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0304-415-03 Fluid Mechanics

Test 1 Study Guide

Prepared By: Alex Offredi

Note: This study guide was created for all 20113 sections of Fluid Mechanics for test 1. It contains a summary of all info that the class has covered so far. This guide is not the only resource you should you to study from for the test, but it is available as an extra support. If you have any questions, please email me at amo1662@rit.edu.

Thank You, and Good Luck!

Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Section 1.2: Scope of Fluid Mechanics A. Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids at rest or in motion B. A fluid can either be a gas (vapor) or a liquid, but never a solid. C. Fluids have been used to design many types of machinery, such as compressors and pumps, piping and ducting. D. Fluid Mechanics helps us understand how many bodily processes in organisms work (blood flow, synovial fluid, etc.) Section 1.3: Definition of A Fluid A. Fluids flow when worked with, deform much easier than solids. B. A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear (tangential) stress no matter how small the stress may be. C. Once the applied stress is removed, the fluid resumes a stable point. D. A fluid can also be defined as any substance that cannot sustain a shear stress when at rest. E. Fluids in contact with solids surfaces do not slip due to a no-slip condition (Fluid has same velocity as surface). F. The amount of deformation in solids depends on the solids modulus of rigidity, but the rate of deformation for a fluid depends on the fluids viscosity (represented by the letter, ). G. Viscosity is a fluids resistance to shear flow. It is highly dependent on temperature. H. Solids are said to be elastic and fluids are said to be viscous I. Shear Stress Equation for a Fluid: , where du/dy is the velocity profile derivative rate, and is the absolute viscosity. J. Shear Stress causes fluids to deform at a constant rate.

Section 1.4: Basic Equations A. The basic laws applicable to any fluid are: The Conservation of Mass (cannot be created or destroyed) Newtons 2nd Law of Motion (F=ma) The Principle of Angular Momentum (If Torquenet =0, Lnet= constant) The 1st Law of Thermodynamics (E= KE+PE+U) The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics B. If idealization of gas, the Ideal Gas Law can be utilized: P=rRT. Section 1.5: Methods of Analysis A. Systems are the equivalent of closed systems (control mass) in Fluid Mechanics. B. Control Volumes are classified as open systems in Fluid Mechanics. C. A system is defined as a fixed identifiable quantity of mass; the system boundaries separate the system from its surroundings. (Examples: piston cylinder, rigid container, etc.) D. A control volume (CV) is an arbitrary volume in space through which fluid flows. The geometric boundary of the CV is called the control surface, and it can be either in rest or in motion. E. A Lagrangian method of description where we follow the particle is used where it is easy to keep track of identifiable elements of mass (control mass *system+). ,Ex: Newtons 2nd Law} F. An Eulerian method of description focuses attention of properties of a flow at a given point in space as a function of time. It is used for control volumes (open systems). {Ex: Fluid flow through a nozzle}

Control Mass

Control Volume

Section 1.6: Dimensions and Units A. There are 3 basic systems of dimensions, corresponding to the different ways of specifying the primary dimensions. MLtT: Mass (kg), Length (m), time (second), Temperature (Celsius) FLtT: Force (N), Length (m), time (second), Temperature (Celsius) FMLT: Force (N), Mass (kg), Length (m), Temperature (Celsius)

Chapter 2: Fundamental Concepts of Fluid Mechanics Section 2.1: Fluid as A Continuum A. Molecular structure of fluid is one in which the mass is not continuously distributed in space, but concentrated in molecules that are separated by relatively large region of space. B. Fluids can be treated as continuous mediums as long we assume that particle properties vary continuously throughout volume being analyzed. C. Specific Gravity (SG) is the ratio of a fluids density (r) to the accepted density of water (rH2O). A fluid with a density of above rH2O (1000kg/m3) will sink in water. D. Specific Weight (g) is defined as the weight of a substance per unit volume. ( ) Section 2.2: Velocity Field A. A velocity field quantifies the velocity of a fluid particle that is passing through point (x,y,z) at time t, in the Eulerian (Control Volume) sense. (x,y,z,t) B. Dimension of a velocity field are denoted as (x,y,z) and directions of . velocity fields are denoted with either C. A Velocity field is said to be steady if there is no time t in any term of the ] vector equation. (Ex:[ ] is steady, but [ is not.)

D. If properties at every point in a flow field do not change with time, the ( ) and flow is called steady.

(x,y,z,t)

E. If a number of adjacent fluid particles in a flow field are marked at a given instant, they form a line in the fluid at that instant, called a timeline. Created by marking a line of flow and watching how it evolves over time. F. A pathline is the path of trajectory traced out by a moving fluid particle. G. Streamlines are lines drawn in the flow field so that at any given instant they are tangent to the direction of flow at every point in the flow field. There can be no flow across a streamline. The Streamline Equation is ( ) given by: from
( )

H. A streakline is the line produced in a flow when all particles moving through a fixed point are marked in some way (using smoke, etc.) I. For steady flow only, streaklines, streamlines, and pathlines are all identical.

Chapter 3: Fluid Statics Section 3.1: The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics A. In a static homogenous fluid or in a fluid undergoing rigid body motion, a fluid particle retains its identity, and fluid elements do not deform. B. Pressure is independent of x and y coordinates (as long as z is the vertical axis). C. Hydrostatic Pressure Variation with Depth: D. Hydrostatic Pressure variation with Elevation: E. As elevation increases, pressure decreases. As depth increases, pressure increases. F. The Pressure Variation Equations can only be used if: 1. Fluid is static 2. Gravity (m*g) is only body force 3. The z axis is vertical and positive upwards. G. Pressure levels measured with respect to atmospheric pressures are called gage pressures. Pgage= Pabsolute -Patmospheric

Section 3.3: Pressure Variation in Static Fluid A. For an incompressible fluid, density is constant, which also means that volume is constant. B. h is depth and measured positive downwards, whereas z is elevation and measured positive upwards. C. Pressure Difference between 2 points in a static incompressible fluid: . A monometer measures this pressure difference. The Sensitivity of a monometer is a measure of how sensitive it is compared to a simple water filled U-tube monometer. Pressure Difference between 2 points separated by a series of fluids:

Section 3.5: Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces A. To find the resultant force acting on a submerged surface, we need: 1. The magnitude of the force,|FR|. 2. The direction of the force. 3. The line of action of the force (x,y).

B. Notation for Submerged Surface Forces Equations: 1. Xc and Yc are the distances from the y axis x axis to centroid 2. X and Y are the distances to the point where FR is applied. 3. hc is the depth to centroid from free surface C. Submerged Surface Forces Equations: 1. 2. 3. 4.

(For Absolute pressure)

(For Gage pressure)

(For Absolute pressure)

(For gage pressure)

5. 6. 7. , where D. Submerged Surface Analysis Y- axis always parallel to submerged surface Origin always at free surface No gage pressure at free surface (just Patm) If assuming gage pressure analysis, Patm=0 Section 3.6: Buoyancy and Stability A. The buoyancy force of the fluid is equal to the weight of displaced fluid for a submerged body. B. A submerged body is said to be stable if the center of gravity of the object is not moved past the buoyancy force.

Chapter 4: Basic Equations in Integral Form for a Control Volume Section 4.1: Basic Laws for A System A. N is defined to be any property in the system. The property is chosen based on which conservation law (mass, linear momentum, or energy) is being used. B. is defined as the system property, N, over its mass. Therefore, it can be said that is the specific property N. C. For steady state analysis, any terms involving t become zero. D. The Reynoldss Transport Theorem ( ) is the starting point for many of our investigations involving control volumes. It can be simplified according to the conservation law used. The continuity equation ( ) is used when utilizing the conservation of mass law. becomes 1 because N is mass in this case, and E. Common assumptions for when utilizing the continuity equation: Steady state operation (no time) Incompressible liquid (constant density) Inviscid Flow (uniform velocity profile) F. Normal Inlet flow is classified as when the velocity profile vector and the differential area vector are 180 degrees apart from each other. It means that there is an inlet into the control surface at that point. G. Normal Exit flow is classified as when the velocity profile vector and the differential area vector are 0 degrees apart from each other. It means that there is an exit out of the control surface at that point. Note: The differential area vector, , is always assumed pointing away from control surface toward surroundings. This is the positive convention.

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Visual Difference Bewteen Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines:

The curves lines over the car are streamlines, and the lines around the airfoil are streaklines.

Dashed lines in this graph are streamlines (the contours), the red line is the pathline, and the blue line is the streakline.