Study guide for Exam One Did you review the PowerPoints and the handouts on blackboard?

The exam will be mostly multiple choice, and worth 100 points. Be familiar with the following: Major factors that influence weather, and why they are important Latitude- the further you are from the equator the colder it will be, also different clement zones humid, arid(strength of sunlight, and daily duration of the sunlight) Altitude- temperature decreases the higher you go up, wind speed also increases with attitude Topography- mountains and land masses act as barriers for precipitation, Appalachian effect Proximity to water-large bodies of water soak up heat take longer to cool down in the winter, they moderate temperatures. Precipitation- amount of precipitation three zones humid, sub-humid, semiarid, arid Ocean currents- bring warm water places and cold water to others Wind and air masses- the air masses bring various temperatures and moisture levels to different parts of the world. Plant climate zonesknow the three climate zone systems, and what factors they use to classify climates o Usda zones-based on winter cold o Ahs Heat zones-based on summer heat o Sunset based on the 7 factors (heat, cold, rainfall, wind, length of growing season) Know our three climate zones, our growing season length and frost dates, annual rainfall USDA zone- 6a Ahs Heat zone- zone 6 Sunset- zone 35 Growing season 140 to 200 days (180) Frost date early October to mid to late April Functions of soil Prevents erosion, acts as a filter, cycles nutrients, reservoir for wildlife Major soil components Weathered rock and minerals, decayed or decaying remains of animals and plants, liquid and its dissolved minerals, soil atmosphere or soil air(pore spaces) Soil pH and why its important Existing soil nutrient availability Which kinds of fertilizer to use Fertilizer efficiency Microbial activity Macronutrients, micronutrientsknow what they are Macronutrients- are nutrients that are needed in medium amounts(ca mg s fe) calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron (c hopkns caf mighty good) Micronutrients- trace elements are needed only in small amounts iron zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine (fe cl mn b zn cu mo ni) C HOPKNS CaFe, Mighty Good Cute Zany Mnemonic

But Clearly a Nuisance to Memorize. Complete fertilizer A fertilizer that has nitrogen potassium and phosphate in it Fertilizer ratio and analysis Ratios are an easier comparison,, 10-10-10 is a 1-1-1 Analysis tells the % of amount of Nitrogen(N), % Phosphorous(P), % Potassium(k) by weight Reasons to soil test Tells you what type of fertilizer you will need Measures the soil fertility Maintaining good plant health and maximum crop productivity C.E.C. (Cation exchange capacity) Quantifies the ability of a soil to provide a nutrient reserve for plant uptake Low cec grocery store fully stocked but it is locked, High Cec the nutrients are available for use Forms of soil water Mass flow/saturation-travels out of holes in rock, water displaces air in pore spaces, can cause saturation Capillary water- soil is holding water without being saturated(ideal condition), roots have both water and air Matric Water-held tightly by small pores, not available to roots, plants can reach pwm, used in last resort Soil environment Soil water Soil atmosphere-provides oxygen Soil temperature-moderates temperature Soil biota-what lives in the soil Advantages and disadvantages of clay soils Advantages- have high cec, can hold water very well, does not erode Disadvantages- poor aeration(porosity), poor drainage, slow permeability, hard to till Why compost is an almost universally good soil amendment Because it carries out part of the earths biological cycle of growth and decay. The remains of decay process is similar to soil organic matter, it holds water and nutrients in the soil, and more porous. What are fertilizers, amendments and mulches (definitions, examples) Fertilizer substance added to soil to improve its fertility or supply the plant with essential plant nutrients Amendment-material that is incorporated into soil to improve the soil(leaves, manure) Mulch- a layer of materials or a cover placed over the soil(wood chips, rocks) Correct format for a plant name Genus+ specie, genus first followed by specie 3 plant ranks most used by horticulturists Family, genus, specie Functions of roots Water, o2 and nutrient uptake Anchorage Storeage of carbohydrates and nutrients Transport

 Production of hormones propagation Functions of shoots photosynthesis and respiration/ transpiration reproduction transport storage production of hormones support Photosynthesis-basic equation and why its important carbon dioxide from air and water from soil react with suns energy to form photosynthates(sugars,starches (6CO2+ 6H2O + light == C6H12O6 + 6O2). Its important because its how the plant gets its food Respiration-basic equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 == 6CO2 +6H2O + energy Transpiration-what does it have to do with water? Moves materials up from the roots, cooling, turgor pressure. Water is used as a solvent and the avenue of transport through the plant (osmotic pressure). Water maintains turgor pressure in cells giving non woody plants form. Plant life cycles-know the 3 main ones Juvenility-vegetative growth Maturity- reproductive growth Senescence-death Major parts of a flower

Flowering schemesmonoecious, dioecious, perfect flowers Monoecious- separate male flowers and female flowers Dioecious- plant that has all male flowers or all female flowers but not both on the same plant. One plant is male other is female. Perfect flowers have both male and female parts Major parts of a plant

What are some good reasons to mulch? Reduces evaporation from soil surface cuts down on water use Promotes soil microorganism activity Prevents compaction, controls weed, controls erosion, moderates soil temperature Be able to calculate a simple fertilizer application amount What should or shouldnt go in a compost pile, and why? Meats or fatty foods, Dog cat pig feces- they have parasites in them that might remain in the food. Avoid woody coarse materials because they break down slowly and make the pile hard to turn What are the three ways to deal with compacted soil? Add a soil amendment Till the soil Add better soil When is/are good times of the year to mulch? When shouldnt you mulch (in the Midwest)? What are the pros and cons to bark, newspaper, plastic, rocks, rubber pieces, as mulches? Bark- last a relatively long time, wide varity of shapes and colors. Disadvantages- can slightly lower ph of soil. Newspaper- advantages easy to find, decomposes quickly. Disadvantages- doesnt look good also ink color can harm plants Plastic- advantages prevents weeds and holds moisture. Disadvantages- plant roots can suffocate and rot Rubber- advantages permanent doesnt move or sink into ground. Disadvantages strong odor hard to find Stones- advantages permant, doesnt break down. Disadvantages- lots of work, hard to keep clean

How deep should mulch be? 1 to 2 inches Why shouldnt you make tree volcanoes ? Makes a home for rodents, holds moisture, limits oxygen Whats the difference between soil texture and soil structure? Soil texture is the relative distribution of different sized particles Structure is the association of soil particles together with organic matter (chocolate chip cookies), into larger sized units called aggregates Why shouldnt you add sand to clay soils to improve their drainage? Name two things each that N, P & K do for plants Nitrogen- promotes good green color, critical for general plant growth Phosphorous- needed for plant reproduction, component of cell membranes Potassium- needed for good root growth, needed for many chemical reactions within plants What is a complete fertilizer? Why might you think that term is misleading? Complete fertilizer contains nitrogen potassium and phosphorous, might be misleading because it doesnt tell you how much of each one is in the fertilizer or the other things in it. What do nitrogen, phosphorus and iron deficiency symptoms look like? Nitrogen deficiency is shown as yellowing of leaves Phosphorus Iron Name the 3 primary nutrients, the four macronutrients, the micronutrients Primary- nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium Macro-calcium, iron, sulfur Micro- zinc, copper, chlorine Why dont fertilizers contain C, H or O as major named elements? Because they are freely available in water and air What is the basic process of sexual reproduction in plants? Anther makes pollen, it is picked up by insect, and transferred to the stigma, it travels down the style to egg cells in the ovary Name 4 different methods to asexually reproduce plants Tissue culture Grafting Division Layering cuttings What storage conditions do most seeds need? Cool dry location below 45 degrees F, low relative humidity Know the vocabulary words used in the powerpoints