Telecommunication Principle

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take a great pleasure in acknowledging the people who had extremely helped me to complete my assignment.

First of all I would like to thank Almighty Amman whose blessing had brought me here. Also I like to recognize here my loving parents and my sister for their encouragement and guidance. Also who gave me this opportunity to follow Telecommunication Engineering at BCAS. Moreover, I would like to include my thanks to my colleagues and specially my senior students of BCAS for their help and whoever helped me, in many ways to finish this project properly.

I take this great opportunity to put across my honest thanks to our Sir Mr. J. Pradeeban who is our module lecturer of Telecommunication Principles With his kind guidance I feel I have covered most of the features needed for this module and it has helped me to complete this project productively. Also I would like to thank the staff of BCAS, who provided me any the essential support required for the preparation of this Assignment. Last but not the least I would like to thank every single person who helped me in their own way to finish this Project with related thoughtful ideas and co-operation to make this assignment successful. Thank you.

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Task 1 1. Draw a block diagram of a telecommunication showing the major components and explain the role played by each component

Source

Input Signal

Transmitter

Transmitted Signal

Transmission Channel

Received

Receiver
Interference, Noise, Distortion

Output Signal

Destination
Transmitter

Formatter

Source encoder

Channel encoder

Modulation

Receiver

Formatter

Source decoder

Channel decoder

Demodulation

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Source Generates data Ex:- Personal computer , Telephone Transmitter - Converts the input signal to transmitted signal suited to the characteristics of the transmission channel, involves modulation & coding. Transmitters include telephones, facsimile machines, data terminals, host computers, and video cameras. Transmission channel A path between two nodes in a network. It may refer to the physical cable, the signal transmitted within the cable or to a sub channel within a carrier frequency. In radio and TV, it refers to the assigned carrier frequency. An electronic medium, Ex:- a pair of wire, coaxial cable, radio wave, laser beam Receiver - Accepts signal from transmission system and converts it into a form that can be handled by the destination device. This involves demodulation, decoding & filtering Destination - Takes and uses the incoming data from the receiver.

Here in transmission channel there will be some interference Noise- Random and unpredictable electric signal produced by natural process, both internal & external to system. Disortion- Wave from perturbation caused by imperfect response of the system.

2. Sketch the spectrum of electronic waves and find which parts of the spectrum can be used for telecommunication purposes with examples. Justify your answer if you have made any decision where more than one part can be chosen for a particular need.

Figure 1.2 [Type text]

Spectrum of electro magnetic waves Page 3

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The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum of an object is the distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that object. The EM spectrum covers frequencies from 3 Hz (ELF) to gamma rays (30 ZHz) and beyond (cosmic rays). The corresponding wavelengths can range from thousands of kilometers to a fraction of an atom size. The frequency and the wavelength are related by the following expression.

When electrons move they create electromagnetic waves that can propagate through communication space. All modern communications depends on manipulating and controlling signals within the electromagnetic spectrum. Although the electromagnetic spectrum represents an enormous range of frequencies, not all the frequencies are suitable for human communications. At the very low end of the spectrum are signals that are transmitted over 30Hz. One of te most important benefits of a very low frequency is that it travels much farther than a high frequency before it loses power. Also the faster bit rate the more power consumed. For example:- Submarine requires 20,000 watts of power on each end to work. High frequency waves such as x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays are not good to human.

Because of that problems we are using middle of the electronic spectrum such as Radio waves, microwave ,infrared and visible light portions of the spectrum for telecommunication purposes. Radio waves are used for multicast communication, such as radio, television and paging systems. They can penetrate through walls, highly regulated use Omni directional antennas. Micro waves are used for unicas communication such as cellular phones, satellite networks and wireless land high frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls. And also its used for directional antennas. IR is used for short-range wireless communications and in astronomy. Computers, PDAs, and remote controls use Infrared Data Association (IrDA) technology. Devices must be in line-of-sight (LOS) and the data transmitted must be short.

Optical fiber is suitable for large distances because light propagates with little attenuation. It is used for a large amount of data traffic. Visible light communications (VLC) is a new technology that uses light that is visible to human eyes. It must be line-of-sight and suffers from interference from other light sources

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1.1 Let the repeater system in fig.1 have Pin = 0.5W, a = 2 dB/km, and a total path length of 50 km. fine the amplifier gains and the location of the repeater so that Pout = 50mW and the signal power at the input to each amplifier equals 20W.

g2 Pin=0.5W

g4

P1 l1
Figure 1.3 Repeater system

P2 l2

P3

Pout=50mW

Total path length is 50 km so, l1 + l2 = 50 km Loss = attenuation*length

Signal power at the input to each amplifier equals 20W so,

So [Type text] Page 5

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First cable sections length is 22 km

Second cable sections length is 28 km.

Gain of the second amplifier

20W

g4
P3

50mW

So

So At the second cable section

g3
P2 P3

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Gain of the first amplifier

P1

g2

P2

3. A 400 km repeater system consists of n identical cable with a = 0.4 dB/km and identical amplifiers with 30 dB maximum again. Find the required number of sections and the gain per amplifier so that Pout = 50mW when Pin = 2W.

L Pin= 2W

g Pout= 50mW 400km

Figure 1.4 Repeater system Maximum amplifiers gain = 30dB So 1

Loss of one cable section: ( )

) 2

( ) ( )

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So,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3

Substitute Equation 1 & 2 to the above equation So,

3.

5.33 = n So the number of required section is 5

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Total gain of repeater system:

So gain of one cable section:

Task 02 1. Briefly explain how noise plays a role in telecommunication

Noises are divided into two groups.

Internal noise Thermal noise Shot noise Flicker noise

External noise

Natural noise Man-made or artificial noise

Commonly external noise can arise from the natural origins. Virtually all electrical and electronic devices emit electromagnetic waves as by producing their operation. Motors, switches, and power lines are all sources of this noise, which is called radio frequency interference. Every time ordinary light switch is turned on or off, the flow of electricity is suddenly started or stops. When the sudden on or off frequency components radiated from the switch and house wiring, which act as a transmitter and antenna. This kind of noise is called impulse noise.

Another major external noise source is ac power line. Power line is inducing signal into adjacent wires in 50 Hz. This interference 50Hz is enters the communication system and corrupts the desired signals. As this noise is a single frequency component, it can remove from the desired signal with filters. Other signal source is any transmitter or signal source can be noise source to other system. So a operating transmitter can affect a nearby system. The nearby circuit adds this external signal and desired signal and making a new signal. This phenomenon is called RF saturation or front end overload, when a strong signal at another frequency and saturates the front end of the receiver that is designed for very weak signal and providing very large amplification.

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Many sources of external noises are not manmade. They come from natural events in atmosphere or outer spaces. Lightening and static electro charges in the air are causing noise. It is similar to sudden on or off switches but it is more powerful. If there is no lightening or storm near to communication system that is not mean there will not be any noises in communication system. At that time somewhere in the earth a lightening or storm will happen. Because of this event, atmospheric discharging is happening. Therefore, noise will remain at any time in the communication.

2. A telephone network has a bandwidth of 3.4 kHz.

a) Calculate the capacity of the channel for a signal-to-noise ratio of 30dB.

Capacity of the channel defined as:

B = bandwidth S/N = Signal-to-noise ratio

) ( )

Capacity of the channel is

b) Calculate the minimum Signal-to-noise ratio required for information transmission through the channel at the rate of 4800 bits/s.

) ( )

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( ( ( ) ) )

Required Signal-to-noise ratio is c) Calculate the minimum Signal-to-noise ratio required for information transmission through the channel at the rate of 9600 bits/s. ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) )

Required Signal-to-noise ratio is 4. A communication channel with a bandwidth of 4 kHz has a signal power to noise ratio of 7. The bandwidth is reduced by 25%. How much should the signal increased to maintain the same channel capacity.

If the S/N = 7 and bandwidth = 4 kHz, then channel capacity is:

( (

) )

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If the bandwidth is reduced by 25%, then the bandwidth will be 3 kHz. If the bandwidth = 3 kHz and channel capacity = ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) , then the S/N is:

To maintain the same channel capacity signal should increased by

Task 3 1. Let x (t) be the normalized message signal as shown in figure 3 . Sketch X c (t) and indicate the envelope in following cases. Identify locations where any phase reversals occur.

a) = 1 b) < 1 b) > 1 d) DSB

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b) < 1 c ) > 1

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d)

DSB

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2. Describe how modulation plays a major role in telecommunication and Discuss the advantages of DSB-SC over AM

Modulation is an essential element in communications. It enables many independent messages to be sent over a communication channel. Here we have to discuss about FM (Frequency Modulation) and AM (Amplitude Modulation) Modulation and its inverse demodulation, make it possible to tune in to one radio or TV program when many are on the air.

Information-bearing signal Recovered signal Modulator Channel Demodulator

Carrier Figure 3.1The modulation and demodulation

As we have seen, any signal can be represented as the sum of sinusoids of different frequencies The bandwidth of the signal is the range of frequencies of these constituent sine waves. A signal can be shifted up or down in frequency by shifting the frequencies of its components. Consider a signal with sinusoidal component frequencies extending from zero to some upper limit W. Such a signal is commonly called a baseband signal. It is the basic signal that we start off with, in transmitting information. The baseband signal represents the signal in its original frequency range.

A signal can be shifted from its baseband range of frequencies to a higher frequency range without altering its information content. A baseband signal from 0 to 4 kHz for example,might be shifted to the 60 to 64 kHz range. Shifting signals from their baseband range of frequencies to another, higher range of frequencies is accomplished through modulation. The shifting may be done linearly or nonlinearly. Communication systems most often do not carry signals in baseband form. There are several reasons for this. The need to carry multiple signals over a channel. Suppose we have a single channel between two distant cities, and we wish to transmit more than one signal over this. If we transmitted one signal at baseband frequencies, we would use up the frequency range and will not be able to transmit another baseband signal. In such a case, with baseband transmission, each signal must be sent over a different pair of wires.

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In continuous wave modulation schemes, the information-bearing signal (the modulating signal) varies a sinusoidal signal of a much higher frequency, called a carrier signal. The variation may be in amplitude, frequency or phase. In traditional continuous wave modulation schemes, both the modulating signal as well as the carrier are analog signals. In pulse modulation schemes, the carrier is a periodic pulse train whose pulse widths, positions or amplitudes are varied by the information-bearing signal which is analog. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is described in Annex A. Even though it is not correct to say that this is a modulation scheme in the same sense as the other techniques. Advantages of DSB-SC
In DSB-SC because carrier is suppressed, power consumption is reduced and nominal. The power in the modulated signal is contained in all four sidebands.

The bandwidth of the DSB-SC signal is doubles that of the message signal

3.Calculate the transmitted power of an AM with 90 percent tone modulation and peak envelope power 30 kW.

P = Power of Am Ac = amplitude =1

Sx = signal power or peak envelope power = 30 kW = modulation index = 0.9

So the transmitted power of an Am wave is 12150.5W [Type text] Page 16

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Reference

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What is_the_noise_factor_in_the_communication_process#ixzz1Tb41TaNY Types of Noise in Communication | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_5217735_typesnoise-communication.html#ixzz1Tb6WNQdI

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_DSBSC_modulation#ixzz1V5ijDkLV

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