RF DATA COMMUNICATION IN DUPLEX MODE WITH ENCRYPTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OPTION

DATA TRANSMISSON THROUGH RADIO FREQUENCY MODULE.

In this project we show that how we transfer the data from the one unit to second unit with rf module. In this project we transfer the ascii data. First of all we type the ascii data with the help of the push to on switch and save this data in the unit. This data is display on the lcd screen at the same time. Now we send this data via serial communication from one unit to another unit.

Data send with the address code, if the address code is not match then data is not transfer. Data send through the encryption code and decrypt by the password only. Data send to receiver via serial communication. In this project we design a duplex mode transmission Data transfer and if not receive then not response message is on the screen. If the data is send properally then data send message on the screen.

Complete project is to be divided into few parts.

5 volt regulated power supply. Keyboard scanning ( multi code from one key) Microcontroller interface. Lcd detail. Serial communication. How to set a baud rate. Rf mdule detail. Data acknowledgement option.

In this project we use 5 volt regulated power supply with the help of AC to Dc converter circuit. Here we use one step down transformer to step down the voltage from 220 volt ac to 9 volt ac. Here we use centre tap transformer. Output of the transformer is converted into dc with the help of the full wave

rectifier circuit. Output of the rectifier is further converted into pure dc with the help of the capacitor filter. Output of the filter circuit is further regulated by the 7805 regulator. Output of the regulator is further ic regulated 5 volt dc. Here we use 7805 regulator. IC 7805 is a 5 volt regulator. Output of the regulator is again filter by the capacitor circuit. Here we use capacitor circuit to reduce the noise in the air. Output of the regulator is shown by the resistor and led circuit for power indication. This 5 volt supply is must for the microcontroller circuit, lcd supply and rf module unit.

Keyboard scanning. In the keyboard scanning first of all we use push to on switches. This type of switch are two pin switch. All the switches are connect to microcontroller port p1 and port p3. One point of the all the switches are connected to the ground position. In normal condition when the power is on all the pins of the controller is on high logic, so when we press a switch then that pins become more negative and so we acknowledge the pin by sense a 0 on this pin. Here we use 26 letter and some other function of keyboard like back slash etc. first of all we sense the switch . we assign the switch and insert a a ascii code in particular function. We make one

function for one letter. We done all these things by the programming. First of all we assign all the keys with rename the bit value. Like key1 is connected to the p1.0. pi.o is the pin no 1 of the port p1 key1 key2 key3 key4 key5 key6 key7 key8 key9 key10 key11 key12 key13 key14 buz bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit p1.0 p1.1 p1.2 p1.3 p1.4 p1.5 p1.6 p1.7 p3.2 p3.3 p3.4 p3.5 p3.6 p3.7 p2.4

buzzer is connected to the pin no 25 which is p2.4 of this ic

Here we use ic 89s51 as a main controller to done all the function of the project. Here we use 89s51 which is a family member of the 8051 family.

The 8051 doesnt have any special feature than other microcontroller. The only feature is that it is easy to learn. Architecture makes us to know about the hardware features of the microcontroller. The features of the 8051 are

 4K Bytes of Flash Memory 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM Fully Static Operation: 1 MHz to 24 MHz 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources (5 Vectored) Programmable Serial Channel Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The 8051 has a 8-Bit CPU that means it is able to process 8 bit of data at a time. 8051 has 235 instructions. Some of the important registers and their functions are

Pin no 40 of the ic is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 20 is connected to the negative supply. Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to the 12

Mhz crystal. With the help of this crystal we not only control the speed of processor but at the same time we use this crystal value to set the baud rate also. Pin no 1 to 8 is for the port p1. all this pins are connected to the push to switches to enter a code in the processor.

As soon as you give the power supply the 8051 doesnt start. You need to restart for the microcontroller to start. Restarting the microcontroller is nothing but giving a Logic 1 to the reset pin at least for the 2 clock pulses. So it is good to go for a small circuit which can provide the 2 clock pulses as soon as the microcontroller is powered.

Pin no 9 is the reset pin of this ic. On this pin we connect a one capacitor and resistor. With the help of this capacitor and resistor we auto reset the controller when power is on. One manual switch is also connected across the capacitor to produce a manual reset .when we press this switch then pin no 9 become positive and negative for 2 microsecond second and ic is to be reset. To reset the ic in proper way is very must, because we want to start the program every time from start point.

Pin no 10 to pin no 17 is our port p3. Pin no 10 and pin no 11 is the rx and tx pin of the ic On this tx and rx pin we connect a rf module to send and receive the data.. these Rf module are 433 Mhz module. On this pin data is available in serial mode. Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to the crystal. Two capacitors are grounded from the crystal to reduce the noise in the air. Here we use 27 to 33 pf of the capacitor. These capacitors are grounded from the crystal. Crystals

Crystals provide the synchronization of the internal function and to the peripherals. Whenever ever we are using crystals we need to put the

capacitor behind it to make it free from noises. It is good to go for a 33pf capacitor.

pin no 21 to 24 is connected to dip switches. Here we use 4 pin dip switch, with the help of this switches we select a address of the data transmission, we use this dip switch to select the address. Pin no 21 to 28 is the port p2 pin. Pin no 25 is connected to the buzzer. This buzzer is activate when the data is receive by the rf module.

2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1

pin no 26,27,28 is connected to the lcd control pins. These pins are very important for the lcd to control all the command and data write function. LCD DETAIL . In this project we use 2 by 16 lcd. It means 2 lines and 16 character on one line. Frequently, an 8051 program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an 8051 is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively. Fortunately, a very popular standard exists which allows us to communicate with the vast majority of LCDs regardless of their manufacturer. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (in this case, the 8051) and communicates directly with the LCD

In this project we use three control lines and 8 data lines, total 11 lines. * data lines are connected to the port p0, pin no 39 to 32
The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus). The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN low (0) again. The 1-0 transition tells the 44780 to take the data currently found on the other control lines andonthe data bus and to treat it as a command. The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write commands--so RW will almost always be low. Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7. Tx pin and rx pins are connected to the Radio frequency module. With the help of this module we send and receive the data serially

In this project we use one 433 mhz transmitter and one 433 mhz receiver in both the circuit. This is rf module and use it for the many rf application circuit, this type of rf module is available in the market for different

application. We use one pair of transmitter and receiver in both the circuit. Along with this transmitter and receiver we use 89s51 controller circuit. Data from the controller is serially connected to the input of the transmitter and serially is received. So we use serial communication. In this microcontroller there is special buffer for the serial communication. With the help of this UART feature we transmit the data and receive the data serially with this rf module.

The TWS-434 and RWS-434 are extremely small, and are excellent for applications requiring short-range RF remote controls. The transmitter module is only 1/3 the size of a standard postage stamp, and can easily be placed inside a small plastic enclosure. TWS-434: The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz with a range of approximately 400 foot (open area) outdoors. Indoors, the range is approximately 200 foot, and will go through most walls.....

TWS-434A

The TWS-434 transmitter accepts both linear and digital inputs, can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-DC, and makes building a miniature hand-held RF transmitter very easy. The TWS-434 is approximately the size of a standard postage stamp.

TWS-434 Pin Diagram

Sample Transmitter Application Circuit

RWS-434: The receiver also operates at 433.92MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3uV. The RWS-434 receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC, and has both linear and digital outputs. Click on picture for larger image

RWS-434 Receiver

RWS-434 Pin Diagram

Sample Receiver Application Circuit

The example above shows the receiver section using the HT-12D decoder IC
for a 4-bit RF remote control system. The transmitter and receiver can also use the Holtek 8-bit HT-640/HT-648L remote control encoder/decoder combination for an 8-bit RF remote control system. Here are the schematics for an 8-bit RF remote control system:

Next part of the project is programming part, for this project we use one assembler to type all the code in the assembly language For developing embedded application we are having two options.

Assembler

C Compiler

Assembler

Using assembler can reduce them memory used abundantly. You can have a good control over the code. When you use assembly language you are directly programming the microcontroller. The process time can be easily calculated. Atmel itself gives a free assembler called asm51.

But making a application in assembly language will take many man hours. Porting is not at all possible in assembly language. Even to port the code into another derivative we need to tweak a lot. Debugging is really tough. A simple applications code may range from 400 to 500 lines. It is really tough to map the mistake and rectify it.

C Compiler

This is an universal language and so every one know C. The application can be rapidly developed in C Compiler. The code can be ported into other microcontroller just like that. Debugging is really easy in C.

On the other hand when we use C we dont have the control over the code. The printf is a single statement which takes around 1.2 Kb of code memory. The 8051 it self has only 4Kb of memory. The C Compilers are

memory hungry. Even the best compilers fix bugs after its release. The compilers use the ram just like that. The cost of the compiler is very high.

We can still use C Compiler because we can make the applications rapidly. We dont want to learn another new language. We even dont want to learn the whole architecture of the 8051!

The 8051 has only 127 bytes of ram. The enhanced version 8052 even has only 256 bytes of ram. So while programming microcontroller we should take care a lot in the usage of the variables.

A view of the C Compilers available in the market

SDCC Small Device C Compiler open source Compiler started in India.

RIDE yet another famous C Compiler but ram hungry

Hitech Famous in Dev. PIC Micro compilers

 Micro C Rather new compiler

Keil Very Nice Compiler

Components used in this project. ( SAME AS A TWO SET) Step down transformer 220 volt 9 volt ac. Diode in 4007 (2) Capacitor 1000mfd (2) 7805 regulator for 5 volt regulation. Push to on switch (15) Ic 89s51 ( 8051 family) Lcd 2 by 16 Crystal 12 mhz Rf module 433 mhz tx and rx module.

Dip switch to select address. Dc buzzer Resistor: 10k pull up resistor with port p0. 1 k oh resistor (4) 470 ohm resistor (2) 1o k fixed (2) 4 .7 k variable resistor with lcd pin no 3 l.e.d (2) NPN TRANSISITOR (20