledgeable in all aspects of Army Aviation. He educates the supported unit in aviation doctrine. e. Pickup Zone Control Officer (PZCO): Is normally the ground units XO. He organizes, controls, and coordinates operations in the PZ and pushes elements out. He is NOT the AVN LNO. f. Aviation S3: Normally locates himself at the tactical command post (TOC / TAC). The tactical command post provides C2 for the execution of air assault operations.
6.
KEY TERMS: a. Lift - Comprised of all the helicopters assigned to a mission to move troops, equipment, and supplies. b. Serial - A group of two or more helicopters separated from other groups of helicopters in a lift by time and space. c. Chalk - The aircraft within the lift that move personnel and equipment. d. Load - Personnel and equipment designated to be moved by a specific helicopter. Reverse Plan Sequence: (GLALS) a. Ground Tactical Plan 1. Most important phase (all planning is based upon this concept). 2. All participants must know and understand the ground tactical plan. 3. All planning is conducted to ensure ground tactical plan succeeds. 4. A good description of how the ground command intends to accomplish mission should include: a. Organization for combat. b. Scheme of Maneuver. c. Fire Support Plan. d. Security Operations b. Landing Plan 1. Must support the ground tactical plan. 2. LZ location and times to execute ground tactical plan. 3. LZ selected by AATFC or his S3 (with technical advice from the LNO). c. Air Movement Plan 1. Based on ground tactical plan and landing plan. 2. It specifies the schedule and provides instruction for 1) flight route diagrams and 2) airmovement table. d. Loading Plan 1. Must cover organization and operation of PZ. a. Load positions b. Day / Night markings c. Communication
7.
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2.
3.
4.
PZ Control Officer establishes support (fire support and security), communication nets, clears obstacles, marks PZ, arranges holding areas, routes of movement, and arrival times. Air loading table, assigns each man and piece of equipment a specific acft (manifest). Tactical cross loading, self-sufficiency of loads, and bump plan is the ground unit responsibility to plan. PZ selection, AATFC and staff coordinates with the AMC or AVN LNO.
e. Staging Plan 1. PZ posture is based on loading plan a. Load preparation. b. Spacing. c. Load inspection. AIR MOVEMENT OPERATIONS
1.
AIR MOVEMENTS - Operations involving the use of Army airlift assets for other than air assaults. These operations are used to move troops and equipment (COLT / Scout teams); to emplace artillery pieces and air defense artillery (ADA) systems; and to transport ammunition, fuel, and supplies. a. Aviation is not task-organized with other members of the combined arms team. However, coordination (fire support) may occur for cross-flot missions. b. Same general plans as air assault operations. c. Task Force Commander is not designated. d. When airlift is complete, the air movement operation is terminated and, unless otherwise specified in the order, aviation units are released to return to their parent units. MISSION: To relocate personnel, supplies, and equipment to either sustain the ongoing battle or prepare for future operations. AIRCRAFT PLANNING FACTORS UH-60A UH-60L UH-1H 2xM60D 2xM60D 2xM60D AN/ANVS-6 AN/ANVS-6 AN/ANVS-6 Doppler/GPS Doppler/GPS GPS 153 KTS 153 KTS 124 KTS 120 KTS 178 GPH 362 GALS 300 KMs 14,086 8,000 20,250 12 120 KTS 178 GPH 362 GALS 300 KMs 14,250 9,000 22,000 13 90 KTS 90 GPH 209 GAL 300 KMs 6,600 8,000 9,500 11
2.
Armament Optics Navigation Max speed (level) Normal cruise speed Burn rate (GPH) Fuel Capacity Range at Cruise Combat load (lbs) Max cargo hook (lbs) Max GW (lbs) Max combat troops
CH-47 2xM60D AN/ANVS-6 Doppler/GPS 170 KTS 120-145 KTS 514 GPH 1030 GAL 250-300 KMs 30,000 26,000 50,000 33
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DOWNED AIRCRAFT RECOVERY PROCEDURES

1.
CSAR - Combat Search and Rescue is the recovery and extraction of the downed aircrew. CSAR aircraft should be available during all missions. Failure to complete extraction within 2 hrs results in the crew being declared LOB. Crews successfully extracted will continue competitive play IAW their casualty card from the A/C BDA packet. The CSAR is a success for AAR purposes if the 2hr time limit is met. a. Injured crew members will remain with the downed A/C b. Extraction team will use the CAS card from the BDA packet to represent any crew casualties DART - Downed Aircraft Recovery Teams primary mission is to recover an aircraft damaged on the battlefield. Team must have a security element. A well-trained DART team should be able to air extract an A/C in under 3 hrs. Considerations include: Extent of damage, location on battlefield, Proximity to Enemy, Proximity to Friendly Forces, and Recovery methods available. a. Self extraction - Sufficient repair of a/c for one time flight b. Air (I-UMARK) - Air extraction c. Ground - Used when security is not an issue and air is not available d. DART success: 1. Site secure 2. Assets available to transport A/C 3. DART arrives within 4 hrs after BDAR packet is initiated BDAR MISSIONS - A Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Mission is executed to regenerate combat power. The repair team must have the appropriate level of security for the tactical situation. BDAR events may take place prior to a mission in the AA or HA.
2.
3.
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UTILITY HELICOPTER OPERATIONS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS (FM 1-113)

1.
UTILITY HELICOPTER UNITS - conduct combat, combat support (CS), and combat service support (CSS) operations. COMBAT AVIATION OPERATIONS Attack Reconnaissance Security Air Assault Special Operations Theater Missile Defense (TMD) COMBAT SUPPORT OPERATIONS Command, Control, Communication, and Intelligence (C3I) Air Movement Electronic Warfare Aerial Mine Warfare Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) Air Traffic Services (ATS) COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Aerial Transport Aviation Maintenance Aeromedical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) ASSAULT HELICOPTER BATTALION - Mission is to perform air assault and air movement operations. Air movement operations relocate personnel, supplies, and equipment to either sustain the on-going battle or prepare for future operations. The AHBs speed, agility, and flexibility give the battlefield commander a tremendous combat multiplier. The AHB capabilities include: a. Rapidly move combat power across the entire battlefield. b. Rapidly relocate troops, supplies, and equipment. c. Conduct air assault operations. d. Supplement command and control aircraft. e. Conduct MEDEVAC. f. Provide HUMINT as part of air assault and air movement. g. Perform screen operations. h. CSAR i. Conduct rear area protection operations. Organization of AASLT BN a. HHC-Supply, Vehicle Maint, Food Services, Med Team, CL III Section b. 2xAASLT Helicopters COs 15xUH-60Ls each company c. AVUM D Company d. Total A/C = 30 UH-60L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
LIGHT INFANTRY DIVISION AND AIRBORNE DIVISION These divisions are authorized one Assault Helicopter Battalion (AHB). Organization of AHB in Light/Airborne Divisions a. HHCb. 2xAASLT Helicopters COs 15xUH-60Ls each company c. 1 Company of 8xUH-60Ls and 4xEH-60s
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d. AVUM D Company e. Total A/C = 38xUH-60Ls and 4xEH-60s

7.
HEAVY HELICOPTER BATTALION a. Emplace artillery b. Conduct river/obstacle crossings c. Conduct feints d. Assist during lodgements and link ups e. Seize key terrain f. Block the movement of enemy forces g. Assist in exploitation and pursuits h. Establish an air head in the enemys rear area i. Insertion, extraction, and sustainment j. Aeromedical evacuation k. General support during peacetime and contingency operations Organization of Heavy Helicopter Bn a. HHC- Supply, Vehicle Maint, Food Services, Med Team, CL III Section b. 3xMedium Lift Helicopters Companies 3x16 CH-47Ds c. Total A/C = 48 CH-47Ds
8.
GENERAL SUPPORT AVIATION BATTALION (GSAB) a. Air Assault b. Air movement c. Combat Electronic Warfare and Intelligence (CEWI) d. Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance e. Command, Control, and Communications (C3) Organization of the GSAB a. HHC - Supply, Vehicle maint, food services, Med team, Class III section b. 2xAviation support company 8xUH-60s c. Command aviation company 8xUH-60s, 4xEH-60s, 6xOH-58A/Cs, 2xC2 consoles for the UH-60s d. Total A/C = 24xUH-60s, 4xEH-60s, 6xOH-58A/Cs
9.
COMBAT SUPPORT AVIATION BATTALION (CSAB) - Provides the corps commander with the full range of aviation CS and CSS. Organization of the CSAB a. HHC - Supply, Vehicle maint, food services, Med team, Class III section b. Support aviation company - The CSAB has 4 support aviation companies with 8 UH-60s per company COMMAND AVIATION BATTALION/COMPANY (CAB/C) - Primary mission is to enhance C3I for the division or corps. a. Movement of LNOs b. Aerial message delivery c. Radio relay and retrans d. Aerial reconnaissance Organization of CAB, Corps a. HHC - 5 fixed-wing b. CAC - 3 companies of 8 x UH-60 per company c. TARC - 3 platoons of 5 x OH-58 A/C/D
10.
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d. AVUM Organization of CAB, Air Assault Division a. HHC b. CAC - 3 Companies 8xUH-60s per company, 3xEH-60s
11.
Light Utility Helicopter Battalion - Provides the corps aviation group with the ability to transport staff, personnel, and equipment. Has 32 UH-1H aircraft. Air Volcano a. 3 M-139 Air Volcanoes per Division b. System w/o munitions 1517 lbs, w/ munitions 6413 lbs c. 160, 40 lbs, M-87 canisters; 5 AT, 1 AP per canister d. 960 mines total e. Deploy 5-100 ft AGL and 20 to 120 Kts (gnd speed) f. All minefields have a .14 AP and .72 AT mines per meter g. Approximately 30 minutes to load the mines/ 2.5 to 4.5 hours to mount the system h. All NTC minefields are short duration, 4 hours i. Fix and Disrupt 200m by 1000m j. Turn and Block 400m by 400m k. Minefields are marking - yellow smoke, grenade simulators, barber poles
12.
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CAVALRY OPERATIONS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS (FM 17-95)

The fundamental role of cavalry is to perform reconnaissance and to provide security in close operations. Cavalry clarifies, in part, the fog of battle. Cavalry is, by its role, an economy of force. RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS
1. The Six Fundamentals Of Successful Reconnaissance Missions Maximum reconnaissance force forward. Normally scout platoons or aeroscouts are not held in reserve. Orient on the location or movement of the recon objective. Commanders must remain focused on reaching the recon objective regardless of what is encountered during the mission. Report all information rapidly and accurately. Remember negative reports may tell more than positive reports or no reports at all. Retain freedom to maneuver. When a unit becomes decisively engaged reconnaissance ceases. Gain and maintain enemy contact. Contact can be a surveillance sighting or engaging in close combat. Once gained, contact is not lost unless ordered. Develop the situation rapidly. Attempt to determine enemy size, composition, dispositions, and activities. 2. Actions On Contact Deploy and report. Deploy to a covered position that provides for observation and fields of fire. Make a contact report immediately. Develop the situation. Define the threat, use direct and indirect fires, leave an element in contact if required and continue on to the recon LOA. Choose a COA. Hasty attack if sufficient combat power is available (At least a troop). Bypass, keeping a minimum force in contact with the bypassed enemy. Hasty defense, if bypass or hasty attack is not feasible. Recommend or execute a COA.
ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of specified routes and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route (road or axis of advance). Critical Task: a. Recon and determine trafficability b. Recon all terrain the enemy could use to dominate the route c. Recon all built-up areas along the route d. Recon all lateral routes e. Inspect and evaluate all bridges along the route f. Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges on the route
3.
ZONE RECONNAISSANCE is a directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries. Obstacles also include chemical and radiological contamination. A Zone recon is a deliberate and time-consuming task. Critical task: a. Find and report all enemy forces within the zone. b. Reconnoiter specific terrain within the zone. c. Report recon information.
4.
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AREA RECONNAISSANCE is a directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area. An area recon is specialized form of zone recon and proceeds faster because the effort is more focused. Critical task: a. Find and report all enemy forces within the area. b. Reconnoiter specific terrain within the area. c. Report recon information
5. 6.
RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE is a limited objective operation by at least a battalion-size force to obtain information and locate and test enemy dispositions, strengths, and reactions. Used when information is limited and cannot be gathered by any other means. SECURITY OPERATIONS
1.
SECURITY OPERATIONS obtain information about the enemy and provide reaction time, maneuver space, and protection to the main body. Security operations are characterized by aggressive reconnaissance to reduce terrain and enemy unknowns, gaining and maintaining contact with the enemy to ensure continuous information, and providing early and accurate reporting to the protected force.
2. The Five Fundamentals Of Successful Security Missions Orient on the main body. The security force operates at a specified distance between the main body and known or suspected enemy positions and must be prepared to move as the main body maneuvers. Perform continuous reconnaissance. Recon must be continuous and aggressive. Provide early and accurate warning. Provides the main body commander the time and information to retain the tactical initiative. Provide reaction time and maneuver space. The security force operates as far ahead from the main body as possible, consistent with METT-T. Maintain enemy contact. Continuous visual contact - with the ability to use direct and indirect fires.
SCREEN - The primary purpose of a screen is to provide early warning to the main body. It may also destroy enemy recon and impede and harass the enemy. A squadron normally conducts a screen. a. Critical task: 1. Maintain continuous surveillance of all battalion-size avenues of approach into the sector under all visibility conditions. 2. Destroy or repel all reconnaissance elements within capabilities. 3. Locate the lead company of each suspected advance guard battalion and determine its direction of movement. 4. Maintain contact with the lead company of the advance guard battalion while displacing, and report its activity. b. Events Causing Displacement of a Screen 1. Relief on Station/BHO 2. Movement of the Protection Force 3. Enemy Contact
3.
GUARD - A guard force accomplishes all the tasks of a screening force. Additionally, a guard force prevents enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. A guard force reconnoiters attacks, defends, and delays as necessary to accomplish its mission. Critical task:
4.
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a. b. c. d.
Maintain continuous surveillance of enemy battalion-size avenues of approach. Destroy or repel enemy reconnaissance forces. Maintain contact with the main body. Defeat, repel, or fix enemy ground forces before they can engage the main body with direct fire. COVER - A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening and guard forces. Additionally, a covering force operates apart from the main body to develop the situation early and deceives, disorganizes, and destroys enemy forces. It is tactically self-contained. Functions: Operates beyond the artillery range of the main body. The distance from the main body is determined by METT-T factors. A reinforced regiment may act as a covering force as far as 50 to 60 kilometers from the main body. Develops the situation earlier than a guard force, fights longer and more often, and defeats larger enemy forces. Reconnoiters, screens, attacks, defends, and delays as necessary. These missions are normally performed by subordinate elements of the covering force. Must not allow itself to be bypassed.
5.
a.
b. c. d.
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LNO Coordination Requirements

All Aviation Operations Coordinate airspace usage and control with the S3 Air, FSO, and ADA liaison officer. See the A2C2 definitions on page 91. Most Armor or Infantry officers will expect Aviation officers to be experts in A2C2. You will probably be the A2C2 cell for the brigade. Coordinate for land usage within the supported unit's area of operations for Forward Assembly Areas, Holding Areas, and Forward Arming and Refueling Points. Coordinate for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). Ensure that the supported commander understands that the aviation assets may only be available for a limited time due to high consumption of fuel and ammunition. Ensure he understands FARP turnaround timing. The supporting aviation unit must have the best update on the enemy situation that the ground commander can provide with additional emphasis on air defense assets. Fire support (not just SEAD) available to the aviation unit providing the support. Need call signs, frequencies, priorities of targets and any special instructions. Coordinate FLOT crossing procedures in both directions (Passage Points, Alternate PPs, crossing times, SEAD windows, altitudes, airspeeds). Ensure that the supported commander understands fighter management (crew rest is a dirty word in the ground maneuver TOC - see Fighter Management on p. 88). Coordinate for COMSEC, Have Quick Sequences (through the ALO) and IFF fills. Ensure that changeover times are the same between supporting and supported units and that both elements understand the communications requirements, capabilities, and limitations of the other. Do not mix night vision systems on operations if possible. AH 64s use the PNVS while all other helicopters rely on the AN/AVS-6 NVG for night aided operations. These systems are not compatible. If the systems must be mixed, the plan must include methods of marking the helicopters. Attack Helicopter Operations The mission statement for attack missions should include the target, target location, and the expected results of the attack (destroy, attrit, disrupt, overwatch, or deny/delay avenue of approach). When used as a main or supporting attack, Attack Helicopter units should have their own axis of advance, separate from the ground maneuver forces' axes. Coordinate for establishment and protection of battle positions. To take advantage of helicopter mobility, battle positions should be planned for rear and flank shots into engagement areas (EAs). LNOs should not attempt to pick individual firing positions, but should use the guidelines in the acronyms BRASSCRAF and NORMA (App. A, FM 1-112) to select BPs.
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Coordinate for fire control in engagement areas (EAs). Establish target priorities for attack helicopters. Inform the supported commander that by doctrine, the target priorities for any attack helicopter are in order: * Immediate threat to self. * Immediate threat to platoon or company. * Immediate threat to other friendly forces. * Pre-established target priorities. Coordinate for Joint Air Attack Team JAAT operations if Close Air Support (CAS) will be available. See JAAT planning considerations on p. 93. Coordinate laser codes, especially when working with compatible non-aviation laser systems (Copperhead, GLAD, Pave Penny, Maverick, Laser Guided Bombs). Assault Helicopter Operations The maneuver unit must provide the ground tactical plan, commander's intent and graphics to the unit supporting the mission. Take sun and lunar data into account when selecting PZs and especially LZs. Landing into a full moon close to the horizon on NVGs is like flying unaided. Take into account the advantages of single vs. multiple LZs listed on p. 3-10, FM 90-4 when developing the landing plan. When fighting an armored or mechanized force, the T Us must be placed in armor/mech restrictive terrain to prevent the AATF from being trapped on the LZ. The ground commander must provide his abort criteria. That is, how many aircraft loads he can afford to lose before the mission will probably fail and should be called off. The ground maneuver unit must provide the LNO with a loading plan/airload table, bump plan and air movement table (AMT) for the mission. It is critical to inform the supported unit S3 Air of mission changes to the Allowable Cargo Load (ACL) from the Air Assault Handbook. The LNO must understand the concepts of tactical integrity, self-sufficiency, and tactical cross-loading if the loading plan must be modified. FM 90-4 discusses these concepts in detail p. 3-32. The LNO will usually assist the S3 Air in the preparation of the AMT. FM 90-4 discusses the AMT in detail on p. B-1. The aviation unit will often modify the air movement table and use it as an execution matrix for their portion of the mission. Unless it is critical to get the maximum number of personnel and equipment to the objective area quickly, the commander should phase aircraft into the FARP for refueling in manageable numbers. Some aircraft may need to be cycled through the FARP before they are low on fuel. The LNO must decide how many refueling points will be available and phase the serials in accordingly. This allows for continuous movement on multiple lift operations. The PZCO must know how many aircraft are arriving in the PZ. Therefore, the LNO must coordinate code words or brevity codes. Ensure the supporting aviation unit understands that if it does not have the required number of aircraft, it should not land helicopters at the landing points designated on the bump plan. Assist the S3 Air in the selection of pickup zones (PZs). Many times, the S3 Air will want the LNO to be the PZCO. Although this is not your job (p. C-25, FM 90-4), the Air Assault Task Force Commander (AATFC) may direct you to be the PZCO. FM 90-4 lists the PZCO's duties and responsibilities in detail on p. 3-30.
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Assist the S3 Air in the preparation of the Air Mission Brief (AMB). An AMB shell is listed on p. 70. In many cases, the AATFC will not want a separate OPORD brief and AMB. In that case, the supporting air mission commander (AMC) must attend the OPORD brief and then coordinate with the LNO/S3 Air immediately after for the air mission specifics. Coordinate for Pathfinder support if available. Pathfinders can provide PZ/LZ clearing, marking and can even set up a tactical NDB at an RP if coordinated. See Attack Helicopter & Cavalry/Air Reconnaissance sections for specific coordination requirements for Attack Helicopter or Cavalry/Reconnaissance assets available to the AATF. Reconnaissance/Cavalry Operations Reconnaissance Considerations: a. Route Reconnaissance: As a minimum, the supported maneuver commander must provide the following: - Route location - Start and release points - Departure time or completion time or both - When, where, and how to report the information - Type of unit or vehicles expected to use the route, if applicable - Time of day or night the route is expected to be used - Actions after completion of the mission b. Zone Reconnaissance: More thorough and time consuming than any other type of reconnaissance. As a minimum, the supported maneuver commander must provide the following: - Zone Boundaries - Departure time or completion time or both - When, where, and how to report the information - Type of unit or vehicles expected to use the zone, if applicable - Actions after completion of the mission - Specific instructions for actions on contact/engagement criteria c. Area Reconnaissance: The particular area must be defined and thoroughly reconnoitered; emphasis is normally placed on reaching the area quickly; enemy forces are normally avoided or bypassed. As a minimum, the supported maneuver commander must provide the following: - Area boundaries - Departure time or completion time or both - When, where, and how to report the information - Type of operation or mission planned for the area, if applicable - Actions after completion of the mission - Specific instructions for actions on contact/engagement criteria Security Operations Considerations: a. Screen: The ground maneuver unit must provide the following information to the screening force. - General trace of the screen and the time the screen must be established - Width of the screen sector - Force being screened - Rear boundary of the screening force - Any special requirements such as TAls or NAls that the screening force must observe. b. Guard: The ground maneuver commander must provide the following information to the guarding force:
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- General trace of the guard and the time the guard must be established - Area of responsibility for the guarding force - Force being secured and its concept of the operation - Rear boundary of the guarding force - Any special requirements such as TAIs or NAIs that the guarding force must observe - Reinforcements for the guarding force Medium Helicopter Company/Battalion When Medium Helicopters are used to perform Air Assaults, the same coordination requirements for Assault Helicopter Operations apply. For Air Movement Operations, the supported ground maneuver unit must: a. Establish cargo transport priorities. b. Prep internal loads to include shoring. c. Prep hazardous cargo IAW regulations. d. Prep and rig external loads. e. Provide external load rigging equipment. f. Provide load weights/CGs/dimensions. g. Conduct PZ/LZ operations to include lighting, marshalling, and static discharge. h. Provide there own rigging materials. The LNO must provide the following to the ground maneuver unit: a. Aircraft availability. b. Allowable Cargo Loads (ACLs). c. Rigging equipment recovery plan. d. Cargo rigging and security procedures. e. Special instructions.
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Orders Process/Briefing Formats Command Estimate Process

MISSION ANALYSIS a. S-1. If aviation units are attached or OPCON, ensure the S-1 knows the making status in terms of crew fostering of those units. b. S-2. As part of his Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield, ensure the S-2 provides information on ADA, troop concentrations, man-made and natural hazards to flight, weather for aviation units, and the products the EH-60 can produce if tasked. The S-2 should attempt to target massed, moving, mechanized forces in heavy divisions, and rear area and other vulnerable and lucrative targets in the light divisions. c. S-3. Ensure the S-3 is aware of the command relationships of the aviation units available, their readiness status, location and especially the time required for planning aviation operations. LNO advises the S-3 on the capabilities and limitations of the aviation forces available and coordinates will the FSO and ADA LNO for the current status of A2C2 measures in the area of operations. Need to ensure area of operations is large enough to effectively support aviation operations. d. S-4. If aviation units are attached, the S4 must be told about the amount of fuel and ammunition that helicopters expend. Otherwise, the S4 only needs to be updated and advised on the capability of the Assault/GS/Medium Helicopters to aid in the resupply effort. e. Brigade/Battalion Commander. Advise him on the risks involved in cross FLOT operations and the capabilities of aviation to support all elements of the battlefield frameworks. Use the chapter Aviation Support of Ground Operations in this handbook to ensure that he is using his aviation assets doctrinally in his initial guidance to his staff. COURSE OF ACTION DEVELOPMENT a. Analyze Relative Force Ratios: The LNO must provide the S-3 with the capabilities of the attack helicopter assets supporting him. Normally, an AH 64 equipped battalion can successfully defeat a Soviet-model regiment of massed, moving armored or mechanized forces. An AH-1 equipped battalion can normally defeat 2 battalions of massed, moving, armored or mechanized forces in the daytime. C-Nite equipped AH-1 units are not limited to daytime operations. b. Array Initial Forces: (1). Determine the Ratio of Friendly Units Required: Although the ATKHB has great capabilities, it cannot hold terrain. This must be considered when determining the number of forces required for a given operation. (2). Determine the Size of the Unit to be Arrayed: At brigade level, the S-3 will array forces down to the company level. This is normal. See step (5) below. (3). Determine a Proposed FEBA (Defense) or LD/LC (Offense): The LNO needs to work with the S-2 to validate what higher headquarters sends as the FEBA/LD. This is especially critical when exploiting the ATKHB's capability to attack deep or cross FLOT. (4). Develop the Deception Story: Attack Helicopters can create great deceptions. However, this is wasting a valuable asset. In most cases, the LNO should advise against using Attack Helicopters to create the deception. (5). Make the Initial Array of Friendly Forces: The LNO needs to ensure that the S-3 arrays the Attack Helicopter Company's as part of the ATKHB and does not attempt to piecemeal their employment individually.
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c. Develop the Scheme of Maneuver: The scheme of maneuver is a narrative description of how the arrayed forces will achieve the mission and commander's intent. (1). Refine the Initial Array: Re-evaluate the terrain and enemy with the S-2 based on new or updated information. The S-3 needs to determine where the unit will accept risk. Often times this is with his aviation assets, advise the S-3 to avoid this. When the S-3 determines the defeat mechanism, advise him that the attack helicopter (heavy divisions) and assault helicopter (light divisions) units can be the deciding factor to ensure success. This is especially true when the specific targets that identify or define the defeat mechanism are moving, massed, armored or mechanized formations such as Independent Tank or Motorized Rifle Regiments (heavy divisions) or vulnerable rear area or command and control targets (light divisions). (2). Address all Maneuver Forces: Do not allow the S-3 to forget about the aviation assets that are maneuver forces working for him. This can include attack helicopters in heavy divisions or attack helicopters and Assault Helicopters in the light divisions. During this stage, the S-3 also addresses supporting fires. In the light divisions, attack helicopters also fulfill this role. d. Determine the Command and Control Means and Maneuver Control Measures: Ensure the S-3 applies the same rules for C2 and maneuver control for the aviation assets as for the ground maneuver forces. At this point, an axis of advance/direction of attack or battle positions are adequate for attack helicopters and an axis of advance or direction of attack are adequate for Assault Helicopters. e. Prepare the Course of Action Statements and Sketches: If aviation assets are used as maneuver forces, ensure they are included on the statement and sketch. ANALYSIS OF COURSES OF ACTION a. War Gaming: (1). Gather the Tools: The S-2 and S-3 select the enemy courses of action to be war-gamed. The LNO must understand the enemy's ADA employment and scheme of maneuver for this COA. (2). List All Friendly Forces: At this stage, ensure the S-3 lists all aviation assets available to him, not just maneuver forces. It is also critical for the LNO to remind the S-3 of the effectiveness of JAAT operations if both attack/Cavalry helicopter units and CAS/TACAIR are available to him. (3). List the Assumptions: Possibly one of the most critical assumptions that the S-3 can make at this point is that the weather will support aviation operations. (4). List Known Critical Events and Decision Points: In both the offense and the defense, examples of these critical events include the destruction of follow-on forces or counterattacks, reserve and deep operations. Aviation maneuver forces are ideal for conducting these critical events. (5). Select a War Game Method: Whatever method is chosen, ensure that the war-gaming includes the aviation combat, combat support, and combat service support assets. (6). Select a Technique to Record and Display the Results: Ensure that whatever technique is selected includes all aspects of aviation support so that no asset is left out of the preparation of the OPORD. (7). War-game and Assess the Results: Act as the aviation expert. You must be realistic, almost pessimistic. There is very little historical data to use as evidence of how the aviation assets will perform. The LNO must be very careful not to assume that the results achieved in Desert Storm will always be achieved. Assume that enemy weapons systems will operate according to specifications and will be operated by competent soldiers. Do not overlook the effect that an increased MOPP status will have on capabilities and effectiveness (especially on night operations). During this phase, the S-3 will analyze the effectiveness of the COA.
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b. Compare the COAs: The primary comparisons between COAs is that the use of aviation assets can influence, or are influenced by the ease of command and control, surprise, security, combined arms, and the identification of targets. DECISION AND EXECUTION a. Recommendation: Be ready to brief or explain all operations that aviation units may be tasked to perform during the decision briefing for the commander. SELL THE BRANCH! b. Prepare the Plan or Order: Be as complete and clear as possible. Be timely in your preparation of your portion of the OPORD. Find out if the S-3/Commander wants an Aviation Annex (FM 101-5) or will be satisfied with addressing aviation within the OPORD itself. Address attack or Assault Helicopters (in air assault operations) in Tasks to Maneuver Units. Address other aviation assets in Tasks to Combat Support Units, Coordinating Instructions, or Service Support paragraphs.
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Air Assault Air Mission Brief

1. SITUATION. a. Enemy Forces (Especially troop concentrations, locations and ADA assets) b. Friendly Forces c. Weather (1). Ceiling (2). Visibility (3). PA/DA (4). SS (5). MR (6). MS (7). % Illumination (8). BMNT (9). EENT (10). PZ/LZ altitude (11). WX outlook 2. MISSION. 3. EXECUTION. a. Ground tactical plan (Scheme of maneuver). b. FS Plan to include SEAD plan. c. ADA plan. d. Engineer Support Plan. e. Tactical Air Support. f. Aviation Unit Tasks. g. Staging/Loading Plan (Primary and Alternate PZs). (1). PZ location. (2). PZ Time. (3). PZ Security. (4). Flight Route into the PZ. (5). PZ Marking and Control. (6). Landing Formation and Direction. (7). Attack & Cav/Air Recon Linkup Instructions. (8). Troop and Equipment Loads. h. Air Movement Plan (1). Primary & Alternate Routes (SPs, RPs, ACPs). (2). FLOT Penetration Points. (3). Flight Formations & Airspeeds. (4). Deception Measures. (5). Cav/Air Recon/Attack Missions. (6). Abort Criteria. (7). Air Movement Table. i. Landing Plan (Primary & Alternate LZs) (1). LZ Locations. (2). LZ Time. (3). LZ Formation & Landing Direction. (4). LZ Marking & Control. (5). Cav/Air Recon/Attack Missions. (6). Abort Criteria. j. Laager Plan. (1). Laager Location.
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(2). Laager Type (Air/Ground, Shut Down/Running). (3). Laager Time. (4). Laager Security Plan. (5). Call Forward Procedure. k. Extraction Plan. (1). Pickup Location. (2). Pickup Time. (3). Air Recon/Cav/Attack Missions. (4). Supporting Plans (FA, ADA, etc.) l. Return Air Movement Plan. (1). Primary/Alternate Routes. (2). Penetration Points. (3). Flight Formations & Airspeed. (4). Air Recon/Cav/Attack Missions. (5). Landing Zone Locations. (6). LZ Formation and Direction. (7). LZ Marking & Control. m. Coordinating Instructions. (1). Mission Abort Criteria. (2). Downed Aircraft Procedures. (3). VHIRP. (4). Weather Abort Decision Time. (5). Passenger Briefing. 4. SERVICE SUPPORT. a. FARP Location(s). b. Ammunition and Fuel Requirements. c. Backup Aircraft Availability. d. Aircraft Special Mission Equipment (Cargo Hook, Command Console, Headsets, etc.) e. MEDEVAC/CASEVAC Frequency/Call-sign/Procedures. 5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL. a. Signal. (1); Radio Nets, Frequencies, Call-signs. (2). SOI in Effect and Time Change. (3). Challenge & Password. (4). Authentication Table in Effect. (5). Visual Signals. (6). NAVAIDS if Available (Freq/Location/Time). (7). IFF Codes. (8). Code Words for: (a). PZ Secure. (b). PZ Hot. (c). PZ Clean. (d). Abort Mission. (e). Use Alternate PZ/LZ. (f). SEAD/Prep Fires. (g). Extraction. (h). Use Alternate Route. b. Command. (1). Location of AATFC. (2). Point where Air Recon/Cav/Attack units become OPCON to Assault Units.
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Attack Helicopter Mission Order

1. SITUATION a. Enemy Forces. Strength, composition, disposition, location, and probable COAs. b. Friendly Forces. (1) Higher (air and ground). (2) Adjacent (air and ground). (3) Ground unit(s) over which operations will be conducted. (4) Supporting units. (5) Other aviation elements in the area of operations. c. Attachments and Detachments. d. Weather. (1) Current weather and light data. (2) Forecast weather. (3) Special environmental considerations or hazards. (4) Published weather minimums for operation. e. Attachments or Detachments. 2. MISSION (Who, What [attack to destroy, attrit, disrupt, deny avenue of approach, overwatch], When, Where, Why.) READ TWICE. 3. EXECUTION a. Concept of the Operation (overlay, special attention to engagement area analysis). (1) Scheme of maneuver. (2) Fires and CAS. (3) EW plan. (4) Obstacles that support our plan. (5) Deception plan. (6) Suppression of enemy air defenses. b. Specific instructions to Subordinate Units. c. Fire Support. d. Coordinating Instructions. (1) Time schedule. (2) Flight plan filing. (3) Ammunition configuration by aircraft and type. (4) Flight coordination. (a) Air routes/corridors, ACPs, SPs, routes, RPs, and ASE turn-on-points. (b) Traffic patterns: (FARPs, battalion tactical CP, other). (c) Holding area, FAAs, FARPs, firing positions, and kill zones. (d) Doppler presets. (e) Mode of flight, airspeed, and altitude for each leg of flight. (f) Movement technique and formation for occupation of HAs and BPs. (g) Direction into HA/BP scheme of maneuver for occupation. (h) Coordinating altitude and other airspace procedural control measures. (i) Aircraft lighting. (j) IMC breakup procedures. (k) Aircraft in-flight emergency procedures to include recovery points/airfields. (5) Communications check/lost communications procedures. (6) Crew endurance. (7) ECCM. (8) NBC/MOPP. (9) Actions on contact. (10) Air-to-air actions on contact.
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(11) Special-mission equipment and mission-essential equipment. (12) Target priorities. (13) Authorized mode of operations with degraded weapons/NVD. (14) Egress criteria. (15) Downed-pilot procedures (pickup points, times, and signals). (16) EEI/required FLASH reports. (17) Debriefing time and place. (18) Time back. 4. SERVICE SUPPORT a. Supply (1) Class I. (2) Emergency Class III and Class V resupply points. (3) Location of FARPs (ours and any others within 50 kilometers). (4) Class IX. (5) Other classes of supply. (6) Water point and trash point. b. Services and Transportation. (1) Location of AVUM. (2) Contact teams. (3) Downed aircraft recovery procedures and pilot pickup points. (4) Road march and convoy procedures. c. Medical and Personnel Services. (1) Location of aid station. (2) Air-ground medical evacuation procedures. (3) Field sanitation. (4) Decontamination site. 5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL a. Command. (1) Chain of command. (2) PC and seat designation. (3) Locations of flight operations center and battalion CPs. (4) Proposed location for the assembly area. (5) Location of the main/tactical CP. (6) Command group location. b. Signal. (1) Signal operation instructions in effect. (2) Secure radio codes. (3) IFF turn-on and turn-off lines. (4) Laser codes. (5) Code word or password. (6) Send-a-message system. (7) Meaconing, intrusion, jamming, and electronic counter-countermeasures. (8) Lost communications procedures. (9) Tactical air and THAT frequencies. (10) Tactical beacons and navigational aids. (11) Frequencies. (12) Scales. (13) Communications card check. (14) Call sign assignment/verification.
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Planning Factors Aircraft Capabilities/Limitations

In this portion the handbook the following definitions/explanations apply: Detection: The ability to classify a target as having military interest. Recognition: The ability to classify a target by category, i.e. wheeled, APC/IFV, ADA, artillery. Identification: The ability to determine the actual type of vehicle, i.e. M1, ZSU 234, BMP-2, M109. IR Crossover: Forward Looking Infrared Radar (FLIR) detects the difference in the emission of heat in objects. On a hot day, the ground may reflect or emit more heat than the suspected target. In this case, the environment will be hot and the target will be cool. As the air cools at night, the target may lose or emit heat at a lower rate than the surrounding environment. At some point the emission of heat from both the target and the surrounding environment may be equal. This is IR crossover and makes target acquisition/detection difficult to impossible. IR Crossover occurs most often when the environment is damp/wet. This is because the water in the air creates a buffer in the emissivity of objects. This limitation is present in all systems that use FLIR for target acquisition. AH-64 Armament: Missile Range (Hellfire): 8000m Rocket Range (Hydra 70): 6600m - 9000m Gun Range (30mm API, HEI): 4000m Optics: TADS/Day TV (Low Light, Daytime): Detection 10+ KM Recognition 8-10 KM Identification 5-7 KM TADS/FLIP (Day, Night, Weather): Detection 10+KM Recognition 5-6 KM Identification 90-1200m (Condition Dependent) Navigation Equipment: Heading Attitude Reference System (Combination of Inertial Navigation and Doppler Navigation); can slave TADS to a grid the operator inputs. Flight Characteristics: Max Speed (Level): 164 KTS Normal Cruise Speed: 100 KTS; Cross-FLOT: 120 KTS Additional Capabilities: Aircraft can be configured with an external 230 gallon fuel tank to extend its range on attack missions or with up to 4 230 gallon fuel tanks for ferrying/self-deployment missions. Limitations: Threat ID; IR Crossover; Weather may inhibit Hellfire engagements (Seeker must be able to see the laser designated spot); Over-water operations severely degrade navigation system; PNVS cannot detect wires or other small obstacles. AH-1(F) Armament: Missile Range (TOW): 3750m Rocket Range (Hydra 70): 6600m - 9000m Gun Range (20mm API, HEI): 1500m Optics: Telescopic Sight Unit (Day Only): Detection 5000m Recognition 4000m
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Identification 2500m C-Nite FLIR (Day, Night, WX): Detection 10 KM Recognition 3-5 KM Identification 24 KM Pilots use AN/AVS-6 to fly the aircraft at night. Navigation Equipment: Doppler Navigation Set Flight Characteristics: Max Speed (Level): 140 KTS Normal Cruise Speed:100 KTS; Cross-FLOT: 120 KTS Limitations: Night operations (Korea is the only theater that has C-Nite), fuel vs. armament weight (an AH-1 that is full of fuel, with crew can only load 400 Ibs. of armament), high and hot areas of operation due to low power to gross weight ratio. 0H-58D Armament: Missile Range (Hellfire): 8000m Missile Range (ATA Stinger): 5000m Rocket Range (Hydra 70): 7000m Gun Range (.50 Cal): 1600m Optics: Mast Mounted Sight (MMS): Actually contains the: -Thermal Imaging System: Detection 10+ KM Recognition 6-7 KM Identification 3 KM. -Television Sensor (TVS): Detection 8+ KM Recognition 7 KM Identification 4-6 KM -Laser Range Finder/Designator: Maximum Ranging distance 9.99 KM; Lasing a known point will update the Nav System. Maximum Designating distance limited only by TlS/TVS. -Pilots use AN/AVS-6 to fly the aircraft at night Navigation Equipment: Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) is similar to AHAB but considered better. Can slave MMS to grid input by operator. Flight Characteristics: Max Speed (Level): 125 KTS Normal Cruise Speed: 100 KTS Additional Capabilities: Aircraft is equipped with Airborne Target Hand-over System. This system takes targeting data from the AHRS and MMS and transmits it digitally (secure or un-secure) to TACFIRE, BCS, Improved Data Modem-equipped CAS aircraft, and ATHS-equipped Apaches (fielded with Longbow). Limitations: Threat ID; IR Crossover; Weather may inhibit Hellfire engagements (Seeker must be able to see the laser designated spot); Over-water operations severely degrade navigation system. UH-60A/L Armament: 2 M60D 7.62 MGs (Self protection only) Optics: Pilots use AN/AVS-6 to fly the aircraft at night Navigation Equipment: Doppler Navigation Set or GPS Flight Characteristics: Max Speed (Level): 156 KTS Normal Cruise Speed: 120-145 KTS Additional Capabilities: The External Stores Support System (ESSS) allows configuration for extended operations without refunding (5+hours)(2 X 230 gallon fuel tanks).
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The ESSS also allows configuration for ferry and self-deployment flights (4 X 230 gallon fuel tanks). The enhanced Command and Control Console provides the maneuver commander with an airborne platform which can support 6 secure FM radios, 1 HE radio, 2 VHF radios, and 2 UHF radios. Additionally, can be configured with the VOLCANO Mine Dispensing System. Capable of inserting and extracting troops with FRIES/SPIES. Limitations: Use of the External Stores Support System (ESSS) for fuel limits access to the cabin doors for troops and bulky cargo or litters. It also greatly decreases the payload. UH-60A cannot sling-load a TOW HMMWV. Cruise speed is greatly decreased by light, bulky sling-loads (less than 80 KTS). CH-47 Armament: 2 M60D 7.62 MGs (Self protection only) Optics: Pilots use AN/AVS-6 to fly the aircraft at night. Navigation Equipment: Doppler Navigation Set or GPS Flight Characteristics: Max Speed (Level): 170 KTS Normal Cruise Speed: 120-145 KTS Additional Capabilities: The aircraft can be configured with additional fuel for either mobile FARE system (Fat Cow) or for ferrying/self-deployment missions. Aircraft has an internal load winch to ease loading of properly configured cargo. The CH-47D can sling-load virtually any piece of equipment in the Light Infantry, Airborne or Air Assault Divisions. Limitations: Normally a Corps or theater asset, so not readily available. Cruise speed is greatly decreased by light, bulky sling-loads (less than 80 KTS). Fuel Expenditure Rates AVG. CONS. RATE IN GPH CAPACITY 175 370 111 262 27 72 44 112 110 112 90 209 178 362 514 1030
HELICOPTER AH-64 AH-1 OH-58C OH-58D OH-58D(Armed) UH-1H UH-60 CH-47D
Standard Loads (AH/UH/CH) The LNO will have to coordinate with the Assault Helicopter and Medium Lift units supporting the Brigade to get a list of standard -10's for each type of helicopter. Although the aircraft may be capable of carrying more than is indicated on these lists, safety, loading procedures, space limitations and other factors play a great part in determining authorized loads for the UH/CH. The Authorized Cargo Load (ACL) is a good place to start. This is indicated in the Air Assault handbook but may be different for each division. Aircraft Capabilities: TYPE Empty GW Incl Crew/Fuel UH-1H 6,600 UH-60A 14,000 UH-60L 14,250 CH-47D 30,000
Max GW 9,500 22,000 23,000 50,000
Max Hook 4,000. 8,000 9,000 26,000
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COMMON EQUIPMENT WEIGHTS (UH/CH) M998 HMMWV.............................................. 7,535 lbs. M996 TOW HMMWV.................................... 8,095 lbs. M149 WATER BUFFALO EMPTY .................................. 2,540 lbs. LOADED ................................... 6,060 lbs. M101A1 3/4T TRAILER EMPTY .............................. 1,350 lbs. LOADED ............................ 2,850 lbs. 500 GALLON FUEL DRUM EMPTY ........................... 275 lbs. FULL (JP4) ......................... 3,532 lbs. M102 105mm HOWITZER ........................... 3,360 lbs. M119 105mm HOWITZER ...................... . 4,000 lbs. M114A1 155rnm HOWITZER...................... 15,200 lbs. M198 155mm Howitzer ............................... 15,740 lbs. M167 VULCAN(T) ..................................... 3,260 lbs. A22 BAG (LOADED).................................. 2,200 lbs. CONEX STEEL Empty................................. 2,140 lbs. ALUMINUM Empty......................... 1,560 lbs. EITHER, MAX LOAD..................... 6,500 lbs. SCAMP CRANE....................................... 14,600 lbs. ONE MIL-VAN ........................................... 4,710 lbs. ELECTRONIC SHOP w/WHEELS................. 3,940 Ibs TOOL SET, SHOP w/WHEELS.................. 3,030 Ibs SHOP, PORTABLE, AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE Empty.......................................... 4,220 Ibs LOADED..................................... 5,425 Ibs M1008 PICK-UP EMPTY........................................ 5,900 lbs. LOADED..................................... 8,800 lbs. M1009 BLAZER EMPTY........................................ 5,200 lbs. LOADED..................................... 6,400 lbs. JD-550 DOZER ....................................... 16,800 lbs. As with the Assault Helicopter and Medium Helicopter units, the LNO must coordinate with the Attack Helicopter and Air Cavalry/Divisional Cavalry units to determine standard munitions/fuel loads for those type assets. AH TYPICAL LOADS A/C GUN AH-64 (Std) 1200 Rds AH 64 (Heavy) 1200 Rds AH-1 (Std) AH-1 (Heavy) OH-58D 150 Rds 750 Rds 500 Rds 500 Rds
ROCKETS 38 2.75 00 2.75 20 2.75 76 2.75 07 2.75 14 2.75
MISSILES 8 Hellfire 16 Hellfire 6 TOW
2 ATAS 4 Hellfire
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FARP Operations
General The high mobility and combat flexibility of attack, Cavalry and lift aircraft make them unique assets on the modern battlefield. Helicopters move rapidly and concentrate firepower quickly to meet the needs of the maneuver commander. Purpose The function of the FARP is to provide the commander with the means to increase his time on station. When turn around time associated with class III and V activities is reduced, then the commander has more time to apply continuous pressure on the enemy. Planning Factors Meet aviation unit mission requirements. Provide support throughout the battlefield in all conditions. Avoid threat observation and engagement. (1). 18 to 24 km from the FLOT (standard). (2). During cross FLOT operations location is METT-T dependent. FARP Emplacement FARP's can be emplaced by either ground or aerial means. This depends on the system's mobility, requirements of mission aircraft, availability of higher echelon support, and expected time to become operational. Considerations Flight route selection in and out of FARP (METT-T). Command and control (level of control either BN or BDE). FARP security. Length of supply lines. Environment (desert, jungle, flat, mountainous, etc..). Type of aircraft supported (class III/V consumption rates. Number of aircraft to be supported. Duration of mission. LZ selection. Amount of time required for each type aircraft. Personnel availability to run FARP. NTC FARP GUIDE FOR EAGLE TEAM 1. MARKING AND LIGHTING a. Mark tail rotor danger zone with an inverted V b. Recommended methods are engineer tape staked down, water cans, bean bag lights, chemlights, etc. c. All obstacles in the FARP must be marked at night with red chem-lights. d. All FARP personnel will wear or carry some form of low-light source. 2. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS a. The FARP must be inspected by an approved safety officer from the unit. b. FM 1-104 contains a safety checklist that is the minimum guidelines a unit should use. Observer controllers must ensure the checklist from the unit SOP is signed by the unit safety officer and the III/V platoon leader or the FARP NCOIC. Any time a hose connection is broken or a hose section is replaced or the fuel source is replaced, the FARP must be re-certified by the unit. This
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requirement does not apply to the changing of fuel nozzles for serviceability or aircraft compatibility. c. Fuel must be re-circulated daily and the pressure differential recorded on a daily log of the differential readings. The pressure differential is the difference between the pump pressure of fuel entering the filter element and the pressure of the fuel leaving the filter element. 3. GENERAL GUIDE LINES NEW FILTER 2.5 PSI OR LESS CAUTION 15 PSI + DANGER 20 PSI + (FILTERS MUST BE CHANGED PRIOR TO USE) a. Sudden drop in the differential - Change filter to prevent fuel contamination from a ruptured filter element. Filter separator housing - marked with date filter elements were changed (at least every two years). b. All aviation fueling systems used at NTC must be certified for aviation service by having a fuel sample drawn. Each vehicle will submit a fuel sample to the class III bulk fuel point to be sent to the USAGMPA petroleum field office (west) laboratory for analysis. The certification of the system is only valid for 30 days. c. An aqua-glow test must be done any time filter elements or fuel sources are changed and daily prior to re-fueling aircraft. The maximum allowable water contamination is ten parts per million (ppm). d. All refuel points must be grounded with serviceable cables, grounding pins, and/or alligator clamps. The appropriate depth of the grounding rod for sandy conditions is 36 inches. Refuel vehicles must be grounded at all times; Failure to do so constitutes a safety kill and loss of the vehicle and fuel. e. Hoses for the FARE system and HTARS set are usually in 50-foot lengths. The fuel source must be at least 100 feet from the first refuel point. All army helicopters except CH-47s require 100 feet separation between the rotor hubs of adjacent aircraft. The CH-47 helicopter requires 180foot separation between the rotor hubs of adjacent aircraft. f. Each fuel point must have a five gallon can of water, a spill pan for fuel from changing nozzles, a serviceable grounding rod, and a fire extinguisher with a current inspection tag or inspection date stenciled on the extinguisher. Each point must be marked at night with a red low-light source such as a chem-light. g. Spill clean up is a unit responsibility. The unit must recover the contaminated soil and turn it in to the environmental impact team. Spills larger than five gallons must be reported immediately to the environmental impact team by the unit. If the unit does not have the assets to recover the spill, have the unit contact the environmental team for assistance. 4. LIVE-FIRE OPERATIONS a. The surface danger zone or peanut must be clearly defined and marked on the key leaders maps. The unit is responsible to ensure that the area is clear and the site selection should include a large terrain feature, preferably a large hillside, to act as a backstop for ordinance. b. All uncased 2.75-inch rockets and antitank missiles must be stored on dunnage or pallets for air circulation. Hellfire missiles in crates and ammo cans may be stored on the ground provided there is no possibility of excessive heat or environmental contamination. Rockets on the re-arm pads must be stored in single layers. Rockets and missiles that have been dropped more than two vertical feet are considered unserviceable. c. The unit must have 68J and/or 68X personnel to safety attack aircraft. Armament personnel must establish communication with the aircrew prior to anyone working around the aircraft. Wing-arm safety pins must be used to safe the wing stores. 20mm cannons and 30mm chain guns must have the W-2 power cable disconnected and the cable must be secured. Hellfire launchers must be switched to safe. OH-58D aircraft must have the .50 cal chamber manually cleared in addition to safety pins installed in the wing stores. d. AH-64 Apache rapid refuel requires the #2 engine to be shutdown prior to refuel. Visual confirmation is made by ensuring the two small fire lever doors on the bottom of the #2 engine cell are open. FARP personnel may not walk in front of any attack aircraft weapon systems.
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A2C2 Definitions
Purpose Simply stated, the objective of A2C2 is to maximize the combat effectiveness of all airspace users. The Air and Battle doctrine prescribes the use of all weapons, arms, and services fighting on the full width, depth, and height of the battlefield. (consequently, the airspace in which Army Aviation must operate in has become increasingly saturated with aircraft, munitions, and various other airborne systems. The Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2) system has been designed to coordinate the employment of airspace users through synchronization of time, space, and purpose. The A2C2 System The A2C2 system is an arrangement of A2C2 staff elements in each command echelon starting from maneuver battalion levy and extending to theater army level. The current A2C2 system is reflected in the diagram listed on p. 1-3, FM 100-103. A2C2 Organizations at EAC and Above. The A2C2 system is designed to support the Land Component Commander's (LCC) or Joint Force Commander's (JFC) ground combat operations. The LCC or JFC normally delegates the responsibility of airspace control to the Air Component Commander (ACC) who is usually the senior USAF commander in the theater of operations. A2C2 Organizations at Corps and Division. Corps and Division A2C2 elements (previously known as CAME and DAME) coordinate and consolidate requirements for present and future use of airspace within their area of operations. Utilizing their respective A2C2 elements, corps and division commanders exercise control over airspace users in a subdivision of theater airspace designated as the Army airspace control sub-area. This Army sub-area normally extends from the corps rear boundary to the FLOT and from the coordinating altitude (discussed later) to the ground. A2C2 elements at corps and division are headed by the G3 Air and comprise all staff elements which utilize airspace for any and all purposes. Normally the following staff members comprise the A2C2 element: - G3 Air - Fire Support representative; ADA representative - Army Aviation LNO - Air Force representative(s) (TALO, ALO) - Army ATC representative - CEWI/G2 representative - Other staff agencies may also be included into the A2C2 element depending on battlefield requirements and circumstances (e.g. use of NBC weapons may require the presence of a chemical officer representative). A2C2 Organizations at Brigade and Below. The same A2C2 functions that began at the Joint Force level must be carried out at the brigade, battalion and sometimes company level. Although no special staff elements exist at these levels, A2C2 elements must be formed to implement higher airspace authority directives and provide input for control measures in support of ground operations. At brigade level the A2C2 element is normally supervised by the S3 or S3 Air and consists of the same representatives present at division/corps level (if available). At the maneuver battalion level the S3 and his staff normally perform A2C2 functions. A2C2 Element Functions. Regardless of command level, A2C2 elements perform a variety of functions in order to support ground combat operations and maximize the combat effectiveness of airspace users. These functions include:
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- Identify and resolve airspace conflicts. - Develop and maintain airspace utilization and situation overlays. (At lower levels may be part of operations overlay) - Request/maintain/disseminate A2C2 measures or restrictions. (Monitor/disseminate pertinent ATO/ACO information) - Develop/coordinate A2C2 annex to tactical operations orders/plans. - Generate A2C2 control measure requests in support of orders/plans. A2C2 Control Measures. Maneuver commanders at all levels exercise A2C2 within their assigned areas through the integration of positive and procedural control. Both methods of command and control are fully compatible and should be used in concert to effectively perform A2C2. Typically many positive and procedural control measures will be directed by higher command authority but some measures are available for subordinate commanders to employ for their own flexibility. a. Positive Control Measures. Positive control measures are those which rely on real-time data and electronic means (ex. Radar, AWACS, IFF/SIF, and radios) to identify and communicate with airspace users. Although positive control means provide for the best overall control over airspace users, the tactical situation usually demands a mixture of both positive and procedural control means. b. Procedural Control Measures. Procedural control is a method of airspace control which relies on previously agreed upon and disseminated orders and procedures. Procedural control is accomplished through non-electronic means. (1). High Density Airspace Control Zone (HlDACZ). A defined area of airspace requested by a maneuver force commander, normally division and above. The purpose of a HIDACZ is to reserve airspace and to control which users have access to the zone. (2). Coordinating Altitude (CA). A procedural method designed to separate fixed wing and rotary wing traffic. (3). Restricted Operations Zone/Area (ROZ/ROA). A defined volume of airspace developed for a specific operational mission or requirement. (4). Minimum Risk Route (MRR)/Low Level Transit Route (LLTR). The terms MRR and LLTR are virtually synonymous and commonly used interchangeably. MRRs/LLTRs are routes (usually recommended by a corps commander) that represent the minimum hazard to friendly aircraft transiting through friendly air defenses and controlled or restricted airspace. MRRs/LLTRs normally begin at the corps rear boundary and end at the fire support coordination line (FSCL). (5). Standard use Army Aircraft Flight Route (SAAFR). A route established below the coordinating altitude to facilitate the movement of Army aviation assets. SAAFRs are normally located throughout corps, division, and brigade rear areas and do not require joint approval if below the CA. (6). Air Corridor. A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly Army aircraft and established to prevent friendly forces from firing on friendly aircraft.
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JAAT Planning Considerations

Definition A JAAT operation is a synchronized, simultaneous attack by attack helicopters, close air support (CAS), and field artillery usually against an enemy armor or mechanized force. Composition a. ATTACK HELICOPTERS: AH-64, AH-1, or Kiowa Warrior. b. CAS/TACAIR Aircraft: A-10, A-7, F-16, FA-18, F-15E, F-4, AV-8. c. Field Artillery: The DS battalion supporting the ground maneuver brigade. When the JAAT is planned by the division or corps, the GS FA unit will support the JAAT. Key Players a. Ground maneuver commander. Responsible for requesting the assets and the employment of a JAAT, since it is against targets in his area of operations. This is done through normal command channels. b. ATKHC/CAV TRP Commander. Responsible for the planning and conduct of the JAAT. Must be prepared to conduct the JAAT even if it has not been preplanned. CAS aircraft may become available without notice. c. Forward Air Controller (FAC). May be airborne or ground based to assist ATKHC commander in controlling TACAIR. d. Fire Support Officer (FSO). Assists the ATKHC Commander in providing FA support throughout the JAAT. Employment a. Sectored Attacks: (Each JAAT element attacks within a specified sector) * Sectored-simultaneous: Each element maneuvers within its sector in order to attack simultaneously with the other JAAT elements. * Sectored-sequential: Each element maneuvers within its sector in order to attack in some predetermined sequence. This sequence may vary from several seconds to minutes apart. This option reduces ordnance fan deconfliction problems and facilitates covering fire. * Sectored-random: Each element maneuvers within its assigned sector and attacks at will. Ordnance fans and fragmentation avoidance must be coordinated since attacks may be simultaneous. b. Combined Attacks:(Each JAAT element attacks in same sector to mass fires) * Combined-simultaneous: All elements maneuver in the same area in order to attack simultaneously. Each element must deconflict its ordnance fan and ensure fragmentation avoidance. * Combined-sequential: All elements maneuver in the same area in order to attack in some predetermined sequence. This sequence may vary from several seconds to several minutes. This option reduces the ordnance fan deconfliction problem and facilitates covering fire for each preceding element. * Combined-random: All elements maneuver in the same area and attack at will. Ordnance fan and fragmentation avoidance must he ensured since attacks may inadvertently occur at the same time.
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Planning Info to the FAC or TACP * Target location. * Target description. * Enemy threat (ADA, AIR, ARTY, or lack thereof). * Friendly locations. * Requested time on target (TOT). * Restrictions (Gun target lines, limit of advance, etc). * Additional info, as necessary (use of lasers, markings).
JAAT OPERATIONS (excerpt from NTC Blue Book)

1.
JAAT - Joint Air Attack Team operations are a coordinated attack on one target array by attack helicopters, fixed-wing attack aircraft, artillery, and possibly naval gunfire. Types of JAAT requests a. Preplanned b. Immediate c. Spontaneous JAAT Employment a. Sector attacks 1. Sector-simultaneous 2. Sector-sequential 3. Sector-random b. Combined 1. Combined-simultaneous 2. Combined-sequential 3. Combined-random FORMAT FOR JAAT 9-LINE BRIEF (1) INITIAL POINT (IP) (2) HEADING (MAG) (3) DISTANCE (NM) (4) TARGET ELEVATION (FT) (5) TARGET DESCRIPTION (6) TARGET COORDINATES (7) TARGET MARKS (LASER CODE IF APPLICABLE) (8) FRIENDLY LOCATION (9) EGRESS DIRECTION (MAG) (10) REMARKS: a. HAZARDS b. ATTACK RESTRICTIONS c. THREATS d. ABORT CODE e. CLEARANCE
2.
3.
4.
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Safety
General Improvements in the range and lethality of friendly weapon systems have greatly enhanced our Airland Battle Doctrine. Today's highly mobile force and increased standoff ranges have also increased the chances of fratricide. In the planning of every mission, fratricide avoidance must be given consideration. Fratricide Avoidance Mission scenarios fall into two categories; high risk of fratricide and low risk of fratricide. A high risk scenario occurs when multiple weapon systems or units fire into the same engagement area (EA). Multiple units attacking at night into the same EA would create a very high risk of fratricide. The low risk scenario would have separate EAs for each weapon system or unit, with simple, yet definitive fire control measures. The risks of fratricide can be reduced during the planning phase of a mission. Consider the risks of fratricide from the beginning. Weigh the risk versus the value of the plan. The same considerations which enhance command and control and make a plan executable, also reduce the risks of fratricide. Fratricide Reduction Measures/Considerations * Type weapon system employed * Type optics/sensors on aircraft * Separate EAs from ground forces whenever possible * Easily identifiable boundaries * Day versus night operations * Awareness of all types of vehicles in vicinity of EA (example: both BTRs and LAVs are in the area) * Positive control of weapon systems during battle hand-over * Simple plans * Simple & clear Fire Control Measures * Accurate and up to date Intelligence information AIRCRAFT SAFETY BRIEFING CHECKLIST 1. Flight data: a. Route b. Mode of flight c. Time en route d. Check points e. Weather 2. Passenger Equipment: a. ID tags b. Hearing protection c. Clothing; sleeves down, chin strap secured d. Weapons; cleared, on safe, and muzzle pointed down 3. Internal communications: Brief on the use of ICS or hand signals. 4. Loading and unloading the aircraft: a. Take all instructions from pilots or crew-chiefs. b. Avoid areas for type of aircraft: Aircraft with tail rotor will be approached 90 degrees from landing direction. Avoid the front rotor of CH47, it can dip to 3 feet above the ground.
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5. Smoking is prohibited inside and within 50 feet of all aircraft. 6. Emergency procedures: a. Passengers will be familiar with all exits and emergency equipment. b. In the event of an emergency landing or crash the passenger will take instruction from the crew-chief or pilot. Note, do not exit the aircraft until the rotor has stopped, unless the danger of fire warrants immediate exit. 7. Safety belts and shoulder harness: Restraints will be used at all times. 8. Refueling operations: Passengers will off-load and move to the passenger holding area until refueling is complete.
SAFETY (excerpt from NTC Blue Book)

1.
REQUIREMENTS a. FORSCOM Commander: Risk management will be evaluated at all Army Combat Training Centers. b. AR 389-96, AR 385-10: Risk management will be applied to all Army operations. CONCEPT a. OCs will evaluate unit risk management for all operations at the National Training Center. This evaluation will include more than the units use of risk assessment forms as mandated in AR 951. Ideally the evaluation should look at the application of Risk Management techniques as they apply to air and ground operations, both at the unit and individual level.
b.
2.
Risk Management is the Army's doctrinal risk reduction tool, it is applied to all operations, and consists of the 5 step risk management model. At the Company and Battalion level the Risk Management Model is integrated into the decision making process at the course of action development stage of the decision making process. Controls should be developed for each hazard identified for each proposed COA.
INTEGRATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING DECISION MAKING PROCESS 5 STEP RISK MANAGEMENT MODEL Receive the mission Commanders guidance Course of Action Development --------------------------------- Identify the Hazard Assess the Hazards Course of Action Evaluation/Selection ----------------------- Make Risk Decisions/ Develop Controls Implement Controls Supervise
c.
Identify the Hazard: Conducted during the mission planning phase as indicated above. This is not strictly a look at who will fall in what hole or cut what finger, but a look at all risks as they apply to the mission. Three areas of risk. 1. Operational risks are those risks associated with enemy and friendly units on the battlefield. (i.e. what enemy ADA/direct fire weapons systems can effect our operations or what friendly units ADA or other systems are in a position to adversely effect use).
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2. 3. d.
Safety Risks consist of crew endurance, weather, equipment, % illumination, and crew currency type issues. Fratricide risks look at weapons safety, fields of fire, and weapons system status issues.
Assess the Hazard: All hazards have two components, severity and probability. Severity is simply a measure of how bad the problem will be if it occurs, while probability is the measure of how likely the problem is to occur during this mission. The S3 or company planner should identify all risks (Operational, Safety, and Fratricide) that apply to the mission, these risks are then assessed as to probability and severity and ranked according to their impact on the mission. This can be either a written or cognitive process. The unit ASO and IP can lend valuable insight into hazard identification. Identify Control Measures/Make Risk Decisions: This is the most over looked step in the risk management process, many unit's can, if asked, list all the hazards associated with the mission, but fail to make risk decisions. Controls should be identified for all hazards identified for each potential COA. Implement Controls: Controls are implemented through the use of written operations orders, FRAGOs, graphics, or verbal orders. Supervise: Supervise the implementation of control measures but do not restrict the initiative of subordinate commanders.
e.
f.
g.
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Operational Terms
(FM 101-5-1/MCRP 5-2A, Operational Terms and Graphics, dtd. 30 Sep 97)
Advance Guard. A task organized combined arms unit or detachment that precedes a column or formation to protect the main body from ground observation or surprise by the enemy. It operates within the supporting range of the main body. Air Assault. Operations in which air assault forces, using the firepower, mobility, and total integration of helicopter assets in their ground or air roles, maneuver on the battlefield under the control of the ground or air maneuver commander to engage or destroy enemy forces or to seize and hold key terrain. Air Defense Warning (Local) (LADW). Dynamite. Aircraft are inbound or attacking now. Response is immediate. Lookout. Aircraft are in the area of interest but are not threatening or are inbound but there is time to react. Snowman. No aircraft pose a threat at this time. Air Defense Warning. A degree of air raid probability defined as follows: Red. Air attack is imminent or in progress. Hostile aircraft and/or missiles are within or are in the immediate vicinity of an area with high probability of entering the area. Yellow. Air attack probable. Hostile aircraft and/or missiles are enroute/in-flight toward the area. White. Air attack not probable. Air Defense Weapons Control Status. The degree of fire control imposed upon Army units having assigned, attached or organic air defense weapons. Weapons control status terms normally used are: Weapons Free. Weapons may be fired at any target aircraft not positively identified as friendly. This is the least restrictive weapons control status. Weapons Tight. Weapons may be fired only at target aircraft positively identified as hostile according to the prevailing hostile criteria. Weapons Hold. Weapons are not to be fired except in self-defense or in response to a formal order. Air Mission Brief. 1. The last coordination meeting of key participants in an air assault mission which ensures that key aviation soldiers are briefed and that the plan is finalized. It covers the operation from beginning to end. 2. Briefing of the pilots prior to any aviation mission. Air Mission Commander. Commander of the largest aviation unit supporting the air assault. He is responsible for all embarked soldiers and for coordinating support from liftoff to touchdown. Air Movement. Air transport of units, personnel, supplies, equipment and material. Airspace Control Order (ACO). An order implementing the airspace control plan that provides the details of the approved requests for airspace control measures. It is published either as part of the air tasking order or as a separate document. It includes temporary airspace control measures and designates which organization is the controlling authority for each. Airspace Coordination Area (ACA). In fire support operations a restrictive fire support coordination measure that establishes a three dimensional block of airspace in the battle area in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. Aircraft and indirect fires are separated by time, space, or altitude. The purpose of the ACA is to allow simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple fire support means, one of which is normally air. Allowable Load. The total load that an aircraft can transport over a given distance taking into account weight and volume. Alternate Position. The position given to a weapon, unit, or individual to be occupied when the primary position becomes untenable or unsuitable for carrying out its task. The alternate position is located so that the individual can continue to fulfill his original task.
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Ambulance Exchange Point (AXP). A location where a patient is transferred from one ambulance to another enroute to a medical treatment facility. This may be an established point in an ambulance shuttle system or it may be designated independently. Ammunition Supply Point (ASP). An area designated to receive, store, reconfigure, and issue class V material. It is normally located at or near the division area. Ammunition Transfer Point (ATP). A designated, temporary site from which class V material is transferred from corps transportation to unit vehicles. Analysis and Control Element (ACE). The G2s primary organization for controlling intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) operations. The ACE performs collection management, produces all-source intelligence, provides IEW technical control, and disseminates intelligence and targeting data across the range of military operations. Area Defense. A form of defense that focuses on denying the enemy access to designated terrain for a specified time, rather than on the outright destruction of the enemy. Area of Influence. A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commanders command or control. It includes both organic and supporting combat power, to include joint, multinational, or interagency assets. Area of Interest (AOI). A geographical area from which information and intelligence are required to execute successful tactical operations and to plan for future operations. Area of Operations (AO). A geographical are, including the airspace above, usually defined by lateral, forward, and rear boundaries assigned to a commander, by a higher commander, in which he has responsibility and the authority to conduct military operations. Area of Responsibility (AOR). The geographical area associated with a combatant command within which a combatant commander has authority to plan and conduct operations. Area Support. Method of logistics and combat health support in which direct support (DS) combat service support relationships in effect are determined by the location of the units requiring support. Subordinate DS units provide area support to units located in or passing through their areas of responsibility. Attack by Fire. Fires (direct and indirect) employed to destroy the enemy from a distance, normally used when the mission does not dictate or support occupation of the objective. This task is usually given to the supporting element during the offensive and as a counterattack option for the reserve during defensive operations. Attack Position. The last position occupied or passed through by the assault echelon before crossing the line of departure. Back-brief. A briefing by subordinates to the commander to review how subordinates intend to accomplish their mission. Base of Fire. Continuous and active suppression from a support-by-fire position of an objective to reduce or eliminate the enemys capability to interfere by fire and movement with an assaulting unit. Battle Hand-over. A designated point (phase line) on the ground where responsibility transitions from the stationary force to the moving force and vice versa. It is within direct fire range and observed indirect fire range of the stationary force. Battle Position (BP). For attack helicopters, an area designated in which they can maneuver and fire into a designated engagement area or engage targets of opportunity. Be Prepared Mission. A mission assigned to a unit which may not be executed. It is generally a contingency mission which will be executed because something planned has or has not been successful. In planning priorities it is planned after any on-order missions.
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Block. A tactical task assigned to a unit which requires it to deny the enemy access to a given area or prevent enemy advance in a given direction or on an avenue of approach. It may be for a specified time. Units assigned this mission may have to retain terrain and accept decisive engagement. Branch. A contingency plan or course of action for changing the mission, disposition, orientation or direction of movement of the force to aid success of the operation based on anticipated events, opportunities, or disruptions caused by enemy actions and reactions as determined by the war-gaming process. Centers of Gravity. The hub of all power and movement, upon which everything depends. Clearance of Fires. The process of approving or obtaining approval to attack targets with indirect fires both within and outside the boundaries of the maneuver unit for which the fires are provided. Commanders Critical Information Requirements (CCIR). Information required by the commander that directly affects his decisions and dictates the successful execution of operational or tactical missions. CCIR results in the generation of three types of information requirements: PIR, EEFI, and FFIR. Commanders Intent. A clear, concise statement of what the force must do to succeed with respect to the enemy and the terrain and to the desired end state. It provides the link between the mission and the concept of operations by stating the key tasks that, along with the mission, are the basis for subordinates to exercise initiative when unanticipated opportunities arise or when the original concept of operations no longer applies. Confirmation Brief. A briefing subordinate leaders give to the higher commander immediately after the operation order is given. It is their understanding of his intent, their specific tasks, and the relationship between their mission and the other units in the operation. Contact Point. 1. In land warfare, a point on the terrain, easily identifiable, where two or more units are required to make contact. 2. In air operations, the position at which a mission leader makes radio contact with an air control agency. Controlled Supply Rate (CSR). The rate of ammunition consumption that can be supported, considering availability, facilities, and transportation. It is expressed in rounds per unit, individual, or vehicle per day. Coordinated Fire Line (CFL). A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means (mortars, field artillery, naval gunfire ships) may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing HQ without additional coordination. It is usually established by brigade or division, but may be established by a maneuver battalion. Coordinating Altitude. A procedural airspace control method to separate fixed and rotary winged aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed winged aircraft will normally not fly and above which rotary winged aircraft normally will not fly. Coordinating Point. A control measure that indicates a specific location for the coordination of fires and maneuver between adjacent units. They usually are indicated whenever a boundary crosses the forward edge of the battle area, and may be indicated when a boundary crosses phase lines used to control security forces. Culminating Point. The point in time and space when the attacker can no longer accomplish his purpose, or when the defender no longer has the ability to accomplish his purpose. Danger Close. (NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, information in a call for fire to indicate that friendly forces are within 600 meters of the target. (Army) For mortars it indicates that friendly forces are within 400 meters of the target. Decision Point (DP). An event, an area, a line, or point on the battlefield where tactical decisions are required resulting from the war-gaming process before the operations order. Decision points do not dictate commanders decisions, they only indicate that a decision is required, and they indicate when and where the decision should be made to have maximum effect on friendly or enemy courses of action. Decisive Terrain. Key terrain that has an extraordinary impact on the mission. Decisive terrain is relatively rare and will not be present in every operation.
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Defeat. A tactical task to either disrupt or nullify the enemy force commanders plan and subdue his will to fight so he is unwilling or unable to further pursue his adopted course of action and yields to the will of his opponent. Defend. A combat operation designed to defeat an attacker and prevent him from achieving his objectives. Forms of defensive operations are area and mobile. Choices of defensive operations are in-depth and forward. The defensive techniques are defense in sector, defend a battle position, and defend a strong point. Destroy. A tactical task to physically render an enemy force combat-ineffective unless it is reconstituted. Direct Support (DS). A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported forces request for assistance. Disrupt. A tactical task or obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to break apart an enemys formation and tempo, interrupt the enemys timetable, or cause premature commitment of enemy forces, or piecemeal of his attack. Engagement Area. An area along an enemy avenue of approach where the commander intends to contain and destroy an enemy force with the massed fires of all available weapon systems. Essential Elements Friendly Information (EEFI). The critical aspects of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation, and therefore, must be protected from enemy detection. Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL). A permissive fire control measure, established and adjusted by the ground commander, in consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting and other affected commanders. It is not a boundary; synchronization of operations on either side of the FSCL is the responsibility of the establishing commander out to the limits of the land component forward boundary. It applies to all fires of air, land, and sea weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. Forces attacking targets beyond the FSCL must inform all affected commanders to allow necessary coordination to avoid fratricide. Fix. A tactical task in which actions are taken to prevent the enemy from moving any part of his forces from a specified location and/or for a specific period of time by holding or surrounding them to prevent their withdrawal for use elsewhere. Forward Assembly Area (FAA). A temporary area where aviation units gather to prepare for a mission that is forward of the aviation brigades assembly area and airfield. Friendly Forces Information Requirements (FFIR). Information the commander and staff need about the forces available for the operation. This includes personnel, maintenance, supply, ammunition, POL status, and experience/leadership capabilities. General Support (GS). Support that is given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision thereof. General Support Reinforcing (GSR). A tactical artillery mission which has the mission of supporting the force as a whole and of providing reinforcing fires for another artillery unit. High Payoff Target (HPT). A target whose loss to the threat will contribute to the success of the friendly course of action. High Value Target (HVT). Assets that the threat commander requires for the successful completion of a specific course of action. Holding Area (HA). A site located between assembly areas or FARPs and BPs that may be occupied for short periods of time by attack helicopters while coordination is being made for movement into BPs. Interdict. A tactical task which is oriented on the enemy to prevent, hinder, or delay the use of an area or route by enemy forces.
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Isolate. A tactical task given to a unit to seal off an enemy from its source of support, to deny an enemy freedom of movement, and prevent an enemy unit from having contact with other enemy forces. An enemy must not be allowed sanctuary within its present position. Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (J-SEAD). A broad term that includes all suppression of enemy air defenses activities provided by one component of the joint force in support of another. Lift. All helicopters assigned to a particular mission to move troops, supplies, and equipment. Limit of Advance (LOA). An easily recognizable terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will not advance. Line of Contact (LC). A general trace delineating the location where two opposing forces are engaged. Line of Departure (LD). A line designated to coordinate the departure of attack elements. Logistics Release Point (LRP). The point along the supply route where the unit first sergeant or unit guide takes control of a company LOGPAC. Main Attack. The primary mission in support of the higher commanders main effort. It is weighted with combat, combat support, and combat service support. The higher commander will normally support the main attack with a supporting attack and other operations such as, deep attacks, EW operations, deception operations, and economy of force operations. Main Effort. The unit with the most important task and purpose at a given point in time to support the higher commanders conduct of an operation and whose success will make the most difference in the accomplishment of the higher commanders mission or objective. Maneuver. Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement of combat forces, in relation to the enemy, supported by fire, or fire potential from all sources, to gain potential advantage, from which to destroy or threaten destruction of the enemy in order to accomplish the mission. Maximum Effective Range. The distance from a weapon system at which 50 percent probability of target hit is expected or tracer burnout range. Maximum Range. The maximum distance a projectile or rocket can go at the optimum elevation of the weapon. Named Area of Interest (NAI). A point or area along a particular avenue of approach, through which enemy activity is expected to occur. Activity or lack of activity in an NAI will help to confirm or deny a particular enemy course of action. No Fire Area (NFA). An area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. No Fire Line (NFL). A line short of which artillery or ships do not fire except on request or approval of the supported commander, but beyond which they may fire at any time without danger to friendly troops. Observation Post (OP). A position from which military observations are made, or fire directed and adjusted, and which possesses appropriate communications; it may be airborne. On Order Mission. A mission to be executed at an unspecified time in the future. A unit with an on order mission is a committed force. The commander envisions task execution in the concept of operations; however, he may not know the exact time or place of execution. Subordinate commanders develop plans or orders and allocate resources, task organize, and position forces for execution. Operational Control (OPCON). Transferable command authority that may be exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of combatant command. Operational control is inherent in combatant command and is the authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate units involving organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. Operational control does not, in and of itself, include authoritative direction for logistics or matters of administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training.
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Overwatch. A tactical technique in which one element is positioned to support by fire the movement of another element by observing known or suspected enemy locations and engaging the enemy if he is visible or tries to fire on the friendly element.. Passage of Lines. Passing one unit through the positions of another, as when elements of a covering force withdraw through the forward edge of the main battle area, or when an exploiting force moves through the elements of the force that conducted the initial attack. A passage may be designated as forward or rearward passage of lines. Passage Point (PP). A specifically designated place where units will pass through one another either in an advance or withdrawal. It is located where a commander desires subordinates to physically execute a passage of lines. Position Area for Artillery (PAA) An area assigned to an M109A6 Paladin platoon and other artillery units for terrain management purposes in which the artillery can maneuver. Priority of Effort. The element designated by the commander to receive a higher concentration of support assets for the duration that it remains the priority of effort. Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR). Those intelligence requirements for which a commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of planning and decision making. Priority of Support. Priorities set by the commander in his concept of operations and during execution to ensure that combat support and combat service support are provided to subordinate elements in accordance with their relative importance to accomplishing the mission. Priority Target. A target on which the delivery of fires takes precedence over all the fires for the designated firing unit/element. The firing unit/element will prepare to the extent possible, for the engagement of such targets. A firing unit/element may be assigned only one priority target. Rear Area Threat Levels. Levels of response to threat activities. Level I. Threats that can be defeated by base or base cluster self-defense measures. Level II. Threats that are beyond the base or base cluster self-defense capabilities but can be defeated by response forces, normally military police with supporting fires. Level III. Threats that necessitate the command decision to commit a combined arms tactical combat force to defeat them. Reconnaissance by Fire. A method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position to cause the enemy to disclose a presence by movement or return of fire. Reconnaissance in Force. A form of reconnaissance operation designed to discover or test the enemys strength or to obtain other information. Reconnaissance Pull. Reconnaissance determines which routes are suitable for maneuver, where the enemy is strong and weak, and where gaps exist. Thus, reconnaissance should pull the main body towards and along the path of least resistance. Reconstitution. Those actions that commanders plan and implement to restore units to a desired level of combat effectiveness commensurate with mission requirements and available resources. Reinforce (R). A mission in which one unit augments the capabilities of another, similar type unit. Relief in Place (RIP). A operation in which, by direction of higher authority, all or part of a unit is replaced in an area by the incoming unit. The responsibilities of the replaced elements for the mission and assigned zone of operations are transferred to the incoming unit. The incoming unit continues the operation as ordered. Required Supply Rate (RSR). The amount of ammunition expressed in terms of rounds per weapon per day for ammunition items fired by weapons, and in terms of other units of measure per day for bulk allotment and other
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items, estimated to be required to sustain operations of any designated force without restriction for a specified period. Reserve. That portion of a force withheld from action or uncommitted to a specific course of action, so as to be available for commitment at the decisive moment. Its primary purpose is to retain flexibility through offensive action. Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ). A volume of airspace of defined dimensions designated for a specific operational mission. Entry into that zone is authorized only by the originating headquarters. Restricted Fire Area (RFA). An area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that exceed those restrictions may not be delivered without prior coordination with the establishing HQs. Restricted Fire Line (RFL). A line established between converging friendly forces, that prohibits fires or the effects from fires across the line without coordination with the affected unit. It is established by the next higher commander of the converging forces. Search and Attack. A variant of the movement to contact conducted by smaller, light maneuver units and air cavalry or air assault forces in large areas, to destroy enemy forces, deny area to the enemy, or collect information. Secure. A tactical task to gain possession of a position or terrain feature, with or without force, and to deploy in a manner which prevents its destruction or loss to the enemy. Security Area (Zone). Area that begins at the FEBA and extends as far to the front and flanks as security forces are deployed. Forces in the security area furnish information on the enemy, and delay, deceive, and disrupt the enemy and conduct counter-reconnaissance. Seize. A tactical task to clear a designated area and obtain control of it. Sequel. Major operations that follow current major operations. Plans for these are based on possible outcomes (victory, stalemate, and defeat) associated with the current operation. Series of Targets. In fire support, a number of targets and/or group(s) of targets planned in a predetermined time sequence to support a maneuver phase. A series of targets is indicated by a code name or nickname. Situation Template. A series of projections that portray, based on enemy doctrine, the most probable disposition and location of enemy forces within constraints imposed by weather and terrain. Standard Use Army Aviation Flight Route (SAAFR). Routes established below the coordinating altitude to facilitate the movement of Army aviation assets. Normally, these routes are located in the corps through brigade rear area of operations and do not require approval by the airspace control authority. Successive Position. Defensive fighting positions located one after another on the battlefield. A force can conduct a delaying action of defense from successive positions. Supplementary Position. That location which provides the best sectors of fire and defensive terrain along an avenue of approach other than the primary avenue the enemy is expected to attack along. Support By Fire. A tactical task in which a maneuver element moves to a position on the battlefield where it can engage the enemy by direct fire. The maneuver element does not attempt to maneuver to capture enemy forces or terrain. Supporting Attack. An offensive operation carried out in conjunction with a main attack and designed to achieve one or more of the following: deceive the enemy; destroy or pin down enemy forces which could interfere with the main attack; control ground whose occupation by the enemy will hinder the attack; or force the enemy to commit reserves prematurely or in an indecisive area.
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Suppression. Temporary or transient degradation by an opposing force of the performance of a weapon system below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). That activity which neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades surfaced based enemy air defenses by destructive and/or disruptive means. Campaign SEAD. Campaign SEAD operations are planned, theater wide efforts conducted concurrently over an extended period against air defense systems normally located well behind enemy lines Complementary SEAD. Complementary SEAD operations involve continuously seeking enemy air defense system targets to destroy them. Local SEAD. Localized SEAD operations support tactical operations, Army aviation operations, reconnaissance, and the establishment of corridors for Air Force and Army assets. Tactical Air Control Party (TACP). A subordinate operational component of a tactical air control system designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft. Tactical Combat Force (TCF). A combat unit, with appropriate combat support and combat service support assets, that is assigned the mission of defeating level III threats. Tactical Command Post (TAC). The forward echelon of a headquarters. The TAC may consist of G/S2, G/S3, fire support, TACP, air defense artillery, and CSS liaison (G/S1, G/S4) elements. It is located well forward on the battlefield so that the commander is in proximity to subordinate commanders and can directly influence operations. Targeted Area of Interest (TAI). The geographical area or point along a mobility corridor, the successful interdiction of which will cause the enemy to either abandon a particular course of action or require him to use specialized engineer support to continue and where he can be acquired and engaged by friendly forces. Not all TAIs will form part of the friendly COA; only TAIs associated with HPTs are of interest to the staff. TAIs differ from engagement areas by degree. Engagement areas plan for the use of all available weapons; TAIs might be engaged by a single weapon. Thermal Crossover. The natural phenomenon which normally occurs twice daily when temperature conditions are such that there is a loss of contrast between two adjacent objects on infrared imagery. Terrorist Threat Condition (THREATCON). A program standardizing the Military Services identification or and recommended responses to terrorist threats against US personnel and facilities. There are four THREATCONs above normal: ALPHA through DELTA. Traffic Control Point (TCP). A place at which traffic is controlled either by military police or by mechanical means. Trigger. 1. Event or time oriented criteria used to initiate planned actions directed towards achieving surprise and inflicting maximum destruction on the enemy. 2. A designated point or points in an engagement area used to mass fires at a predetermined range.
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EAGLE STUDY SHEET

THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR FM 100-5 MOUSEMOSS MANEUVER OBJECTIVE UNITY OF COMMAND SIMPLICITY ECONOMY OF FORCE MASS OFFENSIVE SECURITY SURPRISE TENETS OF ARMY OPERATIONS FM 100-5 AIDSV AGILITY INITIATIVE DEPTH SYNCHRONIZATION VERSATILITY DYNAMICS OF CBT POWER FM 100-5 PLFM PROTECTION LEADERSHIP FIREPOWER MANEUVER COMBAT FUNCTIONS FM 100-5 INTELLIGENCE MANEUVER FIRE SUPPORT AIR DEFENSE MOBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY LOGISTICS BATTLE COMMAND 8 TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES FM 17-95 RECEIVE THE MISSION ISSUE THE WARNING ORDER MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN INITIATE MOVEMENT CONDUCT RECONNAISSANCE COMPLETE THE PLAN ISSUE THE ORDER SUPERVISE & REFINE (REHEARSAL) TYPES OF ORDERS FM 101-5 OPERATION SERVICE SUPPORT MOVEMENT WARNING FRAGMENTARY
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MDMP FM 101-5 RECEIPT OF MISSION MISSION ANALYSIS COA DEVELOPMENT COA ANALYSIS COA COMPARISON COA APPROVAL ORDERS PRODUCTION IPB STEPS FM 34-130 DEFINE THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT DESCRIBE THE BATTLEFIELDS EFFECTS EVALUATE THE THREAT DETERMINE THREAT COA TEMPLATES FM 34-130 DOCTRINAL SITUATIONAL EVENT DECISION SUPPORT COA CRITERIA FM 101-5 SUITABILITY FEASIBILITY ACCEPTABILITY DISTINGUISHABILITY COMPLETENESS WARGAMING METHODS FM 101-5 BELT BOX AVE IN DEPTH ELEMENTS OF CCIR FM 101-5 PIR EEFI FFIR REHEARSAL TYPES FM 101-5 CONFIRMATION BRIEF BACK BRIEF COMBINED ARMS SUPPORT BATTLE DRILL/SOP REHEARSAL TECHNIQUES FM 101-5 FULL DRESS REDUCED FORCE TERRAIN MODEL SKETCH MAP MAP RADIO OFFENSIVE CHARACTERISTICS FM 100-5 CATS CONCENTRATION AUDACITY TEMPO SURPRISE
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FORMS OF THE OFFENSE FM 100-5 MAPE MOVEMENT TO CONTACT ATTACK PURSUIT EXPLOITATION 5 FORMS OF MANEUVER FM 100-5 IF PET INFILTRATION FRONTAL ATTACK PENETRATION ENVELOPMENT TURNING MOVEMENT SEQUENCE OF OFFENSIVE OPS FM 17-95 RECONNAISSANCE REHEARSAL MOVEMENT TO LD MANEUVER DEPLOYMENT ATTACK REORGANIZATION/CONSOLIDATION DEFENSIVE CHARACTERISTICS FM 100-15 PREPARATION SECURITY DISRUPTION MASS CONCENTRATION FLEXIBILITY TYPES OF DEFENSE FM 100-15 MOBILE (force oriented) AREA (terrain/facility oriented) DECEPTION OPS FM 90-2 FDDR Feint Demonstration Display Ruse RETROGRADE OPERATIONS FM 100-5 DELAY WITHDRAWAL (disengage from enemy) RETIREMENT (not in contact) FUNDAMENTALS OF RECON FM17-95 MAX RECON FORCE FORWARD ORIENT ON MOVEMENT/LOCATION OF RECON OBJ REPORT ALL INFO RAPIDLY/ACCURATELY RETAIN FREEDOM TO MANEUVER GAIN AND MAINTAIN ENEMY CONTACT DEVELOP THE SITUATION RAPIDLY
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RECONAISSANCE OPERATIONS FM 17-95 ROUTE ZONE AREA RECONAISSANCE IN FORCE ACTIONS ON CONTACT FM 17-95 DEPLOY AND REPORT DEVELOP THE SITUATION CHOOSE A COA (HASTY ATK, BYPASS, HASTY DEF) RECOMMEND A COA SECURITY OPERATIONS FM 17-95 SCREEN GUARD COVER AREA SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS OF SECURITY FM 17-95 ORIENT ON THE MAIN BODY PERFORM CONTINUOUS RECON PROVIDE EARLY/ACCURATE WARNING PROVIDE REACTION TIME AND MANEUVER SPACE MAINTAIN ENEMY CONTACT CRITICAL TASKS OF SCREENING FORCE FM 17-95 MAINTAIN SURVEILLANCE ON BN SIZE AVES OF APPROACH DESTROY/REPEL ENEMY RECON W/I CAPABILITIES LOCATE LEAD CO OF EACH AGB/DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT MAINTAIN CONTACT WITH LEAD CO OF AGB WHILE DISPLACING EVENTS CAUSING DISPLACEMENT OF A SCREEN FM 17-95 RELIEF ON STATION/BHO MOVEMENT OF THE PROTECTED FORCE ENEMY CONTACT BATTLE HANDOVER FM 17-95 DEFENSIVE OFFENSIVE BATTLE HANDOVER CDRs FM 17-95 PASSING STATIONARY COMMON BHO LINE FM 17-95 RECOGNIZABLE GROUND FORWARD OF STATIONARY FORCE OVERWATCHED BY DIRECT FIRE OF STATIONARY FORCE EA DEVELOPMENT FM 1-112 IPB SELECT THE GROUND INTEGRATION OF THE EA PLAN DIRECT FIRES FIRE COMMANDS REVIEW REHEARSE EXECUTE
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EA CHARACTERISTICS FM 1-112 BPs (Multiple) LONG RANGE FIRES (High PK) OBSTACLES TO MOVEMENT CONTINUOUS TARGET VISIBILITY (Sensor range) PRINCIPLES OF DIRECT FIRE PLANNING FM 1-112 MFDSLAR MASS FOCUS DISTRIBUTE SHIFT LEADERS CONTROL ALL CREWS UNDERSTAND REHEARSE PRINCIPLES OF FIRE CONTROL FM 1-112 DAULT DANGEROUS TARGETS FIRST AVOID OVERKILL USE WEAPONS IN BEST ROLE LONG RANGE TARGETS TAKE BEST SHOTS (HIGH PK/MIN EXPOSURE) 2 TYPES OF FIRE CONTROL FM 1-112 FIRE PLANNING (TRIGGERS) FIRE COMMAND (RADIO MESSAGES) 5 TECHNIQUES FOR FIRE DISTRIBUTION FM 1-112 TQ FES TRP QUADRANTS FIRE PATTERNS ENEMY ARRAY SECTORS EMPLOYMENT METHODS FM 1-112 PHASED CONTINUOUS MAXIMUM DESTRUCTION MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES FM 1-112 TRAVELING TRAVELING OVERWATCH BOUNDING OVERWATCH UTILITY HELICOPTER OPERATIONS FM1-113 AIR ASSAULT (AAS) AIR MOVEMENT COMMAND AND CONTROL (C2) AERIAL MINE WARFARE (Volcano) COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE (CSAR) CASUALTY EVACUATION COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT STABILITY AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS (SASO)
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AIR ASSAULT REVERSE PLANNING SEQUENCE FM 90-4 GLALS GROUND TACTICAL PLAN LANDING PLAN AIR MOVEMENT PLAN LOADING PLAN STAGING PLAN AIR ASSAULT TERMS FM 90-4 LIFT: ONE SORTIE OF ALL ACFT ASSIGNED TO THE MSN SERIAL: TACTICAL GROUPING OF 2 OR MORE ACFT LOAD: PERSONNEL/EQUIP TO BE MOVED BY A SPECIFIC ACFT VOLCANO OPERATIONS FM 1-113 MINEFIELDS CAN BE USED TO: FIX TURN DISRUPT BLOCK CSAR IMPERATIVES FM 1-113 IMMEDIATE RECOVERY DETAILED PLANNING DECISION PROCESS USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES PRINCIPLES OF SASO FM 1-113 SECURITY LEGITIMACY UNITY OF EFFORT RESTRAINT PERSEVERANCE OBJECTIVE SASO OPERATIONS FM 1-113 SHOW OF FORCE NON-COMBATANT EVACUATION OPS (NEO) COUNTER-DRUG OPERATIONS SUPPORT FOR INSURGENCIES/COUNTER-INSURGENCIES PEACE ENFORCEMENT AIR ASSAULT DISASTER RELIEF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AIR MOVEMENTS COMMAND AND CONTROL SPECIAL EVENT SUPPORT CSS PLANNING FM 71-123 KNOW TACTICAL PLAN AND COMMANDERS INTENT WHAT EACH OF THE SUPPORTED ELEMENTS WILL BE DOING WHEN THEY WILL DO IT HOW THEY WILL DO IT WHERE THEY WILL DO IT WHAT THE PRIORITY OF SUPPORT IS DENSITY OF PERSONNEL/EQUIPMENT BEING SUPPORTED
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CSS CHARACTERISTICS FM 100-5 ANTICIPATION IMPROVISATION RESPONSIVENESS CONTINUITY INTEGRATION LOGISTICS FUNCTIONS FM 100-5 FUELING ARMING MANNING FIXING MOVING SUSTAINING 8 STEP TRAINING MODEL PLAN THE TRAINING TRAIN AND CERTIFY THE LEADERS RECON THE TRAINING SITE ISSUE THE TRAINING PLAN CONDUCT REHEARSALS EXECUTE TRAINING CONDUCT AAR RETRAIN (MEET THE STANDARDS) FORCE XXI RISK MANAGEMENT IDENTIFY HAZARDS ASSESS HAZARDS DEVELOP CONTROLS & MAKE RISK DECISION IMPLEMENT CONTROLS SUPERVISE AND EVALUATE 4 ELEMENTS OF PROTECTION SOLDIER CARE (PMCS ETC) OPSEC SAFETY AVOID FRATRICIDE
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FUNDAMENTALS
1.
Principles of War (MOUSEMOSS) a. MASS - The effects of overwhelming combat power at the decisive place and time b. OBJECTIVE - Direct every operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and attainable objective. c. UNITY OF COMMAND - For every objective seek unity of command and unity of effort. d. SECURITY - Never permit the enemy to acquire unexpected advantage. e. ECONOMY OF FORCE - Employ all combat power available in the most effective way possible; allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts. f. MANEUVER - Place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power. g. OFFENSIVE - Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. h. SURPRISE - Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which he is unprepared. i. SIMPLICITY - Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders to ensure thorough understanding.
2. TENETS OF ARMY OPERATIONS (AIDSV) The Armys success on and off the battlefield depends on its ability to operate in accordance with basic tenets: a. AGILITY - The ability of friendly forces to react faster than the enemy and is a prerequisite for seizing and holding the initiative. b. INITIATIVE - Sets or changes the terms of battle by action and implies an offensive spirit in the conduct of all operations. c. DEPTH - The extension of operations in time, space, resources, and purpose. d. SYNCHRONIZATION - Arranging activities in time and space to mass at the decisive point. e. VERSATILITY - The ability of units to meet diverse requirements. 3. DYNAMICS OF COMBAT POWER (PLF-M): Combine to create power or the ability to fight. a. PROTECTION - Conserves the fighting potential of a force so commanders can apply it at the decisive time and place. b. LEADERSHIP - The most essential dynamic of combat power. Competent and confident leaders provide purpose, direction, and motivation in combat. c. FIREPOWER - Essential in defeating the enemys ability and will to fight. It is the amount of fire that may be delivered by a position, unit, or weapon system. d. MANEUVER - The movement of combat forces to gain positional advantage through direct/indirect fires. 4. COMBAT FUNCTIONS (IMFAMLB) a. INTELLIGENCE b. MANEUVER c. FIRE SUPPORT d. AIR DEFENSE e. MOBILITY/SURVIVABLILITY f. LOGISTICS g. BATTLE COMMAND FUNDAMENTALS OF THE OFFENSE 1. PURPOSE. To defeat, destroy, or neutralize the enemy force. Additionally, offensive operations are undertaken to: a. Secure key or decisive terrain. b. Deprive the enemy of resources. c. Gain information. d. Deceive and divert the enemy. e. Hold the enemy in position. f. Disrupt an enemy attack. g. Set the conditions for future operations. 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE. The main feature of an offensive battle is the outflanking or bypassing of the defender by taking the initiative. The aim of the commander in an offensive battle is to expedite
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the decision through: SURPRISE, CONCENTRATION, TEMPO, and AUDACITY. Initiative, combined with maneuver, makes decisive offensive operations possible. 3. CONCEPT. (FM 17-95) The concept of any offensive operation includes: a. Conducting reconnaissance. b. Identifying or creating a weak point. c. Suppressing enemy fires. d. Isolating the enemy and maneuvering against the weak point. e. Exploiting success 4. FORMS OF THE TACTICAL OFFENSE (MAPE) a. MOVEMENT TO CONTACT 1. Approach march 2. Search and attack 3. Recon in force 4. Meeting engagement b. ATTACK 1. Hasty attack 2. Deliberate attack 3. Spoiling attack 4. Counter attack 5. Raid 6. Feint and demonstration c. PURSUIT d. EXPLOITATION 5. FORMS OF MANEUVER. (IF PET)The commander utilizes maneuver to orient on the enemy not the terrain. a. INFILTRATION b. FRONTAL ATTACK c. PENETRATION d. ENVELOPMENT e. TURNING MOVEMENT 6. OPERATIONS IN DEPTH: the offensive framework. a. Deep opns in areas of offensive zone to support the main attack. b. Close opns w/ main and supporting attacks. c. Rear opns to sustain offensive momentum. d. Security opns forward, to the flanks and rear of main/supporting attacks. e. Mobile reserves to support the attack. 7. SEQUENCE OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS. (FM 17-95) a. RECONNAISSANCE b. MOVEMENT TO AN LD c. MOVEMENT TO CONTACT d. DEPLOYMENT e. ATTACK f. REORGANIZATION AND CONSOLIDATION FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DEFENSE 1. PURPOSE. Forces defend only until they gain sufficient strength to attack. Commanders choose to defend when: a. Gain time b. Hold a key piece of terrain c. Facilitate other operations d. Preoccupy the enemy in one area so friendly forces can attack him in another e. Wear down enemy forces as a prelude to offensive operations f. Retain strategic, operational, or tactical objective
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2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEFENSE. a. PREPARATION b. SECURITY c. DISRUPTION d. MASS e. CONCENTRATION f. FLEXIBILITY 3. DEFENSIVE FRAMEWORK. a. Deep operations b. Security c. Main battle area d. Reserve e. Rear operations 4. DEFENSIVE PATTERNS. There are two primary forms of defensive operations. a. MOBILE - defense orients on the destruction of the attacking force by permitting the enemy to advance into a position that exposes him to counterattack by a mobile reserve. 1. Min force assigned to defend 2. Max force assigned as the striking force 3. Striking force should have equal or greater combat power than the force it must destroy 4. Maneuver supported by fire and obstacles to wrest the initiative 5. Mobility equal to or greater than the enemy 6. Temporary loss of terrain must be acceptable 7. Formation of a large reserve for decisive counterattack
b.
AREA - defense orients on retention of terrain by absorbing the enemy in an interlocking series of positions and destroying him largely by fires. 1. Force deployed to retain ground 2. Small mobile reserves 3. Destroy enemy by interlocking fires or local counterattacks 4. May be in depth or forward
5. SEQUENCE OF THE DEFENSE (FM17-95). a. OCCUPATION b. SECURITY FORCE FIGHT c. PASSAGE OF THE SECURITY FORCE d. DEFEAT THE ENEMY RECON AND PREPARATORY FIRES e. APPROACH OF THE ENEMY MAIN ATTACK f. ENEMY ASSAULT g. COUNTERATTACK h. REORGANIZATION AND CONSOLIDATION RETROGRADE OPERATIONS A retrograde operation is a maneuver to the rear or away from the enemy. It is part of a larger scheme of maneuver to regain the initiative and defeat the enemy. 1. PURPOSE. Retrograde operations are used to harass, exhaust, resist, delay, or damage an enemy.
2.
TYPES OF RETROGRADE OPERATIONS. a. DELAY: Conducted when forces are insufficient to attack or defend or when the plan calls for drawing the attacker into an area for counterattack. Gains time for forces to: 1. Reestablish the defense 2. Cover a defending or withdrawing unit 3. Protect a friendly units flank 4. Participate in an economy of force effort
b.
WITHDRAWALS: Remove subordinate units from combat, adjust defensive positions, or relocate the entire force.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. c.
Disengage from the enemy and move to the rear Conducted under or free from enemy pressure, but always under threat of enemy interference Dangerous operation Attempts to conceal intentions Covering force to prevent pursuit Include a deception plan
RETIREMENT: A rearward movement away from the enemy by a force not in contact. 1. Normally covered by a security force 2. Conducted as a tactical road move 3. Security and speed are most important 4. Move at night when possible
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LOGISTICS
1.
LOGISITICS CHARACTERISTICS (I CAR) a. INTEGRATION b. IMPROVISATION c. CONTINUITY d. ANTICIPATION e. RESPONSIVENESS TACTICAL LOGISTICS FUNCTIONS (FAM FMS) a. FUEL b. ARM c. MOVE d. FIX e. MAN f. SUSTAIN RESERVES: a. Positioned to weight the main effort b. Exploit success c. Reinforce or maintain momentum d. Provide security e. Deal with enemy counterattacks f. Secure deep objectives g. Complete destruction of the enemy h. Open the next phase of an operation by seizing objectives beyond the defended area
2.
3.
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MILITARY DECISION MAKING PROCESS

RECEIPT OF MISSION Issue Cdrs guidance MISSION ANALYSIS Issue Cdrs guidance State Cdrs intent Issue Cdrs guidance COA DEVELOPMENT
WARNING ORDER
Commanders Battlefield Visualization (continual process)
WARNING ORDER
COA ANALYSIS (WAR GAME)
COA COMPARISION
Staff Estimates (continual process)
COA APPROVAL Approve COA Specify type of rehearsal ORDER PRODUCTION Approve order
WARNING ORDER
REHEARSAL
EXECUTION ASSESSMENT
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FIRE SUPPORT
1.
FIELD ARTILLERY ATTACK GUIDANCE a. Destruction - 30% casualties or material damage usually renders a unit ineffective. Destruction puts targets out of action permanently. Destruction requires large expenditures of ammunition and is not considered economical. b. Neutralization - 10% or more casualties or damage. Puts a target out of action temporarily. Most missions are neutralization fires. c. Suppression - Effects last only as long as fires are continued. Limits the enemys ability to perform their job. d. Harass - Fires designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops, curtail movement, and by threat of losses, lower morale. EFFECTS OF TARGET ATTACK a. Disrupt - Achieved by continuous suppression, neutralization, or destruction of targets by lethal means or it could involve offensive EW. b. Delay - Slow the enemys movement on the battlefield. c. Limit - Divert the enemy unit to another part of the battlefield to terrain not suitable for his purposes. d. Attrition - The reduction in the effectiveness of a force caused by loss of personnel and material. COMMANDERS INTENT FOR FIRE SUPPORT a. Prioritization of fire support assets b. Desired effects c. Task, purpose, method, end state ESSENTIAL FIRE SUPPORT TASKS (EFST) - A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST requires the maneuver commander to alter his tactical or operational plan. The EFST must be fully defined by a Task, Purpose, Method, and End-state. The commander must provide sufficient focus to mass effective fires. EFSTs are the basis for preparation of the Concept of Fires, Scheme of Fires, the Fires paragraph, and Essential Field Artillery Tasks. a. Task. Identifies the enemy formation (to attack), their function (when to attack), and desired effects. Tasks are expressed in terms of suppress, neutralize, destroy, obscure/screen, delay/disrupt/limit. b. Purpose. Identifies what the commander wants from fires in relationship to the friendly scheme of maneuver. c. Method. How the task is to be accomplished. In most cases the method is recommended by the FSCOORD or FSO. d. End-state. What must be accomplished for mission success. This requires assessment and decision by the maneuver commander: If we are successful then we proceed as planned, if we are not; 1. Repeat the process, 2. Adjust the scheme of fires, or 3. Adjust the scheme of maneuver. TERMS a. Concept Of Fires - The logical sequence of EFSTs that, when integrated with the scheme of maneuver, will accomplish the mission and achieve the commanders intent. The EFSTs are the framework for the concept of fires. b. Scheme Of Fires - The logical sequence of targets and fire support events required to find and attack, in time and space, to accomplish the commanders EFST. Should include: Tasks, Triggers, Purpose, Observers (primary/alternate), Method, and End-state for each EFST. c. Fires Paragraph - The commanders concept of fires by phase of the maneuver operation. (A subparagraph of the maneuver concept of the operation). EFSTs are described in sequence by phase or event. Priorities, allocations, and restrictions should also be noted. d. Essential Field Artillery Tasks (EFAT) - A task for the Field Artillery that must be accomplished to achieve an EFST. Normally derived from the method portion of the EFST.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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SEVEN INHERENT RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIELD ARTILLERY STANDARD TACTICAL MISSIONS FA Unit Mission Direct Support Reinforcing General Support General Support Reinforcing Answer calls for 1. Supported Unit 1. Reinforced FA 1. Force FA HQ 1. Force FA HQ fire in priority from: 2. Own Observers 2. Own Observers 2. Reinforced Unit 2. Own Observers 3. Force FA HQ 3. Force FA HQ 3. Own Observers Has as its of zone Zone of action of Zone of fire of Zone of action of Zone of action of fire supported unit reinforced FA supported unit to supported unit include zone of fire reinforced FA unit Furnishes FIST or Provides temp No requirements No requirements No requirements FSE elements replacements as required Furnishes LNO No requirement Reinforced FA HQ Reinforced FA HQ No requirements Establish Commo CO FSO, FSO and Reinforced FA HQ Reinforced FA HQ No requirements with supported maneuver unit HQ Positioned by DS FA unit CDR or Reinforced FA unit Force FA HQ or Force FA HQ by force HQ or by force FA HQ reinforced FA unit if app by force FA HQ Has its fires Develops own fire Reinforced FA HQ Force FA HQ Force FA HQ planned by plan
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MEDEVAC
FREQUENCIES:
REQUEST FORMAT LINE 1: PZ - 6 DIGIT GRID ____________________________ LINE 2: CALL SIGN / FREQ ____________________________ LINE 3: NUMBER OF PATIENTS BY PRIORITY ________/____________/_______ URGENT PRIORITY ROUTINE NOTE: IF THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT A FATALITY HAS/WILL OCCUR, REQUEST A DOCTOR ACCOMPANY THE MEDEVAC AIRCRAFT. LINE 4: SPECIAL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ____________________________ LINE 5: PATIENT STATUS _____________/______________ LITTER AMBULATORY LINE 6: TYPE/DESCRIPTION INJURIES ____________________________ LINE 7: PZ MARKING ____________________________ RED SMOKE/STAR CLUSTER VS-17 PANEL CHEMLIGHT ON STRING STROBE LIGHT LINE 8: DESCRIPTION OF PZ ____________________________ LINE 9: TERRAIN DESCRIPTION ____________________________
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AVIATION LIAISON OFFICER (LNO)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

Roles, Responsibilities, and Procedures

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LNO Checklist/Packing List

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Aviation Support of Ground Operations

Heavy Division Offense Movement to Contact

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AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

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Heavy Division Defense Mobile Defense

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

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Heavy Division Other Operations Relief in Place

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Breakout of Encircled Forces

River Crossing Operations

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

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Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Offense Hasty Attack

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Defense Defend against an Infantry-Heavy Threat

Defend Against an Armor-Heavy Threat

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Other Operations Screen

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

Operations Other Than War

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

Attack Helicopter Operations Planning Considerations (FM 1-112)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AIR ASSAULT OPERATIONS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS (FM 1-113)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

DOWNED AIRCRAFT RECOVERY PROCEDURES

AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000)

UTILITY HELICOPTER OPERATIONS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS (FM 1-113)

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