Angular accuracy The measure of shaft positioning accuracy on a servo or stepping motor.

Back EMF The voltage generated when a permanent magnet motor is rotated. This voltage is proportional to motor speed and is present regardless of whether the motor winding(s) are energized or de-energized. Bipolar chopper driver A class of step motor driver which uses a switch mode (chopper) technique to control motor current and polarity. Bipolar indicates the capability of providing motor phase current of either polarity (+ or -). Breakaway torque The torque required to start a machine in motion. Almost always greater than the running torque. Brushless motor Class of motors that operate using electronic commutation of phase currents, rather than electromechanical (brush-type) commutation. Brushless motors typically have a permanent magnet rotor and a wound stator. C-face mounting A standard NEMA mounting design, where the mounting holes in the face are threaded to receive the mating mount. Class B insulation A NEMA insulation specification. Class B insulation is rated to an operating (internal) temperature of 130C. Class F insulation A NEMA insulation specification. Class F insulation is rated to an operating (internal) temperature of 155C Class H insulation A NEMA insulation specification. Class H insulation is rated to an operating (internal) temperature of 180C. Closed loop A broadly applied term, relating to any system in which the output is measured and compared to the input. The output is then adjusted to reach the desired condition. In motion control, the term typically describes a system utilizing a velocity and/or position transducer to generate correction signals in relation to desired parameters. Cogging (Cogging torque) A term used to describe non-uniform angular velocity. Cogging appears as a jerkiness, especially at low speeds. Commutation 1. A term which refers to the action of steering currents or voltages to the proper motor phases so as to produce optimum motor torque. In brush type motors, commutation is done electromechanically via the brushes and commutator. In brushless motors, commutation is done by the switching electronics using rotor position information obtained by Hall sensors, a Tachsyn, or a resolver. 2. Commutation of step motors is normally done open loop. Feedback from the motor is not required to hold rotor position precisely. Continuous rated current (ICR) (Amperes) The maximum allowable continuous current a motor can handle without exceeding the motor temperature limits Continuous rated torque (TCR) (lb-in.) The maximum allowable continuous torque a motor can handle without exceeding the motor temperature limits Continuous stall current (ICS) (Amperes) Amount of current applied to a motor (at locked rotor conditions), which results in rated temperature rise. Refer also to definition of "Continuous stall torque" Continuous stall torque (TCS) (lb-in.) The amount of torque at zero speed, which a motor can continuously deliver without exceeding its thermal rating. Determined by applying DC current through two windings with rotor locked, while monitoring temperature. Specified with motor windings at maximum rated temperature, with motor in 25 degrees C ambient, mounted to a heat sink. Refer to individual specs for heat sink size. Current at peak torque (IPK) (Amperes) The amount of input current required to develop "peak torque". This is often outside the linear torque/current relationship. Current, Rated The maximum allowable continuous current a motor can handle without exceeding motor temperature limits. D-flange mounting This type of mount has clearance holes on the flange, and the mounting bolts stick out through the flange from the motor side. This mount is common in cases where the motor is integral to the machine. Demag current The current level at which the motor magnets will start to be demagnetized. This is an irreversible effect, which will alter the motor characteristics and degrade performance. Also known as peak current. Detent torque The maximum torque that can be applied to an unenergized step motor without causing continuous rotating motion. DPBV - Dripproof Blower Ventilated Type of motor cooled by blowing air through the inside of the motor using an attached blower. Drive An electronic device that controls torque, speed and/or position of an AC or brushless motor. Typically a feedback device is mounted on the motor for closed-loop control of current, velocity and position. Driver Electronics which convert step and direction inputs to high power currents and voltages to drive a step motor. The step motor driver is analogous to the servomotor amplifier's logic. Duty cycle For a repetitive cycle, the ratio of on time to total cycle time. Duty cycle (%) = [On time / (On time + Off time)] x 100% Dynamic braking A passive technique for stopping a permanent magnet brush or brushless motor. The motor windings are shorted together through a resistor which results in motor braking with an exponential decrease in speed. Efficiency

The ratio of power output to power input. Electrical time constant (te) (Seconds) The time required for current to reach 63.2% of its final value for a fixed voltage level. Can be calculated from the relationship te=L/R where L is inductance (henries) and R is resistance (ohms). Encoder A feedback device which converts mechanical motion into electronic signals. The most commonly used, rotary encoders, output digital pulses corresponding to incremental angular motion. For example, a 1000-line encoder produces 1000 pulses every mechanical revolution. The encoder consists of a glass or metal wheel with alternating transparent and opaque stripes, detected by optical sensors to produce the digital outputs. Feedback A signal which is transferred from the output back to the input for use in a closed loop system. Ferrite A type of permanent magnet consisting of ceramic compounds made up of oxides of iron, barium and strontium. Form factor The ratio of RMS current to average current. This number is a measure of the current ripple in a SCR or other switch-mode type of drive. Since motor heating is a function of RMS current while motor torque is a function of average current, a form factor greater than 1.00 means some fraction of motor current is producing heat but not torque. Four quadrant Refers to a motion system which can operate in all four quadrants; i.e., velocity in either direction and torque in either direction. This means that the motor can accelerate, run, and decelerate in either direction. Friction A resistance to motion caused by contact with a surface. Friction can be constant with varying speed (Coulomb friction) or proportional to speed (viscous friction). Hall sensor A feedback device which is used in a brushless servo system to provide information for the amplifier to electronically commutate the motor. The device uses a magnetized wheel and hall effect sensors to generate the commutation signals. Holding torque Sometimes called static torque, holding torque specifies the maximum external torque that can be applied to a stopped, energized motor without causing the rotor to rotate. Generally used as a figure of merit when comparing motors. Horsepower An index of the amount of work a machine or motor can perform. One horsepower is equal to 746 watts. Since power is equal to torque multiplied by speed, horsepower is a measure of a motor's torque and speed capability; e.g., a 1 HP motor will produce 36 lb-in. at 1,750 rpm. Formula: HP = Torque (lb-in.) x Speed (RPM)/63,025 or HP = Torque (lb-ft.) x Speed (RPM)/5,252 or HP = Volts x Amps x Efficiency/746 Hybrid step motor A motor designed to move in discrete increments of steps. The motor has a permanent magnet rotor and a wound stator. Such motors are brushless. Phase currents are commutated as a function of time to produce motion. Idle current reduction A step motor driver feature that reduce the phase current to the motor when no motor motion is commanded (idle condition) for a specified period of time. Idle current reduction reduces motor heating and allows high machine throughputs from a given motor. Indexer Electronics which convert high level motion commands from a host computer, PLC or operator panel into step and direction pulse streams for use by the step motor driver. Indexers can be broadly divided into two classes. A preset indexer typically accepts distance, velocity and ramp time inputs only. The more sophisticated programmable indexer is capable of complex motion control and includes program memory. Inductance (L) (mH - millihenries line-to-line) The electrical equivalent to mechanical inertia; that is, the property of a circuit, which has a tendency to resist current flow when no current is flowing, and when current is flowing has a tendency to maintain that current flow. Pacific Scientific measures inductance (lineto-line) with a bridge at 1000 Hz and with the rotor positioned so the back-EMF waveform is at the peak of the sinusoid. Inductance (mutual) Mutual inductance is the property that exists between two current carrying conductors or coils when magnetic lines of force from one link with those of the other. Inertial match For most efficient operation, the system coupling ratio should be selected so that the reflected inertia of the load is equal to the rotor inertia of the motor. Insulation Class The rating assigned to the maximum temperature capability of the insulating components in a motor or other piece of equipment. Mechanical time constant (tm) (Seconds) In a simple first order system, the time required for the motor's speed to attain 63.2% of its final value for a fixed voltage level. Can be calculated from: where: J is inertia in lb-in./s2 R is resistance in ohms KT is torque constant in lb-in./amp. 8.87 is a conversion factor

tM is calculated in seconds Microstepping An electronic technique for increasing a step motor's position resolution and velocity smoothness by appropriately scaling the phase currents. Microstepping is also a technique used to reduce or eliminate the effects of system resonance at low speeds. Mid-range instability A phenomenon in which a step motor can fall out of synchronism due to a loss of torque at mid-range speeds. The torque loss is due to the interaction of the motor's electrical characteristics and the driver's electronics. Some drivers have circuitry to eliminate or reduce the effects of mid-range instability. NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturer's Association Acronym for an organization which sets standards for motors and other industrial electrical equipment. NTC - Negative Temperature Coefficient A negative temperature coefficient thermistor is used to detect and protect a motor winding from exceeding its maximum temperature rating. Resistance of the device decreases with an increase in temperature. Open-loop A system in which there is no feedback. Motor motion is expected to faithfully follow the input command. Stepping motor systems are an example of open-loop control. Overload capacity The ability of a drive to withstand currents above its continuous rating. It is defined by NEMA as 150% of the rated full-load current for "standard industrial DC motors" for one minute. Peak torque (Tpk) (lb-in.) The maximum torque a brushless motor can deliver for short periods of time. Operating PacTorq motors above the maximum torque value can cause demagnetization of the rare-earth magnets. This is an irreversible effect that will alter the motor characteristics and degrade performance. This is also known as peak current. Not to be confused with system peak torque, which is often determined by amplifier peak current limitations, where peak current is typically two times continuous current. Poles Refers to the number of magnetic poles arranged on the rotor of the brushless motor. Unlike an AC motor, the number of poles has no direct relationship to the base speed of the motor. Power factor Ratio of true power (kW) to apparent power (kVA). PTC - Positive Temperature Coefficient A positive temperature coefficient thermistor is used to detect and protect a motor winding from exceeding its maximum temperature rating. Resistance of the device increases with an increase in temperature. Pull-out torque The maximum friction load, at a particular inertial load, that can be applied to the shaft of a synchronous motor (running at constant speed) and not cause it to lose synchronism. Pulse rate The frequency of the step pulses applied to a step motor driver. The pulse rate, multiplied by the resolution of the motor/driver combination (in steps per revolution), yields the rotational speed in revolutions per second. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 1. A PWM controller (amplifier) switches DC supply voltage on and off at fixed frequencies. The length of the on/off interval or voltage waveform is variable. 2. Pulse width modulation (PWM), describes a switch-mode (as opposed to linear) control technique used in amplifiers and drivers to control motor voltage and current. PWM offers greatly improved efficiency compared to linear techniques. Regeneration The action during motor braking, in which the motor acts as a generator and takes kinetic energy from the load, converts it to electrical energy, and returns it to the amplifier. Repeatability The degree to which a parameter such as position or velocity can be duplicated. Resistance, Hot (RH)(Ohms line-to-line) The motor's terminal resistance value specified at the hot winding temperature, which is at the motor's maximum rated temperature. Resolution The smallest increment into which a parameter can be broken down. For example, a 1000 line encoder has a resolution of 1/1000 of a revolution. Resolver An electromagnetic feedback device which converts angular shaft position into analog signals. These signals can be processed in various ways, such as with an RDC (resolver-to-digital converter) to produce digital position information. There are two basic types of resolvers; transmitter and receiver. A transmitter-type is designed for rotor primary excitation and stator secondary outputs. Position is determined by the ratio of the sine output amplitude to cosine output amplitude. A receiver-type is designed for stator primary excitations and rotor secondary output. Position is determined by the phase shift between the rotor output signal and one of the primary excitation signals. Resonance Oscillatory behavior caused by mechanical limitations. Restart torque The maximum friction load, at a particular inertial load, that can be applied to the shaft of a synchronous motor without causing it to lose synchronism when accelerating to a constant speed from standstill. Ringing Oscillation of a system following a sudden change in state. RMS Current - Root Mean Square Current In an intermittent duty cycle application, the RMS current is equal to the value of steady state current which would produce the equivalent motor heating over a period of time.

RMS Torque - Root Mean Square Torque. In an intermittent duty cycle application, the RMS torque is equal to the value of steady state torque which would produce the equivalent motor heating over a period of time. Rotor The moving part of the motor, consisting of the shaft and magnets. These magnets are analogous to the field winding of a brush-type DC motor. Settling time The time required for a parameter to stop oscillating or ringing and reach its final value. Shock loading A load that produces extremely high peak torques for very short durations. This type of load is associated with conveyorized grinding, crushing and separation processes. Stall Torque The amount of torque developed with voltage applied and shaft locked, or not rotating. Also known as locked-rotor torque. Stator The non-moving part of the motor. Specifically, it is the iron core with the wire winding in it that is pressed into the frame shell. The winding pattern determines the voltage constant of the motor. Step angle The angular distance the shaft rotates upon receipt of a single step command. Stiffness The ability to resist movement induced by an applied torque. Stiffness is often specified as a torque displacement curve, indicating the amount a motor shaft will rotate upon application of a known external force when stopped. Synchronism A motor rotating at a speed corresponding correctly to the applied step pulse frequency is said to be in synchronism. Load torques in excess of the motor's capacity (rated torque) will cause a loss of synchronism. This condition is not damaging to a step motor. TENV - Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated Acronym describing a type of motor enclosure, which has no outside air going into it. It is cooled only by convection to the frame, which is usually finned. Thermal protection A thermal sensing device mounted to the motor to protect it from overheating. This is accomplished by disconnecting the motor phases from the drive in an over temperature condition. Thermal resistance (Rth) (C/watt) An indication of how effectively a unit rids itself of heat; a measure of temperature rise per watts lost. In Pacific Scientific literature, it is the specified value from the motor windings to the ambient, under locked rotor conditions. Thermal time constant (tth) (minutes) The time required for a motor to attain 63.2% of its final temperature for a fixed power input. Torque Constant (KT = lb-ft./A) An expression of the relationship between input current and output torque. For each ampere of current, a fixed amount of torque is produced. Torque-to-inertia ratio Defined as the motor's holding torque divided by the inertia of its rotor. The higher the ratio, the higher a motor's maximum acceleration capability will be. Unipolar driver A step motor driver configuration that uses a unipolar power supply and is capable of driving phase current in only one direction. The motor phase winding must be center tapped (6 or 8 lead) to operate with a unipolar driver. The center tap is used instead of providing the current reversal of a bipolar driver. Viscous Damping (KDV) (lb-in./kRPM) Inherent losses are present in all motors which result in lower torque delivered at the output shaft than developed at the rotor. Losses which are proportional to speed (i.e. speed dependent terms such as windage, friction, eddy current) are related through the motor's "viscous damping" constant, measured as the slope of the damping curve. Voltage constant (KE) (V/kRPM peak, line-to-line) May also be termed back-EMF constant. When a motor is operated, it generates a voltage proportional to speed, but opposing the applied voltage. The shape of the voltage waveform depends upon the specific motor design. For example, in a brushless motor, the waveshape may be trapezoidal or sinusoidal in nature. All Pacific Scientific brushless motor designs have a sinusoidal voltage constant. For a sine waveform, the voltage constant can be measured from line-to-neutral or line-to-line and expressed as a peak value or "RMS" value.

Questions on rotary equipment

PUMPS 1. Name parts of centrifugal pumps? 2. Explain overhauling stops for a back pull our pump? 3. What is impeller back clearance? 4. How do you check impeller back clearance? 5. How do you adjust impeller back clearance? 6. What is impeller front clearance? 7. How do you check impeller front clearance? 8. How do you adjust impeller front clearance? 9. What is fixed bearing? 10. Where is fixed bearing located? 11. What is floating bearing? 12. Where is floating bearing located? 13. What is the necessity of floating bearing? 14. What is bearing back to back arrangement? 15. Why bearing back to back arrangement is provided? 16. In which series bearing back to back arrangement is available? 17. How do you check plain journal bearing clearance? 18. Is there any thumb rule for journal bearing clearance? 19. Have you seen tilting pad journal bearings? 20. What are the various ways to check titling pad journal bearing clearance? 21. What is the advantage of tilting pad journal bearing over plain journal bearing? 22. How do you adjust tilting pad journal bearing clearance? 23. Give the go no go gauge dimensions for a 100 mm journal diameter with a minimum bearing clearance of 0.16mm and maximum bearing clearance of 0.25mm? 24. Why plastic gauge are preferred rather than lead wire? 25. How do you polish journal bearings? 26. What is spherical seated journal bearing? 27. Why spherical seated bearings are used? 28. What is bearing crush? 29. How do you check bearing crush? 30. How do you adjust bearing crush? 31. How do you check thrust bearing clearance? 32. How do you adjust thrust bearing clearance? 33. How do you identify bearing pads based on their Pivot? 34. How do you identify RH & LH pivoted pads? 35. If the DOR of a rotor is CW looking from C/E, where will you locate RH & LH pads? 36. What is adapter sleeve & withdrawal sleeve? 37. How do you specify bearing lock nut & lock washer? 38. What is rotor free float? 39. Explain rotor centering? 40. How do you adjust rotor centering without affecting axial float? 41. What is radial centering? 42. How do you adjust radial centering? 43. Explain the overhauling sequence for a multistage centrifugal pump?

44. What do you mean by wear ring? 45. What is the purpose of wear ring? 46. What are the different types of wearing? 47. How do you check wear ring clearance? 48. How do you adjust wear ring clearance? 49. How do you fix eye wear ring & casing wear ring? 50. What are the different types of shaft sleeves? 51. Where are the throttle sleeve & throat sleeve located in a rotor? 52. Draw a balanced opposed rotor arrangement? 53. Why balanced opposed rotor arrangement is preferred? 54. Where is the balance drum located in rotor? 55. What is the purpose of balance drum? 56. What is the applicable API standard for centrifugal pumps? 57. What do you mean by oil wedge? 58. What do you mean by oil whirl or oil whip? 59. What is hydrostatic lubrication? 60. What is hydronamic lubrication? 61. What is force feed lubrication? 62. What is oil thrower ring? 63. What is the purpose of oil thrower ring? 64. What is oil scoop? 65. What is the purpose oil scoop? 66. What is oil control ring? 67. What is the purpose of oil control ring? 68. Why auxillary lube oil pump is used? 69. What is the casing bolt tightening sequence? 70. What is torque wrench? 71. What is rotor run out? 72. How do you check rotor run out? 73. What are the various ways of impeller fixing arrangement? 74. What is the general value of rotor run out at various locations? 75. What is NPSH? 76. What is NPSH required & NPSH available? 77. What is cavitation? 78. What is inducer? 79. Why inducer is used? 80. What is the difference between discharge head & discharge pressure? 81. What is the minimum Flow Check Valve? 82. Why minimum Flow Check Valve is used? 83. What is vertical in line pump? 84. How do you center the rotor and position the coupling of a vertical in line pump? 85. Explain the procedure for mechanical seal renewal of a vertical in line pump? 86. What is vertical sump pump? 87. What is steady bearing? 88. Draw the performance characteristics curve for a centrifugal pump? 89. What do you mean by balancing line in multistage centrifugal pump? 90. What is the purpose of balancing line?

91. Why mechanical seals are used? 92. How do you specify a mechanical seal? 93. Name few seal manufacturer? 94. What is 15WRS seal? 95. What is the applicable standard for mechanical seal? 96. What is the average life expected out of a seal as per API 682? 97. Name few types of mechanical seal? 98. Draw simple mechanical seal and name its part? 99. Explain the complete dismantling & assembly procedure for a mechanical seal? 100. What is seal setting compression? 101. What is cartridge type of mechanical seal? 102. Can you change the seal setting compression of cartridge type mechanical seal? 103. Explain the assembly procedure of a cartridge type mechanical seal? 104. How do you identify a balanced/unbalanced mechanical seal? 105. What is pusher/non pusher type mechanical seal? 106. What are all the pre checks to be made on a pump before starting positioning a mechanical seal? 107. What is stuffing box squareness? 108. How do you check stuffing box squareness? 109. What type of mechanical seal is preferred for hot oils? Why? 110. What type of mechanical seal is preferred for Sulphur duty? 111. What is seal flushing fluid? What is its purpose? Name few seal flush plans? 112. What is seal quenching fluid? What is its purpose? Name few seal plans? 113. What is stuffing box cooling water jacket? Why it is used? 114. Why seal coolers are used? 115. Name few MOC of seal faces? 116. What is seal ring and mating ring? 117. How many elastomers are used in a mechanical seal assembly? 118. Name few snap ring in a mechanical seal? 119. What is snap ring in a mechanical seal? 120. What are the usual problems faced with mechanical seals? 121. Does the rotor axial float have something to do with mechanical seal? 122. What is double mechanical seal? Why it is used? 123. Name the two types of double mechanical seal? Where is it used? 124. What do you mean by barrier fluid? Name few barrier fluid? 125. What do you mean by buffer fluid? Name few buffer fluid? 126. What is the difference between barrier fluid and buffer fluid? 127. Where do we use cyclone separator in mechanical seal? 128. What is pumping ring in a mechanical seal? What is its purpose? 129. What is the difference between inside mounted seal & outside mounted seal? 130. What is seal balance ratio? 131. What is the seal balance ratio for balanced/unbalanced seal? 132. Difference centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump? 133. How do you measure valve lift in reciprocating pump? 134. What is the necessity of pulsation dampener? 135. Name few types of pulsation dampener?

136. How do you fill up gas in a accumulator? 137. Explain overhauling sequence for reciprocating pump? 138. What is web deflection? How do you measure web deflection? 139. How to check big end bearing & small end bush clearance? 140. What do you mean by stroke length? 141. What is gudgeon pin? 142. What is cross head slide/shoe? 143. Name few ways of locking arrangement of piston/plunger? 144. How to ensure in-line concentricity of crankshaft to cylinder bore? 145. What are dosing pump? 146. Name few types of dosing pump? 147. Why dosing pumps are used? 148. What are the probable reasons for cylinder knocking in a reciprocating pump? 149. What are the probable reasons for valve knocking in reciprocating pump? 150. What are the probable reasons for vibration in a reciprocating pump? 151. Where do we use screw pumps & gear pumps? 152. What do you mean by flute? 153. What is idler screw? 154. How drive is transmitted to idler screw? 155. How do you measure radial clearance & axial clearance between flutes? 156. How do you measure gear backlash? 157. What is the usual gear hardness value? COMPRESSOR 158. Name few parts of a centrifugal compressor? 159. What is the applicable standard for centrifugal compressor? 160. How do you specify a centrifugal/horizontally split compressor? 161. Explain the over hauling steps for a Barrel type centrifugal compressor? 162. How do you center a compressor rotor? 163. How do you check labyrinth clearance for a Barrel type centrifugal compressor? 164. What is the compound used in the split half of the casing? 165. How do you leak check a barrel type compressor? 166. Explain the overhauling steps for a horizontally split type centrifugal compressor? 167. Name the different types of labyrinth? 168. How do you measure labyrinth clearance in barrel type compressor? 169. How do you measure labyrinth clearance in horizontally split type compressor? 170. What is diaphragm? 171. What is diaphragm delta P and what is the maximum value allowed? 172. What is balance piston? 173. What is balance piston delta P & what is its normal value? 174. What is bridge over arrangement? 175. Draw the lub. Oil circuit? 176. What is the lub. Oil run down tank? 177. What is the normal filtration size of LO &SO filter? 178. Draw the seal oil circuit? 179. What is the purpose of PCV in the seal oil circuit? 180. What is the purpose of LCV in the seal oil circuit? 181. What will happen if PVC opens more? 182. What is flow through valve in sweet oil system? 183. Why buffer gas is used in the seal oil circuit? 184. Is there any other source for isolating the seal oil from process gas? 185. What is dry gas seal? 186. Draw the performance characteristic curve? 187. What is polytropic head & polytropic efficiency? 188. What is surging? 189. What is stonewall effect? 190. What is stalling? 191. Draw a simple seal? 192. What is contact type and non contact type seal? 193. Is the seal ring stationary, rotating or floating? 194. How do you measure seal ring clearance? 195. Does the seal ring have clearance with housing? Why? 196. What is the general value of seal ring clearance? 197. What is dummy

bearing? 198. What is honey comb labyrinth? 199. What is head? 200. What is head puller? 201. What is belly band? 202. Differentiate bundle O-ring & head O-ring? 203. What is hydraulic fit coupling? 204. Draw a simple sketch to assemble & withdraw hydraulic fit coupling? 205. What is pusher pump & expander pump? 206. Is hydraulic fit coupling with o-rings or without o-rings? 207. How do you ensure fit of taper coupling? 208. What is diaphragm coupling? 209. What is active shim & store shim? 210. What is shear plate coupling? 211. Name different type of couplings? 212. What is the allowable vibration level as per API standard? 213. Name few parts of reciprocating compressors? 214. What is the applicable standards for reciprocating compressors? 215. Explain the overhauling steps for a reciprocating compressor? 216. What is a top dead centre? How do you measure it? 217. Is there any means to increase TDC? How to do it? 218. What is bottom dead centre? How do you measure it? 219. Why TDC is more than BDC? 220. What is rod deflection? 221. What are the various clearances measured during overhauling of reciprocating compressor? 222. What is cylinder to piston clearance? How do you measure it? 223. How do you check piston ring end clearance? 224. What is the difference between piston ring & bearer ring? 225. What is the MOC of piston ring & bearer ring? 226. How much is the normal clearance between piston ring and piston groove? 227. Name different types of gas packing rings? 228. What is the pressure breaking rings? Where it is located? Which one is pressure breaking ring? 229. What is sealing ring? Where is it located? Which one is sealing ring? 230. Draw a tangential cut ring and mark the clearances? 231. Draw a radial cut ring and mark the clearance? 232. Is there any clearances between cup to packing? Why that clearance is given? 233. What is the MOC of gas packing rings? 234. What are the various methods of capacity control? 235. What is clearance pocket? 236. What is suction valve loader? 237. Draw a simple suction valve and name its parts? 238. Draw a simple discharge valve and name its parts? 239. How do you recondition the valves of a reciprocating compressor? 240. How do you leak check a valve of a reciprocating compressor? 241. IInd stage discharge pressure is high? What is the problem? How will you identify? 242. There is a capacity reduction in the discharge pressure of the compressor? What is the problem? 243. There is a reduction in the discharge pressure of the compressor? What is the problem? 244. What is the normal pressure ratio of a discharge suction? 245. Why intercoolers are used? 246. What is distance piece? 247. What is oil wiper packing? 248. Why intermediate gas packing are used? 249. What is cylinder jacket? 250. What is stuffing box jacket? 251. How the CW is prevented from entering the gas side? 252. What is volumetric efficiency? 253. What is the need of cylinder liner? What is its MOC? 254. Explain the procedure for liner renewal? 255. What is cylinder liner lubrication? 256. How do you lubricate the cylinder liner? 257. What is single acting, double acting and balanced opposed? TURBINES 258. Name few parts of steam turbine? 259. What is the applicable API standard for steam turbine? 260. Explain the over hauling steps for steam turbine? 261. What is the regulating valve or governing valve or chest valve? 262. What is TTV or MSV? 263. What is nozzle box? 264. What is nozzle? 265. What is fixed blade and moving blade? 266. Where to measure moving blade to fixed blade clearance? 267. What are the various clearance measured in a rotor? 268. How do you assemble carbon packings? What is anti rotation pin? 269. How do you centre a turbine rotor? 270. What are the different types of labyrinths in a turbine rotor? 271. How do you check bumping clearance? 272. What is internal casing? 273. What is internal clearance? Why it is necessary? Explain the procedure? 274. Explain the procedure of carrying out

optical alignment? What is its advantage? 275. What is a governor? Name few types 276. What is minimum and maximum governor & how did you overcome? 277. What is woodward PGPL & SGX governors? 278. Explain problem faced by you in a governor & how did you overcome? 279. What is isochronous governor? 280. What is speed droop governor? 281. A governor is hunting? What are the on line & off line adjustment that can be tried? 282. What are the various trip systems available in a turbine? 283. How do you check OST in a turbine? How do you adjust OST? 284. Why LLO trip is given for a turbine? 285. What is the extraction cum condensing turbine? 286. What is the control mechanism for extraction cum condensing turbine? 287. What are the various parameters to be noted down for the above hydraulic circuits? 288. What is a gland ejector? What is ejector condenser? 289. What is hogging ejector? What is startup ejector? 290. What are the auxillaries for a steam turbine? 291. What is a thrust collar? 292. How is tachometer drive taken from the rotor? 293. What is pedestal trip? 294. What is a pressure compound & velocity compounded turbine? 295. What is impulse and reaction turbine? 296. What is static electricity? 297. What is electrical run out? 298. What is gauss meter? 299. How do you demagnetize a rotor? 300. What is earth brush? 301. What is the compound used in the split half of the casing? 302. What is the principle of bolt heater? 303. What is centrifuge? Why it is used? 304. What is the filtration size of normal Lo filter? FINFAN 305. What is finfan? 306. What are the various measurements to be taken on a finfan? 307. How do you measure blade angle? What is the instrument used? How do you adjust? 308. How do you measure tiptrack? 309. What is FRP blade? What is its advantage? 310. What are the various methods of fixing blade to hub? 311. What are the various methods of drive arrangement available for finfans? 312. What are the PM jobs carried out on a finfan? CONVEYORS 313. What is the use of conveyor in a refinery? 314. How do you specify a belt? 315. What are the various types of rollers used on a conveyor? 316. What are the troughing roller, return roller, self aligning roller? 317. Why counter weights are used? 318. What are the various methods of take up pulleys? 319. What are the various types of belt joint splicing? 320. Explain the vulcanizing & hot vulcanizing? 321. What are the PM jobs carried out on a conveyor? 322. What is the compound used for vulcanizing? 323. What is the cold vulcanizing & hot vulcanising? 324. How do you adjust sway in a conveyor? 325. What is the difference between nylon belt & cotton belt? 326. What are the various belt widths available? 327. what is the pull chord switch? 328. What is the purpose of snub pulley? 329. In a belt which should be the leading joint? Why? 330. How do you put a belt patch up? LOADING ARMS 331. What is loading arm? 332. Why loading arms are used? 333. What is the method of clamping adopted to fix the loading arm to ship manifold? 334. What is the safety feature involved in disconnecting the loading arm during emergency? 335. How is the movement of loading arm controlled?