CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. Sender, receiver, medium, message, and protocol. Security, distributed databases, collaborative processing, faster problem solving. Performance, reliability, security. Data communication is the data exchange between two or more devices; distance is irrelevant. Telecommunication is data communication between remote devices. Therefore telecommunication is a subset of data communication. A standards creation committee tests, evaluates, and standardizes new technologies. A forum concentrates on a particular new technology, trying to speed its development and acceptance. A forum can present its ndings to a standards creation committee. A regulatory agency protects the public interest by regulating radio, TV, and wireless communications. Delivery, accuracy, timeliness. Number of users, transmission medium, type of hardware and software. Frequency of failure, recovery time of the network after failure, and catastrophe. Unauthorized access and viruses. In marketing, networks are used to collect, exchange, and analyze data related to customers' needs and interests. In sales, tele- and on-line shopping are becoming increasingly popular. In nancial services, networks are used for storing and processing credit information, money transfer, and investment and exchange services. Computer-assisted design and manufacturing allow users to work on a project simultaneously. Networks provide data exchange between users at different locations (e.g., voice-, text-, and videoconferencing). Telephone networks, cellular networks, conference calling.

5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

15. A protocol denes what is communicated, in what way and when. This provides accurate and timely transfer of information between different devices in a network. 16. Standards are needed to create and maintain an open and competitive market for manufacturers, to coordinate protocol rules, and thus guarantee compatibility of data communication technologies. 17. Syntax, semantics, and timing. 18. A de jure standard is recognized by an ofcially recognized body. A de facto standard is established by a manufacturer seeking to dene the functionality of a new product that hasn't been approved by an ofcial body. 19. ITU-T develops standards for telecommunications. 20. ANSI represents the US in the ISO and submits proposals to international standards organizations. 21. The aim of IEEE is to advance theory and production and to develop standards in electrical engineering, electronics, and radio. In addition to standards development EIA promotes public awareness education and manufacturing concerns. 22. The Frame Relay Forum promotes acceptance and implementation of Frame Relay (including ow control, encapsulation, and translation). The ATM Forum promotes asynchronous transfer mode technologies. The Internet Society and Internet Engineering Task Forces are concerned with enhancing the evolution of Internet communications. 23. The FCC is a regulatory agency that regulates TV, radio, and phone communications.

1.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

24. c 25. b 34. a 35. d 26. b 36. c 27. d 37. a 28. c 38. a 29. b 39. c 30. d 40. a 31. b 41. b 32. c 42. b 33. a

1.3 EXERCISES
43. Products with nonstandardized parts: automobiles and printers. Products with standardized parts: ashlights and cameras. 44. a. Talking with a friend on the phone b. Checking banking account information and making transactions on line c. Sending e-mail d. Registering for classes on line e. Watching a news broadcast from other parts of the world on cable TV

SECTION 1.3

EXERCISES

45. Each employee can be identied at the entrance of the building by comparing his ngerprints or card with a database; special sensors and/or detectors can alarm the city police station or other security organization in case of a break in. 46. a. ISO 8877Interface for S and T reference points in ISDN b. ISO 3309HDLC frame structure c. ISO 8028X.25 packet level protocol for the DTE 47. a. V.32: Denes data transmission over phone lines b. X.25: Denes transmission over public digital networks c. I.430: Dene physical layer specications for an interface 48. X3. 23-1985 Programming language COBOL SONET Synchronous Optical Network ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 49. a. IEEE 802.3: CSMA/CD LAN b. IEEE 802.4: Token Bus LAN c. IEEE 802.5: Token Ring LAN 50. a. EIA-232: A 25-pin interface standard b. EIA-449: Species a 37-pin connector and a 9-pin connector c. EIA-530: Denes a 25-pin connector 51. a. VESA - Video Electronics Standards Organization - Milpitas, CA b. ETSI - European Telecommunication Standards Institute 52. Multiple users trying to access the same server can result in increased transmit and response time. 53. A ber-optic cable provides a greater bandwidth for data transmission than a coaxial cable. This increases the data rate and the effectiveness of communication. 54. A small memory capacity on the hard drive of a computer will slow the downloading and uploading processes. 55. Dynamic routing software is more efcient than static routing table if there are frequent address changes. 56. a. Ratio of corrupt packets to total packets b. Amount of average delay in delivering packets 57. a. Protecting hardware from theft b. Preventing pirating of software

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

58. Syntax (the sentence structure) is correct, semantics (the meaning of the sentence) are wrong. 59. Both syntax and semantics are correct.