2011ANSYS,Inc.

October24,2011 1
HumanBodyModelingwith
ANSYSSoftware
MarcHorner,Ph.D.
TechnicalLead,Healthcare
ANSYS,Inc.
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 2
Overview
Thistalkismotivatedbythefollowingobservations:
1. Ourunderstanding,andthusourabilitytomathematicallydescribe,the
humanbodyistothepointwhereonecanassemblehumanbodymodelsas
boundaryconditionsforbiomedicalsimulations.
2. Improvementsineaseofuseandstabilityofmultiphysicsmodelingtools.
3. Computationalcapabilitiesarecontinuallyincreasing.
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 3
TypesofHumanBodyModels
Applicationareas:
Coronarystents
Peripheralstents
Artificialorgans
Applicationareas:
Transdermal
Inhalers
Oral
Intrathecal
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGDELIVERY MUSCULOSKELETAL
HumanBody
Modeling
CFD,FEA,andemag
modelscoupledto
lumpedparameter
representationsofthe
humanbody
ParametricSystem
Level
DOEforHBM
Fullyautomated
process
EMAG
Applicationareas:
Medicalimaging
Cardiology
Drugdelivery
Cancertreatments
Applicationareas:
Orthopaedic implants
Exerciseequipment
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 4
TypesofHumanBodyModels
Applicationareas:
Coronarystents
Peripheralstents
Artificialorgans
Applicationareas:
Transdermal
Inhalers
Oral
Intrathecal
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGDELIVERY MUSCULOSKELETAL
HumanBody
Modeling
CFD,FEA,andemag
modelscoupledto
lumpedparameter
representationsofthe
humanbody
ParametricSystem
Level
DOEforHBM
Fullyautomated
process
EMAG
Applicationareas:
Medicalimaging
Cardiology
Drugdelivery
Cancertreatments
Applicationareas:
Orthopaedic implants
Exerciseequipment
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 5
Geometry
Material properties
Can typically assume density and viscosity at average
hematocrit and high shear.
= 1.05 g/cm
3
= 0.035 g/cm-s
Resting Condition
Q
tot
= 6.8 L/min, 75 bpm**
Exercising Condition
Q
tot
= 12.8 L/min, 117 bpm**
* Stevens et al., Math Biosciences (2003)
Inflow conditions
Literature a good source for inflow data*
** Murgo et al., Circ Res (2003)
IdealizedBloodFlow
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 6
Material properties
Can take a blood sample and measure the patients
hematocrit, protein content, etc.
Inflow conditions
Taken from on-line measurements***
*** Huntsman et al., Circulation (1983)
** Cho & Kensey, Biorheology (1991)
vs H* vs **
* Hinghofer-Szalkay, ?? (1986)
Geometry
(courtesy Materialise Inc.)
PatientSpecificBloodFlow
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 7
MyFlowPatterns
speed
wall shear
pressure
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 8
Onecomplicatingfactorinaortic
flowmodelingistheapplication
ofaccurate outflowboundary
conditions.
Specializedconditionsarerequired
becausetheflowsplitata
bifurcationiscontrolledby
downstreamorgandemand,not
thebifurcationgeometry.
Withoutaspecializedcondition,an
analystwillnothaveaproper
understandingofthebaseline
flowpatternsandhowan
implanteddeviceaffectsthose
patterns.
+5.5 L/min
-0.3 L/min
-0.8 L/min
-1.1 L/min
-1.1 L/min
-2.2 L/min
Flow Rate Reqs for Human Organ Circuits
1
1
Rhodes & Tanner, Med Physiology (1995)
OutflowConditionsForAorticFlows
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 9
Createadetailedgeometricmodelofthe
entirecardiovascularsystem,extending
fromthehearttothecapillaries.The
problemswiththisapproachareobvious:
Largegeometricmodelrequiredto
capturefullgeometricdetails
Accuracyofthegeometrywillbeat
question,esp.below0.5mm
* Image from Texas Heart Institute web-site
ModelingOptionsforOutflowBCs
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 10
Electrical Circuit Model of the
Human Cardiovascular System*
* Westerhof et al., J Biomech (1969)
ModelingOptionsforOutflowBCs
Createadetailedgeometricmodelofthe
entirecardiovascularsystem,extending
fromthehearttothecapillaries.The
problemswiththisapproachareobvious:
Largegeometricmodelrequiredto
capturefullgeometricdetails
Accuracyofthegeometrywillbeat
question,esp.below0.5mm
Usealumpedparameterapproach to
alleviatetheneedfordetailedgeometry
atalllengthscales.
Theimagetotherightisanelectrical
circuitmodelofthehumancirculatory
system,extendingfromtheheartto
thesmallarteries.
Eachboxcontainsalumpedparameter
representationofanarterysection.
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 11
Thecircuitonthelowerleftcanbeusedtomodeltheflowrateand
pressurelossesineacharterysection.Thiscircuitisreferredtoas
a3elementWindkessel.
R
R
D
C
resistance term accounts for
downstream flow resistance
(primarily in the capillary beds)
compliance term accounts for
artery expansion/contraction
(primarily in the large arteries)
inertance term accounts for
inertial effects (primarily in the
large arteries)
LumpedParameterModelDetails
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 12
TheWesterhofCircuitinSimplorer
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 13
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
m
a
g
(
1
/
E
1
.
I
)
Ansoft LLC
total input imedance magnitude
Curve Info
mag(1/E1.I)
AC
ImpedanceComparison
Westerhof Model Simplorer Model
(Inverted L Network)
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
F [kHz]
-75.00
-50.00
-25.00
0.00
25.00
-
a
n
g
_
d
e
g
(
E
1
.
I
)

[
d
e
g
]
Ansoft LLC
total input imedance phase
Curve Info
-ang_deg(E1.I)
AC
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 14
InsertFLUENTintotheSimplorer HBM
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 15
TheWindkesselboundaryconditionwasappliedtoanidealizedrepresentationof
theabdominalaorta.Transientvaluesfortheinletflowrateandoutlet
pressureswereculledfromaliteraturesource*.Thegeometryandboundary
conditionsweresymmetricinthiscase.Asseeninthefigureontheright,there
wasexcellentagreementbetweenpublishedandcomputationalresultsforthe
outletpressure.
Q
in
P
out
Iliac RCR parameters
R
D
= 3.22 mm Hg-s/cc
R = 0.55 mm Hg-s/cc
C = 0.001 cc/mm Hg
* Wan et al. (preprint)
Outlet pressure from SI[mplorerr compared
well with the results of Taylor
Validation
FlowPastaSymmetricBifurcation
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 16
ANonSymmetricCase
velocity
pressure
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 17
TypesofHumanBodyModels
Applicationareas:
Coronarystents
Peripheralstents
Artificialorgans
Applicationareas:
Orthopaedic implants
Exerciseequipment
Applicationareas:
Transdermal
Inhalers
Oral
Intrathecal
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGDELIVERY MUSCULOSKELETAL
HumanBody
Modeling
CFD,FEA,andemag
modelscoupledto
lumpedparameter
representationsofthe
humanbody
ParametricSystem
Level
DOEforHBM
Fullyautomated
process
EMAG
Applicationareas:
Medicalimaging
Cardiology
Drugdelivery
Cancertreatments
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 18
AnybodyforImplantLoads
AnyBody: Determine spine kinematics
ANSYS: FEM
analysis of a
spine implant
based on the
spine kinematics
AnyBody provides a detailed description of the loads and joint forces occurring in
the human body in daily activity. ANSYS Mechanical can import loads from Anybody,
providing critical information for testing orthopaedic implants and the like.
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 19
Medical images
CAD/Mesh Finite Element Analysis
FEA loads for
activities of daily living
Musculoskeletal
Simulation
Optimization
Activities of daily living
Orthopaedic Workflow
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 20
Activities of daily living
Boundary
conditions
Patient
information
FE-model
FunctionalPatientSpecificModeling
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 21
UniqueOpenBodyModelLibrary
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 22
DailyActivityAnalysis
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 23
DynamicPhysiologicLoads
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 24
Thielen etal.2009
Invivovalidation
Hipforces
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 25
AHipSimulator
videofrom:http://edp.tkk.fi/en/research/tribology/research_projects/biotribology/
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 26
Upper fig: Calonius and Saikko, Acta Polytechnica (2003)
waveforms wholeheadpatterns flattenedpatterns
- Slide tracks represent the relative motion of the ball and cup
Slide tracks on the head are
determined by mounting pens to
fixed points on the cup and vice
versa for slide tracks on the cup.
Lower fig: Calonius and Saikko, J Biomech (2002)
SlideTrackPatterns
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 27
VariationinSlideTrackPatterns
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 28
-27
-17
-7
3
13
23
2.84 3.84 4.84
A
n
g
l
e

i
n

D
e
g
r
e
e
s
Time (S)
HipAbduction
HipFlexion
HipExternalRot
ation
Walking
ModelInputs
Geometry
FemurandimplantprovidedinSTL
format
AcetabularcupwascreatedinANSYS
Mechanical
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.5 1
Flexion
Abduction
Ext. Rotation
Cycling
Initial STL geometry Implant and cup assembly
KinematicjointconditionsprovidedbyAnyBody:
d
head
= 20 mm
d
cup
= 22 mm
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 29
Implementation
Geometry
Head,cup(rigid),andstem
Materialproperties
Defaultmaterialpropertiesusedforallparts
BoundaryConditions
AngulardataenteredasdisplacementBCsforthe
cupintabularformat
Solver
ANSYSMechanical12.1transientsolver
Rigidflexiblecontactmaintainedbetweenthehead
andthecup
Postprocessing
SlidetracksarecalculatedusinganAPDLscriptwhich
isinsertedasacommandobject
cup
head
stem
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 30
CreatingSlideTracksusingAPDL
Chooselocationofthepen
Getthenodenumberforthepen
location
Trackthenodeduringthetransient
cycle
Report(x,y,z)vstimeforthenodeatthe
endofsimulation
Usepointlocationstocreatekeypoints
Joinkeypointstoformaspline
Displaythesplinewithinitialgeometry
toseetheslidetracks
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 31
SlideTracksontheCup
WalkingProfile
Side of cup Top of cup
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 32
SlideTracksontheCup
CyclingProfile
Side of cup Top of cup
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 33
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
MediolateralForce ProximoDistalForce
AnteroPosteriorForce
29
50
64
69
87
Force vs time data
Slide track with time-step locations
SlideTracksontheCup
WalkingForces
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 34
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
MediolateralForce ProximoDistalForce
AnteroPosteriorForce
147
168
182
187
205
Force vs time data
Slide track with time-step locations
SlideTracksontheCup
WalkingForces
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 35
SlideTracksontheCup
Kinematics
Side of cup Top of cup
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 36
Archards Lawdefinestheeffectofslidingdistance(v)and
contactpressure(o)onthepercycleweardepth(w):
Whichcanbeapproximatedas:
where,
k
w
isthewearcoef.(whichismaterialandsurfacedependent)=1.066E
6
o isthecontactstress,and
S istheslidingdistance
dt t v t k w
cycle
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , ( u | u | o u |
}
=

=
cycle
w
S k w o
WearCalculation
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 37
CumulativeWear
(after1cycle)
walking
cycling
weardepthreportedin(mm)
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 38
Halletal(Proc Instn Mech Engrs,1998)measuredwearof
UHMWPEacetabular componentsretrievedfrom200
patients.
Validation
ClinicalData
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 39
TypesofHumanBodyModels
Applicationareas:
Coronarystents
Peripheralstents
Artificialorgans
Applicationareas:
Transdermal
Inhalers
Oral
Intrathecal
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGDELIVERY MUSCULOSKELETAL
HumanBody
Modeling
CFD,FEA,andemag
modelscoupledto
lumpedparameter
representationsofthe
humanbody
ParametricSystem
Level
DOEforHBM
Fullyautomated
process
EMAG
Applicationareas:
Medicalimaging
Cardiology
Drugdelivery
Cancertreatments
Applicationareas:
Orthopaedic implants
Exerciseequipment
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 40
Pharmacokinetic(PK)Modeling
PK models utilize a compartmentalized
approach to model drug distribution in the
body over time. The compartments
represent organs and other drug depots.
PK models simulate drug/chemical:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Coupling the PK model to the drug
delivery model enables the designer to
further refine the delivery system to work
together with the human body, understand
dependence on patient variability, disease
state, etc.
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 41
Thesystemconsistsofacylindricalpatchappliedto
theskin.Thedrugreservoir(inthepatch)
containsamixtureofdrugandpermeation
enhancer.Diffusionistheonlymodeoftransport
outofthepatchandthroughtheskin.Thefar
boundaryoftheskinistheinlettothe
microcirculation,whichactsasadrugsink.
Twoboundaryconditionsaretested
atthefarwall:
1. zerofluxcondition which
assumestheplasmaisaninfinite
sink
2. PKcondition toaccountfordrug
buildupinplasma
patch
skin
microcirculation
TransdermalDeliveryModel
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 42
Axisymmetry isassumed
Drugandenhanceraremodeledasuserdefined
scalarsinFLUENT
Atransientdiffusionequationmodelstransport
throughtheskinandpatch:
,wherei =drug,permeationenhancer
( )
i i
i
c D
t
c
V V =
c
c
K c c
patch drug skin drug
=
, ,
/
skin i skin i patch i patch i
c D c D
, , , ,
V = V
r = 0.925 cm
50.8 m
50.8 m
patch
skin
r = 0.9 cm
Theinterfacialconditionsatthepatchskininterfacearecontinuityofflux
andapartitioning(jump)condition:
,whereKisthepartitioncoefficient
TransdermalModelDetails
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 43
Thepermeationenhancerincreasesthedrugfluxthroughthe
skin.Thelevelofenhancementistypicallyafunctionofthe
localenhancerconcentration.Twotypicalsituationsare:
D
drug,skin
= D
drug,0
+*C
pe
K
drug,skin
= K
drug,0
+q*C
pe
The permeation enhancer increases
the diffusivity of drug in the skin
The permeation enhancer increases
drug solubility in the skin
increasing
q increasing
TransdermalModelDetails
FormulationEffects
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 44
ValidationCase
FentanylPatch,NoPKModel
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
simulation
experiment
reference
Time(hr)
D
r
u
g
F
l
u
x

c
m

2
h
r

1
)
Comparisonofdrug fluxthrough lowerboundary ofepidermis. Initial
concentrationofdrugand enhancer 0.06,0.04(gm cm
3
).dt=100,
ncells=58400,=1.8e4,=0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
simulation
experiment
reference
Time(hr)
D
r
u
g
F
l
u
x

c
m

2
h
r

1
)
Comparisonofdrug fluxthrough lowerboundary ofepidermis. Initial
concentrationofdrugand enhancer 0.06,0.04(gm cm
3
).dt=100,
ncells=58400,=0.0,=19.0
flux when D
drug
=f(C
enhancer
) flux when K = f(C
drug
)
Reference: Rim et al., Annals of BME, (2005)
Rimetal.examinedtheeffectofenhancementtypeondrug
flux.TheseplotscompareFLUENTresultstotheir
experimentalandcomputationalresults.
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 45
BC between epidermis and
dermal vasculature:
)] ( ) , [ t C f t l c P
z
c
D
p u
=
c
c

TheODEsforthethree
compartmentPKmodelare:
MOTIVATION: Understand/optimize
patch performance by including the
physiologic processing of drug.
) ( ) (
) ( ] [
)] ( ) , [
3 3 31 2 2 21
13 12
t C k t C k
t C k k k
t C f t l c dt dC
p el
p u p

u
+ +
+ +
=

) ( / ) (
2 21 2 12 2
t C k t C k dt dC
p
=
) ( / ) (
3 31 3 13 3
t C k t C k dt dC
p
=
plasma:
well-perfused
compartment:
poorly perfused
compartment:
Patch model extensions:
C
F
D

M
o
d
e
l
P
K

M
o
d
e
l
Pharmacokinetic(PK)Analysisofa
FentanylPatch
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 46
BC between epidermis and
dermal vasculature:
)] ( ) , [ t C f t l c P
z
c
D
p u
=
c
c

TheODEsforthethree
compartmentPKmodelare:
) ( ) (
) ( ] [
)] ( ) , [
3 3 31 2 2 21
13 12
t C k t C k
t C k k k
t C f t l c dt dC
p el
p u p

u
+ +
+ +
=

) ( / ) (
2 21 2 12 2
t C k t C k dt dC
p
=
) ( / ) (
3 31 3 13 3
t C k t C k dt dC
p
=
plasma:
well-perfused
compartment:
poorly perfused
compartment:
Patch model extensions:
Pharmacokinetic(PK)Analysisofa
FentanylPatch
MOTIVATION: Understand/optimize
patch performance by including the
physiologic processing of drug.
C
F
D

M
o
d
e
l
P
K

M
o
d
e
l
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 47
TypesofHumanBodyModels
Applicationareas:
Coronarystents
Peripheralstents
Artificialorgans
Applicationareas:
Transdermal
Inhalers
Oral
Intrathecal
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGDELIVERY MUSCULOSKELETAL
HumanBody
Modeling
CFD,FEA,andemag
modelscoupledto
lumpedparameter
representationsofthe
humanbody
ParametricSystem
Level
DOEforHBM
Fullyautomated
process
EMAG
Applicationareas:
Medicalimaging
Cardiology
Drugdelivery
Cancertreatments
Applicationareas:
Orthopaedic implants
Exerciseequipment
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 48
HFSSWorkbenchLinkforModeling
CancerTreatment
Hyperthermiacancertreatmentusedtoaccelerateeffectsof
chemotherapy
RFpowerappliedtotumorusingphasedarrayantenna
Eight stripdipoleantennasconnectedinparallelpairsandprintedon
innersurfaceofcylindricalplasticshell
MRI Cross Section of Lower Leg with Tumor
(Courtesy Duke University Medical Center)
HFSS Model of Patient with Phased Array
Applicator on Lower Leg
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 49
HFSSModelofRFPhasedArray
Applicator
Deviceoperatesat138MHz
Elementexcitationsoptimizedtoconcentratepowerinsidetumor
HFSS Model of Applicator on Leg
Tumor (shown in green)
HFSS Model of RF Phased Array
Applicator
Electric Field Magnitude with
Optimized Array Weights
Local Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
with Optimized Array Weights
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 50
TransientThermalAnalysisinANSYS
Workbench
Electromagneticpowerisafunctionof
time
28 W used to reach desired
temperature and 9 W to maintain
temperature
Transientanalysisusedtodetermine
temperatureriseinsidetumor
Reaches 47C in 6 minutes and is
maintained there for 14 minutes
Geometry in ANSYS Workbench
Results of Transient Thermal Analysis
(max/min temperature in the tumor)
Results of Transient Thermal Analysis
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 51
ClosingRemarks
Couplingdetailedsimulationsto
lumpedparametermodelscan
providemorerigorouspredictionof
deviceperformance.
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 52
ClosingRemarks
Couplingdetailedsimulationsto
lumpedparametermodelscan
providemorerigorouspredictionof
deviceperformance.
V&Vispossible.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
simulation
experiment
reference
Time(hr)
D
r
u
g
F
l
u
x

c
m

2
h
r

1
)
, ,
P
out
2011ANSYS,Inc. October24,2011 53
ClosingRemarks
ANSYSprovidesflexibleandopensolutionsthat
canbeadaptedtosolveeventhemost
challengingproblemsfacingthebiomedical
engineersoftoday.
TheANSYSvisionforthisindustryincludes
collaboratingwithothersoftwarevendors
toenableonewayand/orcosimulation
withthehighestfidelitymodelsavailable.