Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderlands

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Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderlands

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1)The Early Chesapeake a)The Founding of Jamestown i)Charter granted to London Company in 1604 by King James I, Godspeed, Discovery, and Susan Constant left England and landed in Jamestown, VA in 1607 ii)Colony mostly al men, inadequate diets contributed to disease, by 1608 colony had almost failed (poor leadership, location, disease, food) except Capt. John Smith saved it by imposing work and order and organizing raids against Indians b)Reorganization i)London Company became Virginia Company 1609, gained expanded charter, sold stock, wish to grew VA colony with land grants to planters ii)Winter of 1609-1610= starving time iii)First governor Lord De La Warr arrived 1609, established harsh discipline w/ work gangs iv)Communal system didnt work well, Governor Dale thought better off with personal incentive to work and private ownership c)Tobacco i)1612 VA planter John Rolfe began to grow tobacco, cultivation spread, created a tobacco economy that was profitable, uncertain, and high labor and land demands, created need for territorial expansion d)Expansion i)Tobacco still not enough to make profits, 1618 campaign to attract settlers ii)Headright system- land grants to new settles, encouraged family groups to migrate together, rewarded those who paid for passages of others iii)Company brought women and skilled workers, allowed for a share in self-govt (VA House of Burgesses met July 30, 1619) iv)1919 saw arrival of first Negro slaves on Dutch ship, but palnters continued to favor indentured servants until at least 1670s b/c cheaper and more abundant v)Colony grew b/c Indians suppressed, Sir Thomas Dale led assaults, huge uprising staged by Powhatans in 1622 but eventually put down, again 1644 vi)By 1624 Virginia Company defunct, lost all funds, charter revoked by James I and colony put under control of crown e)Exchanges of Agricultural Tech i)Survival of Jamestown result of agricultural tech developed by Indians and borrowed by English, such as value of corn w/ its high yields, beans alongside corn to enrich soil f)Maryland and the Calverts i)Dream of George Calvert (first Lord Baltimore) as speculative venture + retreat for English Cath. oppressed by Anglican church, 1632 son Cecilius (second Lord Balt) got charter from king, made complete sovereigns of new land ii)1634 Lord Balt named brother Leonard Calvert governor, settlers arrived in Maryland iii)Calverts invested heavily, needed many settlers to make profit, encouraged Prot. as well as Catholics (Cath became minority), Act Concerning Religion granted toleration; yet politics in MD plagued by tension btwn Catholic minority and Prot. majority, civil war 1655 iv)Proprietor was absolute monarch, Lord Balt. granted land to relatives and other English aristocrats, labor shortages required headright system

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g)Turbulent Virginia i)Mid 17th century VA colony had larger pop, complexity and profitability of economy, debates over how to deal with Indians ii)Sir William Berkeley apptd governor by King Charles I 1642, put down 1644 Indian uprising and agreed to not cross settlement line. Impossible to protect Indian territory b/c of growth of VA after Cromwells victory in English Civil War and flight of opponents to colony (1)Choice lands along river occupied, new arrivals pressed westward iii)At first vote extended to all, later only to landowners and elections rare, led to recent settlers in back country to be underrepresented h)Bacons Rebellion i)Nathaniel Bacon and other members of backcountry gentry disagreed on policies toward natives, backcountry in constant danger from Indian attack b/c on land reserved to natives by treaty, believed east. aristocracy wanted to protect dominance by holding down white settlers in west ii)Bacon on governors council, in 1675 led counter-attacks against Indians against governors orders, kicked off council, unauthorized assault on Indians became a military challenge to colonial govt iii)Bacons army marched on Jamestown twice, died suddenly iv)Rebellion showed unwillingness of settlers to abide by agreements with natives, also potential for instability in colonys large population of free, landless men eager for land and against landed gentrycommon interest in east and west aristocracy to prevent social unrest, led to African slave trade growing 2)The Growth of New England a)Plymouth Plantation i)1608 Pilgrims (Separatists from Ang. Chur) went to Holland to seek freedom, unhappy with children entering Dutch society ii)Leaders obtained permission from VA Company to settle in VA, king would not molest them. William Bradford was their leader and historian iii)Left 1620 aboard Mayflower with 35 saints (members of church) and 67 strangers, original destination Hudson River but ended up @ Cape Cod iv)Land outside of London Companys territory, therefore signed Mayflower Compact to establish a civil govt and give allegiance to king v)Found cleared land from Indians killed by disease, natives provided assistance (Squanto), Indians weaker than Southern counterparts, 1622 Miles Standish imposed discipline on Pilgrims to grow corn, develop fur trade vi)William Bradford elected governor, sought legal permission for colony from Council for New England, ended communal labor and distributed land privately, paid off colonies debt b)The Massachusetts Bay Experiment i)Puritans persecuted by James I, and afterward by Charles I who was trying to restore Catholicism to England. 1629 sought charter for land in Massachusetts, some members of Massachusetts Bay Company saw themselves as something more than a business venture, creating a haven for Puritans in N.E. ii)Governor John Winthrop led seventeen ships in 1630, Boston became company headquarters and capital but many colonists moved into a number of other new towns in E. Mass. iii)Mass. Bay Company became colonial govt, corporate board of directors gave way to elections by male citizens. Didnt separate from Anglican church but more leeway in church than centralized structure in England, congregation church iv)Mass Puritans serous and pious ppl, led lies of thrift and hard work, city upon a hill (Winthrop). Clergy and govt worked close together, taxes supported church, dissidents little freedom, Mass a theocracy v)Large number of families ensured feeling of commitment to community and sense of order, allowed pop to reproduce very quickly c)Expansion of New England i)As more ppl arrived many didnt accept all religious tenets of colonys leaders, Connecticut Valley attracted settlers b/c of fertile land and less religious ii)Thomas Hooker led congregation to Hartford, established Fundamental Orders of Connecticutcreated govt with more men given right to vote and hold off iii)Fundamental Orders of New Haven established New Haven b/c viewed Boston as lacking in religious orthodoxy, later made Connect. with Hartford (royal) iv)Rhode Island origins in Roger Williams, minister from MA who John Winthrop and others viewed as heretic. Was a Separatist, called for sep of church and state, banished + created Providence, 1644 obtained charter from Parliament to establish govt, liberty in religious concernments

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v)Anne Hutchinson believed that Mass clergy were not among elect and ad no right to spiritual office, went against assumptions of proper role of women in Puritan society. Developed large following from women who wanted active role in religious affairs, and those opposed to oppressive colonial govt (1)Unorthodoxy challenged religious beliefs + social order of Puritans, banished and moved to Rhode Island, vi)Followers of Hutchinson moved to New Hampshire and Maine, established in 1629 by Captain John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges who received grant from Council for New England (former Plymouth Company)

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