Exam 2 Review

Lindser Notes Ecdysozoa Superphylum

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Hematophagy has evolved independently at least 21 times (black dots) in arthropods. Modes of Insect Development Ametabolous Hemimetabolous Holometabolous The Drosophila life cycle Look at the Instar larva The developmental stages in between the molts Regulation of Insect Metamorphosis The differences between juvenile hormone and Ecdysone The work antagonistically to prevent maturation Juvenile hormone prevents metamorphosis Ecdysone promotes metamorphosis

Location and Developmental Fates of Imaginal Discs and Imaginal Tissues in the Third Instar Larva of Drosophila Hauser Notes Cell Migration Cells commonly migrate in animals during embryogenesis Plants are composed of Phytomers. What are Phytomers and their functions?

Cell to cell communication Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges between cells o Form the symplasm Animals also have cytoplasmic bridges, but they are less pervasive o Animals are more highly compartmentalized

Germ Line Reproductive cells (germ line) established during embryogenesis Where do reproductive cells in plants come from? Meristems Body plant of a plant is elaborated after embyogenesis by the activities of meristems. Meristems must regulate organ formation by carefully balancing: o The maintenance of undifferentiated stem cells o The commitment of appropriately position cells towards differentiation Sarkisian Notes The Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Disproportionate Expansion Relative to Rest of the Brain. Early Human Bran Development Look at Figure 9.9 in book (part 2) Some Definitions Symmetric division: mitoses that give rise to cell types of similar fate Asymmetric Dividsion:

How do Stem Cells Know What to Become? When is the Process Initiated? o Stem or founder cells Distribution of determinants related to cell type lineage Look at figures 4.7 and 4.7 in book Lateral Inhibition and maintenance of progenitor cell fate Look specifically at Notch because it comes up a lot Ventricular to Pial Surface Connections by Radial Glia Summary: Ordered Generation of Neural Cell types to the Cerebral Cortext

Doublecortin is a MAP that can stimulate microtuble polymerization Microtubule and Actin polymerization drive cell movement Hansen http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/framshift_mutation.html Evolution through deletion and duplication Look at the shark slide with the shark fetuses attached to the placenta Shark fetuses are awake, humans are not Extraembryonic membranes Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid, embryo, amnion (fluid environment), allantois (waste excretion, water recycling, gas exchange), chorion (gas exchange), yolk sac, yolk (nutrients), albumin, shell

How mutations in a gene that differentially affects fitness of males and females could be selected for Talks about fetus size in relation to the mother and its health affects When you methylate a gene, you silence it and that is important in relation to gene imprinting Early on in pregnancy, genes used for early pregnancy are ancient conservation or muation of existing genes Later on in pregnancy, genes used for mature placenta are recentformed by gene duplication and selection Look at the de-evolution of the necessity or the major egg protein (vitellogen) and the evolution of the major milk protein (Casein) Maden Notes Adult lung not static, but dynamic, responds to pathogens, Alveolar number changes according to altitude, calorific intake, oestrogen But if develop abnormally (BPD) then number stays reduces Number declines with age

Left:Right asymmetry The number of lobes in the lung on each side of a human and mouse o Human right = 3; mouse right = 4 o Human left = 2; mouse = 1 What controls outgrowth of this now specified piece of foregut? 1. Retinoic Acid Lung Development Lung development is a very long process which take sup to 90 percent of gestation and well into childhood 5 phases o embryonic o pseudoglandular o canalicular o saccular o alveolar Look at the idea of regeneration alveoli Levy Notes Figure 15.12 Sequince of leg imaginal disc development in Drodophila The distal-less (dll) gene is a hox gene that is responsible for the outgrowth of the invertebrate limb. Vertebrate homologues of DLL are also involved in limb development Bones of any tetrapod limb consists of proximal styolopod zeugopod distal autopod

Figure 11.1 Major lineages of the amniote mesoderm Figure 13.3 Emergence of the limb bud Limb development begins when mesnchiymal cells migrate from the lateral late mesoderm and from the paraxial mesoderm Figure 13.7 Specification of limb type in the chick by Tbx4 and Tbx5

 What do you think the T-box (tbx) is? Figure 13.10 Fgf8 in the apical ectoderm ridge as seen by in situ hybridization Stimulates mitosis in the mesenchyme Figure 13.15 When a ZPA is grafted to anterior limb bud mesoderm, Transplanting cells from this region can induce extra digit formation with a mirror image orientation Figure 13.28 Inhibition of cell death by inhibiting BMPs A) Control chick limbs show extensive apoptosis in the space between digits Appreciate differences between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, etc. Terrada Where do stem cells reside? Drosophila Neuroblasts Neuroblast (NB)- neural stem cell that gives rise the GMC. Planarian Immortal under the edge of knife a fragment of 1/279th the size of the original organism can regenerate its entire body because stem cells are located throughout the body.

Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPS)

11/4/2010 7:39:00 AM

11/4/2010 7:39:00 AM