Research Proposal: (Synopsis) 1. Area / Specialization of The Research Work

Performance evaluation and feasibility study of the agro-horticultural waste as adsorbent for the removal of Chromium from tannery
wastewater.
Pushpendra Kumar Sharma, Env.Sc & Engg.
Research Proposal
(SYNOPSIS) 1. Area / specialization of the research work: Environmental Science and Engineering/Waste Water Treatment 2. Topic of Research work: Performance evaluation and feasibility study of the agro-horticultural waste as adsorbent for the removal of Chromium from tannery wastewater. 3. Introduction: Rapid industrialization and population growth in developing countries has resulted generation of large quantities of waste water and causing problems of their disposal and accelerating the flux of heavy metals like nickel, manganese, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, mercury and chromium etc, which are posing a serious threat to the environment by virtue of discharging effluents of polluting nature. Heavy metal contamination exists in aqueous wastes of many industries, such as metal plating, mining operations, chloralkali, radiator manufacturing, smelting, alloy industries, storage batteries industries, electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints and leather tanning industries etc. (Kadirvelu, K., 2001). Though some of these metals are necessary to growth of biological life and absence of sufficient quantities of these could limit their growth, but excessive release of these heavy metals into the environment has posed a great problem worldwide. The presence of any of the above mentioned heavy metals in excessive quantity interferes with many usages of water because of their toxicity and also causes adverse effects on humans, animals and plants. Unlike organic pollutants, the majority of which are susceptible to biological degradation, heavy metal ions do not degrade into harmless end products (Gupta, V.K., 2001). Among all these heavy metals pollution by chromium is of considerable concern as the metal has found wide spread use in electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, leather tanning industries etc. Chromium has a large influence upon drinking water quality also. Chromium (VI) causes many harmful effects on human beings such as nausea, vomiting, epiesgestric pain, severe diarrhea, hemorrhage, dermatitis by skin contact, nasal mucous membrane, ulcer, lung cancer, tissue necrosis etc. High concentrations of chromium also effects aquatic life. Fish production is greatly reduced at high concentrations; chromium accumulates in fish tissues and reaches to consumers. Gold fish and trout are killed at a concentration of 180 mg/l. Soil contamination by chromium may also lead to various environmental problems. Soil fertility is also reduced if chromium-bearing effluents are discharged on lands. At higher concentrations chromium has its toxic effects on microorganisms responsible for the treatments of wastewaters during biological processes. Even a small concentration of 1-10 mg/l may affect nitrification and the general performance of the sewage treatment plant.
Performance evaluation and feasibility study of the agro-horticultural waste as adsorbent for the removal of Chromium from tannery wastewater.
Therefore, it is desirable to measure and control the concentrations of these substances. Treatment processes for heavy metal removal from wastewater include precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, adsorption, and co precipitation/adsorption etc. Chromium (III) may precipitate as hydroxide. Coagulation is not a very effective mechanism of chromium (VI) removal. When iron sulphate is applied chromium (VI) may be reduced to chromium (III) by means of iron ions, and it can then be removed. This method is however very unusual in drinking water preparation. Agra is one of the leading manufacturing centers for production of footwear and leather materials. Hundreds of small and large industries are manufacturing different types of shoes and leather goods. Besides tanneries, rapid industrialization is resulting in a number of metal plating industries around Agra. These industries use moderate quantity of various processes and discharge highly toxic wastes containing various heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel, silver and chromium etc. Effluents from tanneries and electroplating industries are in considerable volumes and highly toxic in nature. Despite of ETPs installed in more many, there are number of tanning industries still discharging their effluents directly in to the drains, joining Yamuna river and posing threat to Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). The treatment of chromium bearing effluents have been reported through several methods as mentioned above, but most of these methods need high capital and operational costs. However among these, adsorption is found to be high effective, inexpensive and easy method to operate and the adsorption by activated carbon is a popular one for decades (Chand, S., 1994). However activated carbon is an expensive material therefore there is a need for the safe and economical methods for the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters which can lead to production of low cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon. Therefore there is an urgent need that all possible sources of agro-horticultural based inexpensive adsorbents be explored and their feasibility for the removal of chromium should be studied in detail. Keeping this in mind preset study is proposed to explore the feasibility agro-based inexpensive adsorbents for the removal of chromium from tannery industries in comparison to other methods. 3.1 Aims and objectives of research work: Even after two Yamuna Action Plans and spending of hundreds of crores of rupees on various projects, the holy river Yamuna which is the only source of drinking water supply for Agra continues to remain highly polluted. The pollution effects of tanneries effluents are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Toxicity to fish and other aquatic life. Corrosion in sewer pipes. Difficulties in sewage treatment processes Pollution of ground water and nearby surface waters and Soil pollution and reduction in fertility id disposed on land
Recently the use of adsorption technique for the removal of heavy metals has got global attention. Most of the previous work highlights the use of commercially available activated carbon. These adsorbents are relatively expensive and less feasible to use in developing countries. India is an
2
agricultural country and generates considerable amount of agricultural and horticultural wastes such as sugarcane bagassess, mausami/orange bagassess, coconut jute, coconut shell, rice straw, rice husk, wheat husk, waste tea leaves, ground nut husk, crop waste, ginger waste, mango waste, neem waste, potato waste, almond waste, neem bark, babool bark, dry leaves, bamboo and wood dust etc. Successful studies on these materials could be beneficial to the developing countries and could be easily incorporated in the development of useful technologies. Keeping these in view an attempt has been made in this study to use low cost agro-horticultural wastes as adsorbents viz. neem bark, mango bark, mango waste, ginger waste and ground nut husk for the removal of chromium from electroplating and tanneries wastewater. 4. Methodology of the research work: (A)Wastewaters: (1) Laboratory ( Synthetic) Wastewater: The laboratory wastewater has been prepared by dissolving a known amount of potassium dichromate in a known volume of distilled water in order to have waste of uniform and similar characteristics and to avoid interference with other elements. For 1000 mg/l-hexavelent-chromium concentration 2.282 g K2Cr2O7 (AR Grade) is dissolved in 1.0 L of distilled water. (2) Actual wastewater: The characteristics of electroplating and tanneries effluents are given below: (i) Physicochemical characteristics of electroplating waste water (Ajmal.et.al, 1992) Parameters Color Temperature pH Turbidity Total solids Suspended solids Dissolved solids Chloride Fluoride Cyanide DO BOD COD Cr Cu Zn Cd Ni Values Yellowish 28 8.93 180 2135 214 1921 162 1.8 1.8 2.5 33.0 108 50.8 3.14 56.30 0.03 10.00
3
units --- C ---FTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
(ii) Physicochemical characteristics of tannery waste water (. APAYDIN* Parameters pH Chloride Electrical Conductivity Sulfide COD BOD5 Total Chromium Ammonia-N SS Volatile SS (B) ADSORBENTS: Values 7.4 6520 21.63 (at 20oC) 440 3700 1470 22 180 2690 1260
et.al, 2009) Units mg-1 mS cm-1 mg l-1 mg l-1 mg l-1 mg l-1 mg l-1 mg l-1 mg l-1
Ginger waste: In the present study the juice extracted residue of ginger is taken as adsorbent, which is washed several times to remove dust and other soluble impurities. After crushing and grinding it was sieved to obtain average particles of 225 mesh (Indian Standard Sieve). It is then washed several times with distilled water again. Finally it is dried in an oven at 50 0C for at least 6 hours. Mango waste: The hard shell of mango fruit waste and mango bark is first dried at a temperature of 1000C for 6 hours. After grinding it was sieved to obtain average particle size of 225 mesh (Indian Standard Sieve). It is then washed several times with distilled water to remove dust and colour. Finally it is dried again in an oven at 500C for 6 hours. Neem waste: The hard shell of neem fruit waste and neem bark is first dried at a temperature of 1000C for 6 hours. After grinding it was sieved to obtain average particle size of 225 mesh (Indian Standard Sieve). It is then washed several times with distilled water to remove dust and color. Finally it is dried again in an oven at 500C for 6 hours.
Potato waste: The waste potato from cold storage and potato waste will be first dried at 500C for at least 6 hours. After crushing and grinding it was sieved to obtain average particles of 225 mesh (Indian Standard Sieve). It is then washed several times with distilled water. Finally it is dried in an oven at 50 0C for at least 6 hours. Almond waste: The almond nut shell was first dried at temperature 1500C for 6 hours. After grinding it was sieved to obtain average particle size of 225 mesh (Indian Standard Sieve). It is then washed several times with distilled water to remove dust and color. Finally it is dried again in an oven at 500C for 6 hours.
4
Petha waste: The petha waste will be first dried at 500C for at least 10hours. After crushing and grinding it was sieved to obtain average particles of 225 mesh (Indian Standard Sieve). It is then washed several times with distilled water. Finally it is dried in an oven at 50 0C for at least 10 hours. Mausami/orange bagassess: The mausami/orange bagassess will be first dried at 500C for at least 6hours. After crushing and grinding it was sieved to obtain average particles of 225 mesh (Indian Standard Sieve). It is then washed several times with distilled water. Finally it is dried in an oven at 50 0C for at least 6 hours.
(C) BATCH AND COLUMN STUDIES: Out of all the adsorbents discussed above through a comparison of chromium removal efficiency the best three adsorbents will be decided first. In order to understand the adsorption behavior and adsorption potential, a number of batch studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, concentration of metal, temperature variation, and agitation speed. During these studies wastewater containing various concentrations of Cr (VI) has been prepared from the stock solution and kept separately in glass stoppered conical flasks. Then suitable doses of adsorbent have been added to the waste water. The system is equilibrated by shaking the contents of the flasks at room temperature so that adequate time of contact between adsorbent and the metal is maintained. The suspension is filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and the filtrate is analyzed to evaluate the concentration of Cr (VI) metal in the treated waste water by using Atomic Adsorption Photometer (GBC 902). All the analyses have been carried out according to the Standard Methods. Based on the results obtained from the batch experiments, it will be possible to propose and develop scheme for Cr (VI) removal with continuous flow type reactors. 5. A brief review of the work: (National and International): New Technologies in Chromium Removal from Wastewater A Novel Technology for Biosorption and Recovery Hexavalent Chromium in Wastewater by Bio-Functional Magnetic Beads The goal of this study was to develop an applied technique for the removal and recovery of heavy metal in wastewater. It is novel that the Cr(VI) could be adsorbed and recovered by bio-functional magnetic beads. Furthermore, the magnetic separation technology would make their separation more convenient. The beads were constituted by the powder of Rhizopus cohnii and Fe3O4 particles coated with alginate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The parameters effecting Cr(VI) removal were obtained: the optimum pH 1.0 and optimum temperature 28 C. The biosorption took place mainly in form of Cr(VI) and R. cohnii biomass played a key role in Cr(VI) adsorption. The groups of , , and NH played an important role in the Cr(VI) adsorption. Consequently, the beads exhibited the superior performances in Cr(VI) cleanup, separation and recovery and the
5
perspective potential in application.Candida sp.was also found to be efficient in the removal of chromium ions in wastewater (Flor de Mara Guilln-Jimnez, et al., and Jinshao Yeet al., 2008) Effect of Rhamnolipids on Chromium-Contaminated Kaolinite Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is a common environmental pollutant that is treated by its reduction to the trivalent form Cr(III). The latter can be re-oxidized to the toxic form, Cr(VI), under specific conditions. A study was conducted on the removal of Cr(III) to eliminate the hazard imposed by its presence in soil as there has been some evidence that organic compounds can decrease its sorption. The effect of addition of negatively-charged biosurfactants (rhamnolipids) on chromium contaminated kaolinite was studied. Results showed that the rhamnolipids have the capability of extracting 25% portion of the stable form of chromium, Cr(III), from the kaolinite, under optimal conditions. The removal of hexavalent chromium was also enhanced compared to water by a factor of 2 using a solution of rhamnolipids. Results from the sequential extraction procedure showed that rhamnolipids remove Cr(III) mainly from the carbonate and oxide/hydroxide portions of the kaolinite. The rhamnolipids had also the capability of reducing close to 100% of the extracted Cr(VI) to Cr(III) over a period of 24 days. This study indicated that rhamnolipids could be beneficial for the removal or long-term conversion of chromium Cr(VI) to Cr(III), (Hafez Massara; et al 2007) Removal of Chromium from Water and Wastewater by Ion Exchange Resins Removal of chromium from water and wastewater is obligatory in order to avoid water pollution. Batch shaking adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of IRN77 and SKN1 cation exchange resins in the removal of chromium from aqueous solutions. The percentage removal of chromium was examined by varying experimental conditions viz., dosage of adsorbent, pH of the solution and contact time. It was found that more than 95% removal was achieved under optimal conditions. The adsorption capacity (k) for chromium calculated from the Freundlich adsorption isotherm was found to be 35.38 and 46.34 mg/g for IRN77 and SKN1 resins, respectively. The adsorption of chromium on these cation exchange resins follows the first-order reversible kinetics. The ion exchange resins investigated in this study showed reversible uptake of chromium and, thus, have good application potential for the removal/recovery of chromium from aqueous solutions. (Rengaraj S, et al, 2001) Modified Activated Carbon for the Removal of Copper, Zinc, Chromium and Cyanide from Wastewater Modified activated carbon are carbonaceous adsorbents which have tetrabutyl ammonium iodide (TBAI) and sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate (SDDC) immobilised at their surface. This study investigates the adsorption of toxic ions, copper, zinc, chromium and cyanide on these adsorbents that have undergone surface modification with tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA) and SDDC in wastewater applications. The modification technique enhance the removal capacity of carbon and therefore decreases cost-effective removal of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI) and CN from metal finishing (electroplating unit) wastewater. Two separate fixed bed modified activated carbon columns were used; TBA-carbon column for cyanide removal and SDDC-carbon column for multi-species metal ions (Cu, Zn, Cr) removal. Wastewater from electroplating unit containing 37 mg l1 Cu, 27 mg l1 Zn, 9.5 mg l1 Cr and 40 mg l1 CN was treated through the modified columns. A total CN removal was achieved when using the TBA-carbon column with a removal capacity of 29.2
6
mg g1 carbon. The TBA-carbon adsorbent was found to have an effective removal capacity of approximately five times that of plain carbon. Using SDDC-carbon column, Cu, Zn and Cr metal ions were eliminated with a removal capacity of 38, 9.9 and 6.84 mg g1, respectively. The SDDCcarbon column has an effective removal capacity for Cu (four times), Zn (four times) and Cr (two times) greater than plain carbon.( Lotfi Monser and Nafa Adhoum, 2002) Removal of Chromium (VI) from Wastewater by Combined Electrocoagulation Electroflotation without a Filter A combined electrocoagulation and electroflotation process was designed to reduce Cr6+ to Cr3+ first and then to remove the total Cr from wastewater to a value below 0.5 mg/L. Acidic condition was employed in the reduction of Cr6+ and neutral conditions were found to be beneficial for the coagulation of the precipitates of Cr(OH)3 and Fe(OH)3. The formation of Fe(OH)3 was ensured by sparging compressed air in the coagulation unit through a draft tube. The air not only oxidizes Fe2+ produced electrically, but also helps to mix the water for a better coagulation of the particles. The two-stage electroflotation arrangement can separate the solids from the wastewater to a value of less than 3 mg/L with total Cr less than 0.5 mg/L. The residence time required is about 1.2 h. The optimal conditions for the treatment are: charge loading about 2.5 Faradays/m3 water, pH value in the coagulation unit is 58. The power consumption is less than 1 kW h/m3 water at the conductivity of 1.5 mS/cm. When aluminum ions are either added or produced in situ in the coagulation unit, the treated wastewater can be discharged without any filtration.(Ping Gao, et al, 2005) Trivalent Chromium Removal from Wastewater Using Low Cost Activated Carbon Derived from Agricultural Waste Material and Activated Carbon Fabric Cloth An efficient adsorption process is developed for the decontamination of trivalent chromium from tannery effluents. A low cost activated carbon (ATFAC) was prepared from coconut shell fibers (an agricultural waste), characterized and utilized for Cr(III) removal from water/wastewater. A commercially available activated carbon fabric cloth (ACF) was also studied for comparative evaluation. All the equilibrium and kinetic studies were conducted at different temperatures, particle size, pHs, and adsorbent doses in batch mode. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied. The Langmuir model best fit the equilibrium isotherm data. The maximum adsorption capacities of ATFAC and ACF at 25 C are 12.2 and 39.56 mg/g, respectively. Cr(III) adsorption increased with an increase in temperature (10 C: ATFAC10.97 mg/g, ACF 36.05 mg/g; 40 C: ATFAC16.10 mg/g, ACF40.29 mg/g). The kinetic studies were conducted to delineate the effect of temperature, initial adsorbate concentration, particle size of the adsorbent, and solid to liquid ratio. The adsorption of Cr(III) follows the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. From kinetic studies various rate and thermodynamic parameters such as effective diffusion coefficient, activation energy and entropy of activation were evaluated. The sorption capacity of activated carbon (ATFAC) and activated carbon fabric cloth is comparable to many other adsorbents/carbons/biosorbents utilized for the removal of trivalent chromium from water/wastewater.(Dinesh Mohan, et al, 2006) Removal of Lead and Chromium from Wastewater Using Bagasse Fly Ash-A Sugar Industry Waste
An inexpensive and effective adsorbent was developed from bagasse fly ash, obtained from a sugar industry, for the dynamic uptake of lead and chromium. Lead and chromium are sorbed by the developed adsorbent up to 9698%. The removal of these two metal ions up to 9596% was achieved by column experiments at a flow rate of 0.5 ml min1.The adsorption was found to be exothermic in nature. The adsorbent was successfully tried for the removal of lead and chromium from wastewater in our laboratory.The developed system for the removal of two ions is very useful, economic, rapid, and reproducible.( GuptaV. K and Imran Ali, 2004) Several researchers have been working on the heavy metals removal by adsorption using various adsorbents. Some relevant informations available in the literature for the removal of heavy metals using agro-based based adsorbents are given below: ISI and WHO have fixed considering the toxicity the maximum tolerance limit for total chromium for public water supply and for bathing ghats at 0.05 mg/l (Shri Chand, et al., 1994). In industrial wastewater mostly the chromium is found in two forms, one is hexavalent and the other is trivalent, whereas the hexavalent form is more common and hazardous to biological activities (Shri. Chand). Exposure of human beings to these chrome bearing. Mr. Sohail Ayub and Syed Iqbal (1998) reviewed the earlier work for the removal of heavy metals using agricultural waste products. Gupta, Srivastava et al. (1997) used activated carbon developed for fertilizer waste for the removal Hg (II), Cr (VI), Pb (II) and Cu (II). Singh and Mishra (1992) used saw dust coated with the iron hexamine gel for the removal of certain heavy metals such as Hg (II), Pb (II), Cr (VI), Ni (II), Cd (II) and Cu (II). Bhalke, Tripati et al. (1999) studied the uptake of heavy metals including fertile uranium and fission products strontium and cesium by using sunflower plant dry powder at pH 2.5, 4.0 and 7.5. M. Rao et al. (1999) studied the removal of various pollutants from its aqueous waste by adsorption using various low cost adsorbents. Manju and Anirudhan (1990) investigated the removal of Cr (VI) using coconut fiber pith (CFP). Raji and Anirudhan (1998) used saw dust charcoal for the removal hexavalent chromium. Patnaik and Das (1995) used blast furnace flue dust generated in the steel plants for the removal of hexavalent chromium. Sharma Y.C. (1996) studied the foundry material for the removal of Cr (VI). A.Y. Talokar(2011) studied efficiency evaluation of non-conventional low cost adsorbents such as Fly ash powder, Bagasse, W.Straw Dust, SD, and Coconut coir as compared to the powder activated carbon for the removal of chromium from aqueous solution. The efficiency of the adsorbents for the removal of chromium was investigated. The efficiency of adsorbent used is found in the order of PAC>Bagasse>FA>SD>WSD>Coconut coir. The effect of chromium solution PH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial chromium concentration and adsorbent
8
meshsize on adsorption were studied in a batch experiment. Fly ash, Bagasse, W.S.D, SD, & Coconut coir were the most active at pH-6 , which is closer to pH of chromium bearing industrial waste as compared to the pH 2.0 of PAC. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of chromium were analysed in the light of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The ultimate adsorption capacity for the adsorbents PAC, Bagasse,FA, S.D., W.S.D & Coconut coir found out are 4.97 mg/gm, 4.91mg/gm, 4.90mg/gm, 4.89 mg/gm, 4.77mg/gm and 4.56 mg/gm respectively by column studies. The adsorption process is being widely used by various researchers for the removal of heavy metals from waste streams and activated carbon has been frequently used as an adsorbent. Despite its extensive use in the water and wastewater treatment industries, activated carbon remains an expensive material. In recent years, the need for safe and economical methods for the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters has necessitated research interest towards the production of low cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon. Therefore there is an urgent need that all possible sources of agro-based inexpensive adsorbents should be explored and their feasibility for the removal of heavy metals should be studied in detail. The objective of this study is to contribute in the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for various agricultural waste by-products such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, oil palm shell, coconut shell, coconut husk etc. for the elimination of heavy metals from wastewater.( Nasim Ahmad Khan, 2004) Reviews of some agricultural adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater are presented as follows. Rice husk Rice husk is an agricultural waste material generated in rice producing countries, especially in Asia. The annual world rice production is approximately 500 million metric tons, of which 10 20% is rice husk. Dry rice husk contains 70 85% of organic matter (lignin, cellulose, sugars, etc) and the remainder consists of silica, which is present in the cellular membrane (Vempati,et al, 1995). In recent years, attention has been focused on the utilization of unmodified or modified rice husk as an adsorbent for the removal of pollutants. (Wong, K.K., et al, 2003) using tartaric acid modified rice husk as adsorbent have carried out batch studies for the removal of lead and copper and reported the effects of various parameters such as pH, initial concentration of adsorbate, particle size, temperature etc. It was reported that modified rice husk is a potentially useful material for the removal of Cu and Pb from aqueous solutions. The rapid uptake and high adsorption capacity make it a very attractive alternative adsorption material. It was also shown that the uptake of Cu and Pb was maximum when pH was increased from 2 to 3, thereafter remained relatively constant. Adsorption behaviour of Ni (II), Zn (II), Cd (II), and Cr (VI) on untreated and phosphate treated rice husk (PRH). (Ajmal, et al, 2003) showed that adsorption of Ni (II) and Cd (II) was greater when PRH was used as adsorbent. Adsorption of Cd (II) was dependent on contact time, concentration, temperature, adsorbent doses and pH of the solution. It was also reported that the maximum adsorption (> 90%) was obtained at a pH value of 12.
(Srinivasan K., 1998) studied on chromium removal by rice husk carbon. The activated carbon prepared by carbonization of rice husk with sulphuric acid followed by CO2 activation showed 88% removal of total chromium and greater than 99% removal of hexavalent chromium. Column studies showed capacity of 8.9 mg/g and 6.3 mg/g for rice husk and commercial carbons respectively, for Cr (VI) removal. (Suemitsu R.,et al, 1986) studied on the use of dyestuff-treated rice husk for removal of heavy metal from waste water. Rice hulls, when coated with the reactive dye of Procion Red or Procion Yellow, was found to be highly effective for removal of many metal ions from aqueous solutions both in batch and column methods. The high removals for red dyestuff-treated husk are on lead (II) and cadmium (II) at 99.8% and 99.2% respectively, for yellow dyestuff treated husk are on lead (II) and mercury (II) at 100% and 93.3% respectively. (Munaf E., et al 1997) studied the use of rice husk for removal of toxic metals from wastewater. They have reported, at optimal conditions, the chromium, zinc, copper and cadmium ion removals from aqueous solution and stated as 79%, 85%, 80% and 85% respectively. (Roy D.,et al, 1993) studied on adsorption of heavy metals by green algae and ground rice hulls. They concluded that, metal adsorption by algal and rice hull biomass, from the aqueous test systems, was greater than 90% for all the metals tested, (Sr, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co, Cr, As) except Ni, for which removal was nearly 80%. (Guo, Y., et al, 2002) studied on adsorption of Cr(VI) on micro- and mesoporous rice husk-based activated carbon. They have concluded that the rice husk carbon is a good sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution range from 5 to 60 mg/l with adsorbent dose of 0.8 g/l at pH < 5 under the minimum equilibration time of 2 hours. There is a sharp decrease in adsorption above pH 5.0 and the adsorption in the higher pH range would be negligible. Maximum reported adsorption is > 95% removal of Cr(VI). A study on utilization of agro-residues (rice husk) in small waste water treatment plans was done by (Daifullah, et al, 2003). They have characterized and evaluated two types of sorbents made from rice husk. The efficiency of both sorbents in the removal of the complex matrix containing six heavy metal was nearly 100%. These metals are Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb, which are found in the drain containing the agricultural and sewage wastewater. (Subramaniam, P., et al, 2004) studied on raw rice on the removal of Cr(VI). The overall result indicated that the maximum removal (66%) of Cr(VI) for raw rice husk was obtained at pH 2, when it is given adsorbent dose of 70 g/l for 2 hours. It has also showed good fit to Freundlich isotherm with 1/n value of 2.863. Sugarcane Bagasse Bagasse pitch is a waste product from sugar refining industry. It is the name given to the residual cane pulp remaining after sugar has been extracted. Bagasse pitch is composed largely of cellulose, pentosan, and lignin (Mohan D.,et al, 2002). (Peternele, W.S., et al, 1999) studied on adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb(II) onto functionalized formic lignin from sugar cane bagasse. They have stated that the Pb (II) adsorption process obeys Langmuirs model and Cd (II) presents adsorption in multilayer, especially when the temperature
10
is higher than 30C. When ionic strength increases, the maximum adsorption capacity diminishes. The carboxymethylated lignin from sugar cane bagasse can adsorb Pb(II) selectively rather than Cd(II) under special conditions (pH 6.0, 30C, and ionic strength of 0.1 mol/dm3), when both ions are present in the mixture. Factorial analysis of Pb(II) adsorption suggests that temperature is the most important factor in single system and adsorption increases with increasing temperature. (Mohan D.,et al, 2002) carried out research on single- and multicomponent adsorption of cadmium and zinc using activated carbon derived from bagasse. They have reported that the removal of Cd(II) and Zn(II) is found to increase as pH increases beyond 2 and at pH > 8.0 the uptake is 100%. It is also evident that the sorption affinity of the derived activated carbon towards Cd(II) and Zn(II) is comparable or better than other available adsorbents. Therefore cost wise the activated carbon prepared would be cheaper than the commercially available ones. (Khan N.A., et al, 2001) reported that at an adsorbent dose of 0.8 g / 50 ml is sufficient to remove 80 100% Cr(VI) from aqueous solution having an initial metal concentration of 20mg/l at a pH value of 1 but the efficiency reduced sharply to 15% at pH 3. (Chand, S., et al 1994) studied the removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater by adsorption. Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous waste was investigated using adsorption based on bagasse and coconut jute. The effect of solution pH, Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time were studied in a batch experiment. The removal was in general most effective at low pH values and low Cr(VI) concentration. Activated coconut jute carbon was the most active among the four adsorbents studied. It was fairly stable even at higher pH. This was followed by activated bagasse carbon, raw bagasse and bagasse ash respectively. The maximum removal obtained was around 99.8 percent at pH 2. Sawdust Studies on removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from electroplating waste were carried out by (Ajmal, M.,et al 1996). Phosphate treated sawdust (PSD) showed remarkable increase in sorption capacity of Cr (VI) as compared to untreated sawdust. Adsorption of Cr (VI) on PSD is highly pH dependent. The maximum adsorption of Cr (VI) is observed at pH 2. The adsorption of Cr (VI) remains at maximum (100%) even at a pH less than 2. The adsorption densities in general decrease as the adsorbent dose is increased from 0.2 to 3g. 100% removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic wastewater as well as from actual electroplating waste containing 50 mg/l Cr (VI) was achieved by batch as well as by column process. The adsorbed chromium can be recovered by using 0.01 M NaOH solution. (Selvi K.,et al, 2001) studied the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coconut tree sawdust for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Batch mode adsorption studies were carried out by varying agitation time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, carbon concentration and pH. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applied to model the adsorption data. Adsorption capacity was calculated from the Langmuir isotherm and was 3.46 mg/g at initial pH of 3.0 for particle size 125-250 m. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was pH dependent and maximum removal was observed in the acidic pH range. Soybean hulls, cottonseed hulls, rice bran and straw
11
(Marshall W.E., et al, 1999) did a study on metal adsorption by soybean hulls modified with citric acid. A method was developed to enhance metal ion adsorption of soybean hulls for wastewater treatment using copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH, were modified with different citric acid (CA) concentration (0.1 1.2 M) at 120C for 90 minutes. CAmodified hulls had adsorption capacities for Cu2+ from 0.68 to 2.44 m moles/g, which was much higher than for unmodified hulls (0.39 m moles/g). They have also concluded that, soybean hulls treated with sodium hydroxide and modified with citric acid, especially at concentration of 0.6 M and above removed over 1.7 m moles of copper ion from solution per g of hulls. This is due to the increase in carboxyl group imparted onto the hulls by reaction with citric acid. (Marshall W.E., et al, 1995) stated that soybean hulls contains (mg/g dry weight basis) protein, lipid ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses and silica which are 109, 10.0, 36.4, 49.1, 676, 137, and < 10 respectively They studied on agricultural byproducts as adsorbents for metal ions in laboratory prepared solutions and in manufacturing wastewaster. Byproduct of soybean and cottonseed hulls, rice straw and sugarcane bagasse were evaluated as metal ion adsorbents in aqueous solutions. Adsorption capacities were determined by adsorption isotherms using the Langmuir model. Their adsorption capacities for Zn (II) were: soybean hulls > cottonseed hulls > rice straw > sugarcane bagasse. Capacities varied from 0.52 to 0.06 meq/g dry weight of byproduct. (Marshall W.E., et al, 1996) did a study on agricultural by-products as metal adsorbents to find the sorption properties and resistance to mechanical abrasion. Defatted rice bran, soybean and cottonseed hulls were evaluated for their sorption properties and resistance to mechanical abrasion in consideration of their potential use as commercial metal adsorbents. These by-product were evaluated using both laboratory prepared solution and metal plating wastewater for their ability to adsorb Zn (II) and/or Cu (II) and Ni (II). Extrusion stabilized, pilot plant-prepared brans had greater adsorption capacities and adsorption efficiencies than expander stabilized, commercially available bran. NaOH- and HClwashed soybean and cottonseed hulls had generally higher adsorption efficiencies than water-washed (control) hulls, but had higher or lower adsorption capacities, respectively, than water-washed hulls. Heat treated cottonseed and soybean hulls had lower adsorption properties than water-washed hulls. Reuse of hulls after one adsorption/desorption cycle resulted in a large decrease in adsorption capacity which classified hulls as single-use adsorbents when desorbed with HCl. Other agricultural waste by-products (Quek, S.Y., et al, 1998) in their study on the use of sago waste for the sorption of lead and copper. Sago processing waste, which is both a waste and a pollutant, was used to adsorb lead and copper ions from solution. The sorption process was examined in terms of its equilibria and kinetics. The most effective pH range was found to be 4 to 5.5 for both metals. The equilibria data for both metals fitted both the Langmuir and the Freundlich models and based on the Langmuir constants, the sago waste had a greater sorption capacity for lead (46.6 mg/g) than copper (12.4 mg/g). The kinetic studies showed that the sorption rates could be described well by a second-order expression than by the more commonly applied Lagergren equation. (Kadirvelu, K., et al, 2003) studied on utilization of various agricultural wastes for activated carbon preparation and application for the removal of dyes and metal ions from aqueous solution. Mercury (II) and nickel (II) were used in
12
the study for various adsorbents. Activated carbon was prepared from agricultural solid wastes such as, silk cotton hulls, coconut tree sawdust, sago waste, maize cob, and banana pitch. (Tan W.T., et al, 1993) studied on removal of chromium (VI) from solution by coconut husk and palm pressed fibres and it was investigated using batch and column techniques. For both substrates, the optimum pH for maximum removal is at 2.0 which corresponds to > 80% removal. (Kadirvelu, K., et al,2002) studied on activated carbon prepared from waste Parthenium as adsorbent in treating Ni (II) from aqueous solution. The sorption capacity is dependent on the type of the adsorbent investigated and the nature of the wastewater treated. The use of commercially available activated carbon for the removal of the heavy metals can be replaced by the utilization of inexpensive, effective, and readily available agricultural by-products as adsorbents. More studies should be carried out to better understand the process of low-cost adsorption and to demonstrate the technology effectively.
13
6. Schedule of activity; (Programme Chart): Activities/ Literature survey Collection & Preparation of adsorbents Collection of Glasswares & chemicals Experimental work to investigate the optimum values Using optimize values isotherm Thermodynamic parameters kinetics Inter particle diffusion Desorption study Column study Comparison with others Paper publication Write up Submission Months 6 2 1 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 4 1
14
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
7. Impact of proposed research in academic / industry: Agra is one of the leading manufacturing centers for production of footwear and leather materials and Petha products as well. Hundreds of small and large industries are manufacturing different types of shoes and leather goods. Besides tanneries, rapid industrialization is resulting in a number of metal plating industries around Agra and Mathura. These industries use moderate quantity of various processes and discharge highly toxic wastes containing various heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel, silver and chromium etc. Effluents from tanneries and electroplating industries are in considerable volumes and highly toxic in nature. As a result of all these activities the source of drinking water supplied to residents of the Taj city is contaminated and Z-black in colour. In the past recent months, millions of fish have also died in the river Yamuna. Even bacteria cannot survive in the highly toxic and polluted water of the river. The water is not fit for aquatic life also. Despite of ETPs installed in more many, either these are not in use or not functioning up to the mark, more over there are number of tanning industries still discharging their effluents directly in to the drains, joining Yamuna river and posing threat to Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). Several groups of citizens have raised an alarm and sent out protest notes to district officials. Even though hundreds and crores of rupees have been spent on various projects and the two Yamuna Action Plans, the result is zero, laments senior activist and environmentalist, DK Joshi, whose petitions in the Allahabad High Court have led to rethink on several projects. The present study of proposed research work will come out with low cost and efficient adsorption of chromium (VI) using agro-horticultural wastes as adsorbents like petha-waste and this way the study will help the society in two directions, one to use the solid pethawaste as an efficient low cost adsorbent and the other reducing chromium from industrial wastewater giving survival to aquatic life. This will help in coming out with suggestions for some possible measures for reduction in Chromium in the wastewater, which could be easily adopted by the electroplating and tannery units. Results obtained during these studies will describe the performance and feasibility of the agro-horticultural based adsorbents and will yield valuable information if properly interpreted. These data may be used to develop adsorption isotherm models to predict the adsorption behavior of these adsorbents. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEMs) will be taken before and after the use of adsorbents to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of the adsorbents. The data obtained during the present study may be quite helpful in the designing and studying performance of full scale adsorbers for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Our initial studies show the adsorption capacity of these adsorbents for the removal of chromium is encouraging and needs further investigation and standardization.
8. Address of related website:

15
1. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Adsorb/adsorb.htm 2. http://www.fpharm.uniba.sk/fileadmin/user_upload/english/Physical_Chemistry/5Adsorption.pdf 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption 4. http://bipublication.com/files/IJABR-V2I4-2011-08.pdf 5. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852407010024 6. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4475t7r28032436/fulltext.pdf 7. http://www.bipublication.com 8. http://www.oilgae.com/algae/cult/sew/new/chr/chr.html 9. http://discovery.bitspilani.ac.in/~bvbabu/Fullpaper_SG_BVB_CHISA2008.pdf 10. http://www.google.co.in/search?q=removal+of+chromium+from+tannery+effluents+by+adsor ption+using+agricultural+wstes+as+adsorbents&hl=en&source=hp&gbv=2&gs_sm=1&gs_upl =10859l41203l0l52359l46l46l10l5l5l3l329l6778l0.3.19.5l27l0&oq=removal+of+chromium+fr om+tannery+effluents+by+adsorption+using+agricultural+wstes+as+adsorbents&aq=f&aqi=& aql= 9. Major inputs: (infrastructure for research work): 1. Chemicals Analytical Grade & AAS Grade 2. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 3. Grinder 4. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 5. Oven 6. Microwave 7. Shaker 8. Sieves 9. Micro pipette 10. Space with necessary furniture
10. Up to date references related to research work: 1. Ajmal, M., Rao, R.A.K., Anwar, S., Ahmad, J., and Ahmad, R., (2003). Adsorption Studies on Rice Husk: Removal and Recovery of Cd (II) from Wastewater. Bioresource Tech., 86: 147-149 pp. 2. Ajmal, M., Rao, R.A.K., and Siddiqui, B.A., (1996). Studies on Removal and Recovery of Cr (VI) from Electroplating Wastes. Water Res. 30(6): 1478-1482 pp. 3. Ayub, S.,Ali, S.I., Khan, N.A., and Rao, R.A.K. (1998). Treatment of wastewater by agricultural waste. Environmental Protection Control Journal 2(1): 5 8 pp. 4. Ayub, S.,Ali, S.I., and Khan, N.A. (2001). Study on the removal of Cr(VI) by sugarcane bagasse from wastewater. Pollution Research Journal 2(2): 233 237 pp.
16
5. Ayub, S.,Ali, S.I., and Khan, N.A. (2002). Adsorption studies on the low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from electroplating wastewater. Environmental Pollution Control Journal 5(6): 10 20 pp. 6. Ayub, S.,Ali, S.I., and Khan, N.A. (2001).Efficiency evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) bark in treatment of industrial wastewater. Environmental Pollution Control Journal 4(4): 34 38 pp. 7. Bailey, S.E., Olin, T.J., Bricka, R.M., and Adrian, D.D., (1999). A Review of Pontentially Low-Cost Sorbents for Heavy Metals. Water Res. 33(11): 2469-2479 pp. 8. Chand, S., Aggarwal V.K. and Kumar P., (1994). Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from the Wastewater by Adsorption. Indian J Environ. Health, 36(3): 151-158 pp. 9. Daifullah, A.A.M., Girgis, B.S., and Gad, H.M.H, (2003). Utilization of Agro-Residues (Rice Husk) in Small Waste Water Treatment Plans. Materials Letters 57: 1723 1731 pp. 10. Dinesh Mohan, Kunwar P. Singh and Vinod K. Singh, 2006. Trivalent chromium removal from wastewater using low cost activated carbon derived from agricultural waste material and activated carbon fabric cloth. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 135 (280- 295). 11. GuptaV. K and Imran Ali, 2004. Removal of lead and chromium from wastewater using bagasse fly asha sugar industry waste. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 271 (321- 328). 12. Gupta, V.K., Gupta, M., and Sharma, S., (2001). Process development for the removal of lead and chromium from aqueous solution using red mud an aluminum industry waste. Water Res. 35(5): 1125 1134 pp. 13. Guo, Y., Qi, S., Yang, S., Yu, K., Wang, Z., and Xu, H., (2002). Adsorption of Cr(VI) on Micro- and Mesoporous Rice Husk-Based Active Carbon. Materials Chemistry and Physics 78: 132 137 pp. 14. Halim, S.H.A., Shehata, A.M.A., and El- Shahat, M.F., (2003). Removal of lead ions from industrial waste water by different types of natural materials. Water Res. 37: 1678 1683 pp. 15. Hafez Massara; Catherine N. Mulligan, John Hadjinicolaou, 2007. Effect of Rhamnolipids on Chromium-Contaminated Kaolinite. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 16 (1 14). 16. Kadirvelu, K., Thamaraiselvi, K, and Namasivayam, C., (2001). Removal of Heavy Metal from Industrial Wssssssastewaters by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from an Agricultural Solid Waste. Bioresource Techn., 76: 63-65 pp.
17
17. Khan N.A., Ali S.I. and Ayub S., (2001). Effect of pH on the Removal of Chromium (Cr) (VI) by Sugar Cane Baggase,.Science and Tech., 6: 13-19 pp. 18. Khan, N.A., Shaaban, M.G., Jamil, Z., (2003). Chromium removal from wastewater through adsorption process. Proc. UM Research Seminar 2003 organized by Institute of Research Management and Consultancy (IPPP), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. 19. Khan, N.A., Shaaban, M.G., Hassan, MH.A., (2003). Removal of heavy metal using an inexpensive adsorbent. Proc. UM Research Seminar 2003 organized by Institute of Research Management and Consultancy (IPPP), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. 20. Kadirvelu, K., Senthilkumar, P., Thamaraiselvi, V., and Subburam, V., (2002). Activated Carbon Prepared from Biomass as Adsorbent: Elimination of Ni (II) from Aqueous Solution. Bioresource Technology 81: 87-90 pp. 21. Kadirvelu, K., Kavipriya, M., Karthika, C., Radhika, M., Vennilamani, N., and Pattabhi, S., (2003). Utilization of Various Agricultural Wastes for Activated Carbon Preparation and Application for the removal of dyes and metal ions from Aqueous Solution. Bioresource Tech. 87: 129-132 pp. 22. Lotfi Monser and Nafa Adhoum, 2002. Modified activated carbon for the removal of copper, zinc, chromium and cyanide from wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology, 26 (137- 146). 23. Li H, Li Z, Liu T, Xiao X, Peng Z, Deng L, 2008. A novel technology for biosorption and recovery hexavalent chromium in wastewater by bio-functional magnetic beads.Bioresour Technol. 99(14):6271-9 24. Martin-Dupont, F, Gloaguen, V, Granet, R, Guilloton, M., Morvan, H., and Krausz, P, (2002). Heavy Metal Adsorption by Crude Coniferous Barks: A Modelling Study, A 37(6) : 1063-1073 pp. 25. Mohan D., and Singh K.P., (2002). Singleand Multi-Component Adsorption of Cadmium and Zinc using Activated Carbon Derived from Bagasse An Agricultural Waste. Water Research, 36: 2304-2318 pp. 26. Marshall W.E., Wartelle, L.H., Boler, D.E., Johns, M.M., and Toles, C.A., (1999). Enhanced Metal Adsorption by Soybean Hulls Modified with Citric Acid. Bioresource Tech. 69: 263-268 pp. 27. Marshall, W.E., and Champagne, E.T., (1995). Agricultural Byproduct as Adsorbents for Metal Ions in Laboratory Prepared Solutions and in Manufacturing Wastewater. Journal of Environ. Science Health A 30(2): 241-261 pp.
18
28. Marshall, W.E., and Johns, M.M., (1996). Agricultural By-products as Metal Adsorbents: Sorption Properties and Resistance to Mechanical Abrasion. Journal of Technology and Biotechnology 66: 192- 198 pp. 29. Munaf E., and Zein R., (197). The Use of Rice Husk for Removal of Toxic Metals from Wastewater. Environmental Technology, 18: 359-362 pp. 30. Peternele, W.S., Winkler-Hechenleitner, A.A., and Pineda, E.A.G., (1999). Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto Functionalised Formic Lignin from Sugar Cane Bagasse. Biresource Technology 68: 95-100 pp. 31. Ping Gao, Xueming Chen, Feng Shen and Guohua Chen, 2005. Removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater by combined electrocoagulationelectroflotation without a filter. Separation and Purification Technology, 43 (117- 123). 32. Quek, S.Y., Wase, D.A.J., and Forster, C.F., (1998). The Use of Sago Waste for the Sorption of Lead and Copper. Water S.A. 24(3): 251-256 pp. 33. Ranganathan, K, (2000). Chromium Removal by Activated Carbons Prepared from Casurina equisetifolia Leaves. Bioresource Technology 73: 99-103 pp 34. Rengaraj S, Kyeong-Ho Yeon and Seung-Hyeon Moon, 2001. Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 87 (273287). 35. Roy D., Greenlaw P.N., and Shane B.S., (1993). Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Green Algae and Ground Rice Hulls. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 28(1): 37-50 pp. 36. Subramaniam, P., Khan, N.A., and Ibrahim, S., (2004). Rice Husk as an Adsorbent for Heavy Metal. Proceedings of International Conference on Water and Wastewater 2004 (ASIAWATER 2004), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 37. Srinivasan K., Balasubramaniam N., and Ramakrishna T.V., (1998). Studies on Chromium Removal by Rice Husk Carbon. Indian Journal Environmental Health, 30(4): 376-387 pp. 38. Suemitsu R., Venishi R., Akashi I., and Nakano M., (1986). The Use of Dyestuff-treated Rice Hulls for Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31: 75-83 pp. 39. Selvi K., Pattabhi S., and Kadirvelu K., (2001). Removal of Cr (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon. Bioresource Technology 80: 87-89 pp. 40. Tan W.T., Ooi S.T., and Lee C.K., (1993). Removal of Chromium (VI) from Solution by Coconut Husk and palm Pressed Fibre. Environmental Technology, 14: 277-282 pp.
19
41. Vempati, R.K., Musthyala, S.C., Molleh, Y.A., and Cocke, D.L., (1995). Surface Analyses of Pyrolysed Rice Husk using Scanning Force Microscopy. Fuel, 74(11): 1722-1725 pp. 42. Wong, K.K., Lee, C.K., Low, K.S., Haron, M.J., (2003). Removal of Cu and Pb by Tartaric Acid Modified Rice Husk from Aqueous Solution. Chemosphere 50: 23-28 pp. 43. Wofwoyo, W, Chung, W.S., and Marshall, W.E., (1999). Utilization of Peanut Shells as Adsorbents for Selected Metals. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 74: 1117-1121 pp. 44. . Apaydin; U. Kurt; M.T. Gonullu., Global NEST Journal, Vol 11, No 4, pp 546-555, 2009.
11. Proposed Chapter scheme: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Status of w/w at the proposed area 1.3 Analysis of w/w at proposed area 1.4 Objective of the proposed work 1.5 About the cr (VI) 2 Literature review for last ten years 3 Difference between current and previous work 4 Material and methods 5 Results and discussion 6 Graphs 7 Conclusion 8 Recommendation 9 References 12. Bibliography: (in standard format): 1. Agrawal, I.C; N.P.Shukla; Crushed shell as adsorbent for the removal of higher levels of Cr(VI) from aqueous phase Proc. Advances in Chem. Biochemical Engg, IT; BHU,1992 A.Y. Talokar; Studies on removal of Chromium from wastewater by adsorption using low cost agricultural baiomass as adsorbent International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research ISSN 0976-2612, Vol 2, Issue 4, 2011, pp 452-456. Chand, A; V.K.; Kumar, P; Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from the wastewater by Adsorption, Indian J.Environ.Hlth 36,3,pp.151-158,1994.
2.
3.
20
4.
Cristina Modrogan; Cristina Costache; Daniela Oanamari Orblet; Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from aqueous solutions by Adsorption, on peach kernel and nutshell The first International Proficiency Testing Conference, Sinaia, Romania, Oct 11-13, 2007. Deo, N; Ali, M. Use of low cost material as an adsorbent in the removal of Cr(VI) from the dilute aqueous solution, IJEP. 12(6), pp. 439-411, 1992 Dinesh Mohan; Kunwar P; Singh and Vinod K. Singh; 2006. Trivalent chromium removal from wastewater using low cost activated carbon derived from agricultural waste material and activated carbon fabric cloth. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 135 (280- 295). GuptaV. K and Imran Ali; 2004. Removal of lead and chromium from wastewater using bagasse fly asha sugar industry waste. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 271 (321- 328). Hu, Z., Lei, L., Li, Y. and Ni, Y. (2003). Chromium adsorption on high-performance activated carbons from aqueous solution, Separation and Purification Technology, 31, pp. 13-18. Hesham M. Abdulla; Engy M. Kamal; Amr H. Mohamed; Ahmed D. El-Bassuony; Chromium removal from Tannery wastewater using chemical and biological techniques aiming zero discharge of pollution Proceedings of fifth Scientific and Environmental Conference, 2010, ZAGAZIG UNI., 171 183. Huang, C.P.Wu;M.H,Chromium removal by carbon adsorption. J. Water pollut.Cont. Fed.47, pp.243-46,1975 Jianlong, W., Xinmin, Z. and Yi, Q. (2000). Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution by Macroporous Resion Adsorption, Journal of Environmental Science Health, 35 (7), pp. 1211-1230. Lal , J; Singh, D.K, Removal of chromium(VI) from the Aqueous Solution using Waste tealeaves Carbon, Indian J.Environ.Health, 34,2,pp. 108-113, 1992. M. Nameni; M. R. Alavi Moghadam; M. Arami; Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by wheat bran Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 5 (2), 161-168, Spring 2008 N.A.Khan; S.I.Ali and Sohail Ayub; Effect of pH on the removal of Cr(VI) by Sugar cane Bagasse Journal of Science and Technology, Muscat, 2000 Nasim Ahmad Khan; Shaliza Ibrahim and Piarapakaran Subramaniam; Elimination of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Agricultural Wastes as Adsorbents Malaysian Journal of Science 23 : 43 - 51 (2004)
21
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Orhan, Y; Byukgungor, The removal of heavy metals by using agricultural wastewater Water Sc.Technol. 28,247, 1993 Periasamy, K; Srinivasan, K; Murugan P.K. Studies on chromium(VI) removal by Activated Groundnut Husk Carbon, Indian J.Environ.Health,31,4,pp.433-439, 1991. Sharma, D.C; Forster, C.F, Removal of Hexavalent Chromium using Sphagnum Mors Peet, Wat.Res, 27,7,pp.1201-08,1993. Siddiqui, Z.M; Paroor, S; Removal of Chromium (VI) by different adsorbents- A comparative Study. IJEP, 14,4,pp. 273-278, 1994. Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and N.A.Khan; Treatment of wastewater by Agricultural Waste Environmental Pollution Control Journal, Nov-Dec Vol.2, No.1, 1998. Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and N.A.Khan; Extraction of Chromium from Wastewater by Adsorption Environmental Pollution Control Journal, July-Aug. Vol.2, No.1, 1999. Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and N.A.Khan; Efficiency Evaluation of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) bark in the Treatment of Industrial wastewater Environmental Pollution Control Journal, Vol.4, No.4, 2001. Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and N.A.Khan; A Study on the removal of Cr(VI) by Sugarcane Bagasse from wastewater Pollution Research Journal, Vol.2, 2001. Sharma, Y. C. (2001). Adsorption of Cr(VI) onto Wollastonite: Effect of pH, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 8, pp. 186. Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and N.A.Khan; Adsorption Studies on the low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from Electroplating Industries Envronmental Pollution Control Journal, Vol.5, No.4, 2002. Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and N.A.Khan; Chromium removal by adsorption on coconut shell Indian Association for Environmental Management, NEERI, 30, 2003. Sharma, A. and Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2004). Adsorption of Chromium (VI) on Azadirachta Indica (Neem) Leaf Powder, Adsorption, 10, pp. 327-338. Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and A.Ashfaque; Removal of heavy metals through low cost adsorbents A Review Journal of Institution of Public Health Engineers, Kolkata, Vol.4, 2005.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
22
29.
Sohail Ayub; S.I.Ali and N.A.Khan; Comparative Study of Different Agrobased Adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater International Research Journal Current World Environment, Bhopal, 2006. Gupta, S. and Babu, B. V. (2006). "Adsorption of Cr(VI) by a Low-Cost Adsorbent Prepared from Neem Leaves", Proceedings of National Conference on Environmental Conservation (NCEC-2006), BITS-Pilani, September 1-3, 2006, pp. 175-180. Suresh Gupta and B V Babu; Adsorption of Chromium (VI) by a Low-Cost Adsorbent Prepared from Tamarind Seeds, Chemcon 2006 Tan, W. T., Ooi, S. T. and Lee, C. K. (1993). Removal of chromium (V1) from solution by coconut husk and palm pressed fibres, Environmental Technology, 14, pp. 277-282. Suresh Gupta; B. V. Babu; Removal of Toxic Metal Cr(VI) from Industrial Wastewater Using Sawdust as Adsorbent: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Regeneration Studies, CHISA2008.pdf
30.
31.
32.
33.
23
13. Pert chart for the progress of the work:
Submission 24
14. WORK-PLAN: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE AGRO-HORTICULTURAL WASTE AS ADSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM FROM TANNERY WASTEWATER
SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER
ACTUAL WASTEWATER
Adsorbents 1.Petha Waste, 2. Mango Seed, 3. Mausami Waste
Characteristics of Wastewater
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Adsorbents
Scanning of adsorbents Batch Process Pore size distribution of adsorbents Continuous Process based on data obtained from Batch Process
Effect of pH Effect of Contact Time Effect of Adsorbent Dose Effect of Concentration of Metal Effect of Temperature Variation Effect of Agitation Speed Effect of Granule Size of Adsorbent
Development of Mathematical Model for the above Process
Results and Discussions 25
Synopsis on
Submitted by:
Pushpendra Kumar Sharma

Assistant Professor Deptt. of Environmental Engineering HCST, NH-2, Farah, Mathura
Dr. C. N. Tripathi (Supervisor) Associate Professor & Head Deptt. of Environmental Engineering HCST, NH-2, Farah, Mathura
Dr. Sohail Ayub (Supervisor) Associate Professor Environmental Engineering Section Deptt. Of Civil Engineering, AMU Aligarh
Counter Signature of the Head of Institution / Organization.

Research Proposal: (Synopsis) 1. Area / Specialization of The Research Work

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research Proposal: (Synopsis) 1. Area / Specialization of The Research Work

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Performance evaluation and feasibility study of the agro-horticultural waste as adsorbent for the removal of Chromium from tannery

8. Address of related website:

13. Pert chart for the progress of the work:

Adsorbents 1.Petha Waste, 2. Mango Seed, 3. Mausami Waste

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Adsorbents

Development of Mathematical Model for the above Process

Results and Discussions 25

Pushpendra Kumar Sharma

Counter Signature of the Head of Institution / Organization.

You might also like