NEW GENERATION UPS TECHNOLOGY,THE DELTA CONVERSION PRINCIPLE

Lakshmi Menon
1st M.Tech Power Electronics Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham India Email: laks88m@gmail.com

AbstractTraditional double conversion UPS(Uninterruptible Power Systems) systems are becoming a problem to the utilities and owners due to low power factor,harmonics,energy loss etc. Green UPS(Delta Conversion UPS) design is a new technology introduced to eliminate the drawbacks of the many other UPS designs like double conversion and single conversion design and is available in sizes ranging from 5kVA to 1.6MW. This paper will give an overview of different UPS topologies and the problems associated with double conversion UPS design. Next the delta conversion UPS topology is discussed in detail and nally a performance comparison is made. Index TermsGreen UPS,Delta inverter,double conversion UPS

Fig. 1.

Double conversion,rectier/charger UPS

I. I NTRODUCTION Double Conversion UPS draws large harmonic currents from the mains. This in turn interact with the source impedance and disturbs voltage quality. These large harmonic currents lead to malfunctioning of sensitive equipments on the power line. It also leads to overheating of transformers. This results in high energy wastage and also low power factor. Use of harmonic lters or twelve pulse rectiers can reduce harmonics,but it increases hardware and installation costs of the system and add to the energy losses. GREEN UPS is an online delta conversion UPS. This UPS has the inverter supplying the load voltage. However, the additional Delta Converter also contributes power to the inverter output. In the Green UPS On-Line design, the Delta Converter acts with dual purposes. The rst is to control the input power characteristics. This active front end draws power in a sinusoidal manner, minimizing harmonics reected onto the utility. This ensures optimal utility and generator system compatibility, reducing heating and system wear in the power distribution system. The second function of the Delta Converter is to control input current in order to regulate charging of the battery system. Thus it can regulate the magnitude, wave shape and power factor of the current taken from the AC source. II. BASIC PRINCIPLES The single line schematics of double conversion topology is as shown below. In a double conversion UPS system,rectier charges the battery and supplies the inverter with dc power, and the inverter supplies the load with regulated ac power. During

Fig. 2.

Single Conversion, line-interactive UPS.

mains outage,energy is supplied from the battery by the inverter til mains is available again. The rectier then recharges the battery while also supplying the inverter with dc power. This involves double conversion of power,AC to DC and then again from DC to AC. Thus there will be tremendous loss of energy and low efciency. Fig.2 shows single conversion scheme. Here the inverter is 4-quadrant type. Therefore it can replace rectier. In normal mode of operation, the mains static switch is closed and power is taken from the mains. The majority of power is passed on to the load via the choke, thus the power is not converted twice as in the double-conversion system. This means very low losses compared to the double-conversion system. The inverter via PWM control is still controlling the output voltage, although the majority of the power is not converted. Since the output voltage is always sinusoidal, it follows that the current taken from the mains via the choke is also sinusoidal, thus there are no mains harmonic currents from this system. In case of a

Fig. 3.

New delta conversion UPS.

mains outage the single-conversion UPS operation is identical to the double-conversion UPS. Energy is simply taken from the battery, and fed to the inverter, which is continuously running and in regulation, and now supplies the load from the battery. In order not to feed power back into the mains during battery operation, the mains electronic (static) switch is opened. Upon mains restoration the static switch is automatically closed and the load is now again supplied via the choke from the mains,but the inverter still controls the output voltage. At the same time the inverter works as a rectier, charging the battery in a precisely controlled way, simply by passing power in the reverse direction into the battery via phase angle control. Thus the single-conversion, line-interactive UPS has low losses compared to double conversion. It has one drawback common with the double-conversion system and that is a relatively low power factor to the mains. Also at high mains voltage,losses increase. This is because of the high reactive current that the inverter has to support when the difference between mains voltage and output voltage is high. III. THE DELTA CONVERSION PRINCIPLE The new Delta Conversion technology eliminates the drawbacks of other UPS systems. As shown in gure, the system has two inverters connected to a common battery. Inverter 1 is the delta-inverter and is connected via a transformer in series with the mains supplying the load. Inverter 2 is the maininverter.It has basically the same function as the inverter in the single-conversion UPS. Both inverters have four-quadrant capabilities. The inverter 2 PWM control keeps the voltage to the load stable. Delta inverter makes up for any difference between the voltage on the output of the UPS and the voltage from the mains. It also controls the input power factor to unity as it is controlled to take up current from the mains that is sinusoidal and in-phase with the mains voltage. Furthermore the delta-inverter controls the charging of the battery. The mains static switch protects against back-feed into the mains. The performance differences among the 3 different types of UPS is as shown in gures below. Figure 4 reveals the heavily distorted input current of a double-conversion UPS and is seen to distort the mains voltage severely. The notches in the voltage waveform causes malfunctioning of equipments. It also causes high currents to ow,thus destroying compensation capacitors and also lead to tripping of over-current devices.

Fig. 4.

Double Conversion UPS Input Voltage and current.

Fig. 5.

Single Conversion UPS input voltage and current.

In gure 5,input voltage and current waveforms from single conversion UPS is shown. This current is sinusoidal in shape and there is no distortion in mains voltage. But there is a phase deviation between voltage and current. So the power factor is not unity. Figure 6, shows the new line-interactive, delta-conversion topology.There is no input current distortion and voltage distortion. They are in-phase.Hence unity power factor is obtained. New topologys architecture and operation are quite different from the traditional double conversion systems. Let us go through some different operating conditions and watch the power ow, size and direction, during these different conditions. Figure 7 shows the nominal condition, that is, where there is no difference between mains and output voltage, batteries are fully charged. The delta inverter is only supporting the mains current, which in this case is equal to the load current. Since the delta voltage across the transformer is zero it follows that the net power from, or to the delta inverter is zero. Also the main inverter is idling since its regulated output voltage is exactly equal to the mains voltage. So in the idealized form

Fig. 9. Fig. 6. New delta conversion UPS input voltage and current.

Delta Conversion power ow with +15 percent input voltage.

Fig. 10.

Delta Conversion power ow during battery charging.

Fig. 7.

Delta Conversion power ow under nominal conditions.

all power is going directly to the load, nothing is converted, hence no losses. In g. 8,we have a situation with low voltage on the mains, i.e minus 15 percent. Since the output voltage must remain stable,the delta inverter via its transformer must add 15 percent to the mains voltage. This additional power is simply taken from the mains via the output of the main inverter, passed backwards through this inverter, via the DC link and nally, forwards through the delta inverter (2) to the transformer.

The main difference here compared to traditional doubleconversion is that it is only the delta power between input and output that is converted. Fig. 9 shows the case of high mains voltage. Now the delta inverter must absorb 15 percent of the mains voltage to make the balance. In this case 15 percent of the power is passed through the Delta inverter, to the DC link and nally from the main inverter to the load. In g. 10 we again have a nominal situation except that the battery is being charged. Here we see 110 percent power is being taken from the mains. Since the load does not take more than 100 percent,the remaining 10 percent is passed backwards through the main inverter and absorbed in the battery as charging current. IV. POWER BALANCE SYSTEMS Fig. I1 shows the important control loops. The current control reference is synchronized and is in phase with the mains voltage. This reference is used for the control of the imported mains current continuously. This keeps the current in phase and waveform shape with the mains voltage via a comparator, the current mode control logic and the power stage. The amplitude of the mains current is controlled by impacting the magnitude of the current control reference via the VBat sense, its amplier and DC- reference. If the battery voltage tends to go lower than nominal, the current control reference signal will increase and hence the amplitude of the

Fig. 8.

Delta Conversion power ow with -15 percent input voltage.

Fig. 11.

Power Balance Control Loops.

Fig. 13.

Delta Conversion system input pf vs load.

Fig. 12. Efciency Comparison,Delta conversion vs Double conversion as a function of percentage load.

mains current. The two loops together form a power balance circuit that continuously will balance the imported power with the load demand plus a possible power demand for charging the battery. In the fully charged case the battery voltage is kept at the oat charging level and only power necessary for powering the load plus the small losses is imported. The main inverter, apart from being synchronized to the mains and the internal clock, is also controlled to maintain the output voltage stable. The output voltage is precisely regulated and kept sinusoidal in shape by means of the Vout sense, the reference, an amplier and a PWM generator. V. PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW SYSTEM Performance curves from 20 kVA systems are shown, to prove the advantages of the new topology. Fig. 12 shows the overall efciency as a function of load. The efciency is exceptionally high. The curve is at above 50 Fig. 13 shows the input power factor as a function of load.We can see that Delta conversion UPS system has a unity power factor. Fig. 14 shows that the load voltage is unaffected in case of mains outage as well as recovery. This proves that it is truly an on-line system(uninterruptible).

Fig. 14.

Delta Conversion UPS performance.

VI. CONCLUSION A new Delta conversion UPS topology that features a delta inverter has been presented. Delta inverter is a 4 quadrant type IGBT inverter thus regulating the input current and input power by acting as a variable current source in the secondary circuit of the transformer, i.e, it behaves as a load without power dissipation, except for its switching losses. The delta inverter current waveform is controlled to be sinusoidal and in-phase with the AC source voltage. The control scheme is based on newly developed power balance principle with current mode cuntrol. This topology is easily scaleable upto 1.6MW. The efciency of Green UPS is much better than other designs. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I hereby express my sincere gratitude to our Staff-in-charge Prof. Radhamani V. Pillai, Dr. Jayabharati,Mr. R Shanmughasundaram,Mrs.Vijayakumari and Mr. Praveen Kumar for their guidance throughout the course of completion of my seminar

work. Also I thank my fellow classmates for their constructive criticism and valuable suggestions for successful completion of the work. R EFERENCES
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