TYPES OF SOLIDS

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
1. Most solids, including all METALS and MINERALS are crystalline in structure. 2. Crystal is defined as a collection of atoms or molecules in which each atom is placed precisely in a definite pattern with respect to its neighbours. This pattern is repeated over and over throughout the crystal 3. The structure adopted by a crystalline solid depends on factors such as: i) Types of bonds ii) Size of particles iii) Shape of particles

NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

POLYMERIC SOLIDS

1. Amorphous or noncrystalline solids have their particles assembled in a more disordered way and only show order for short distance. 2. Many types of glass are non-crystalline or amorphous in nature. The molecules are locked in place but are not arranged in a precise pattern.

1. Polymers are substance which have giant molecules, each containing something like 1000 to 100,000 atoms and are usually carbon compounds. 2. Examples of natural polymers are cellulose, rubber, wool, resins, silk and proteins. 3. Man-made polymers includes plastics such as polythene, polystyrene, nylon, Perspex and synthetic rubbers.

3. Non-crystalline solids such as glass are usually hard and brittle and do not have sharp melting and freezing points.
4. This is because the lack of structural regularity means that different parts of such a solid may need different amounts of energy to cause melting. 5. Despite having definite solid properties of fixed shape and physical strength, some of them can be regarded as highly viscous liquids.

1. STRUCTURE CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 1. Crystal is defined as a collection of atoms or molecules in which each atom is placed precisely in a definite pattern with respect to its neighbours. This pattern is repeated over and over throughout the crystal. 2. The structure adopted by a crystalline solid depends on factors such as: i) Types of bonds ii) Size of particles iii) Shape of particles 3. The common crystal structure are listed as follows:A) Face-centered cubic (FCC) Packing. -Closely packed with one at the centre of each of the 6 cube faces as well as the 8 at the corner. Example: Copper, Aluminium, Gold

FCC Structure of Gold B) Body centred Cubic (BCC) Packing. -Less closely packed structure in which there is a particle at the centre of the cube in addition to one at each corner. Example: Iron

BCC Structure of Iron C) Hexagonal close packing. (HCP) -The crystals are built up from layers of hexagons. Example: Zinc, Magnesium

HCP Structure of Zinc

D) Tetrahedral Packing. Example: Silicon, Germanium, Diamond. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS 1. Amorphous or non-crystalline solids have their particles assembled in a more disordered way and only show order for short distance. 2. Many types of glass are non-crystalline or amorphous in nature. The molecules are locked in place but are not arranged in a precise pattern. Example: Glass, Silica, Soot, Wax

Structure of Silica POLYMERIC SOLIDS

Structure of Silicon Oxide

1. Polymers are substance which have giant molecules, each containing something like 1000 to 100,000 atoms and are usually carbon compounds. Example: cellulose, rubber, polythene, polystyrene, nylon, Perspex

Structure of Polyethene

MELTING POINT
Crystalline Solids Pure crystalline solids melt and freeze sharply. This can be easily explained by noting the similar types of bonding between the atoms, throughout the crystal lattice. The bonds break at the same temperature.

Amorphous Solids Non-crystalline solids are usually hard and brittle and do not have sharp melting and freezing points. This is because the lack of structural regularity means that different parts of such a solid may need different amounts of energy to cause melting.

Polymeric Solids a) Using X-ray apparatus, an electron microscope and other instruments each molecules of natural polymers is found to consists of a large number of repeating units called monomers which are arranged in a long, flexible chain. b)(i) Artificial polymers which are made by a chemical reaction called polymerization, have a large molecule formed by joining large numbers of small molecules. (ii) For example, by heating ethylene molecules to 100.c 300.c under high pressure, long chains of polyethylene polymers are formed. (iii) If these chains run parallel to each other, the structures shows a certain amount of order and it is crystalline in nature. (iv) If these chains are tangled up, the structure will be more amorphous in nature. (v) The proportion of crystalline to amorphous regions in a polymer depends on its chemical composition, molecular arrangement and how it has been processed.