Characterization of Unsaturated

Zone Susceptible to Landslides in

Tropical Volcanic Residual Soil with
In-Situ Tests

P.P. Rahardjo
R. Karlinasari

S L O P E 2012
Bandung 27 April 2012

Problems weve faced on site

Slope with one type of residual soils profile :
Landslide due to high rainfall intensity in residual soil profile
Landslide due to changed in water volume content
Relatively shallow landslide

BESAI, LAMPUNG

Slope with one type of

residual soils profile

Rain Fall

1st Layer

Problems weve faced on site

Slope with two type of residual soils profile :

Surface layer (1st layer) is a porous layer, base layer (2nd layer) is
relatively impermeable layer.
Landslide due to high rainfall intensity in residual soil profile
Landslide due to changed in water volume content
Seepage problem due to high pressure head differences (high slope)
Translational landslide,
shallow landslide or deep landslide

Slope with two type of

residual soils profile

1st Layer

2nd Layer
Relatively
impermeable

TPICALResidual
ZONE Soil
Tropical
TROPICAL RESIDUAL SOIL

Tropical Weathering Zone

7

Typical Residual Soil Profile

(after Little,1969)(Wesley,
1988)

RESIDUAL SOIL
PROFILE :

Distinction in residual zone, Blight (Tan, Y.C., dan Chow, C.M.,2003)

Weathering Process
9

Weathering Process at rocks

Weathering Profile

Unsaturated Zone
Active Zone

Unsaturated Zone
/ Vadose Zone

Saturated Zone

Defining the Profile of Residual Soils

Mineral Characteristics
X-Ray Diffraction Method
SEM (Scan Electron Microscopy)
Physical Soil Properties Characteristics
In-Situ Measurement of Water Volume Content

(ADR Thetaprobe)
In-Situ Measurement of Suction (Jetfill
Tensiometer)
In-Situ Shear Strength and Pore Water Pressure
(Pressuremeter, Dilatometer and CPTu)

0.5 1.0 m

Zona
Oksidasi

Zona 5

2.0 2.5 m

Zona 4

4.0 4.5 m

5.5 6.0 m

Zona
Pencucian
Mineral
Karbonat
dan Klorit

Zona 3

Zona
Pelapukan
Awal

Zona 2

7.0 7.5 m

8.5 9.0 m

12

R. Karlinasari, 2009

Physical Properties Profile

13

Diagram of tropical residual

soil profile
(dari Little,
1969)
Variation in engineering
properties of weathering
Basalt rock to Laterit Soil
(Tuncer and Lohnes, 1977)

Laboratory Gs Measurement

14

R. Karlinasari, 2009

Fotomicrograph SEM Measurement

Laboratory Void Ratio

Measurement

R. Karlinasari, 2009

The Weathering Process Profile

The Weathering Process from base to surface :

The Beginning of Weathering Process

The Washing of Carbonat and Chlorite Process
The Oxidation Process

The Residual Soil Zone Due To The Process

Of Weathering
Zone 2, as the beginning of weathering zone
Zona 3, as the washing of carbonat and chlorite zone
Zona 4, as the beginning of oxidation zone

Zona 5, as the end of oxidation zone

The base of Active Zone

Defining The Limit of Active Zone

In Situ Test
SPT
CPTu
Dilatometer
Pressuremeter
Laboratorium Soil Test

Profile Characteristic based on

Bor Log, SPT, and CPT
19

Neglajaya, Cipularang Slope

Profile Characteristic based on

Bor Log, SPT, and CPT
20

Cilame, Cipularang Slope

Profile Characteristic based on

Bor Log, SPT, and CPT
21

Narogong, Bogor

Profile Characteristic based on

Bor Log, SPT, and CPT
22

Colluvial ?

Fairway Golf, Bogor

Profile Characteristic based on CPTu

23

Kalijati ,Sta.109+500

Profile Characteristic based on CPTu

24

Kalijati,Sta.113+650

Zona 4 CPTu Parameters

25

Dilatometer Test (DMT)

Dilatometer Test (DMT)

ID = (p1 - p0) / (p0 - u0)

KD = (p0 - u0) / 'v0
ED = 34.7 (p1 - p0)

Profile Characteristic based on

Dilatometers
28

DMT-01 BH-02 Lereng Neglajaya

Profile Characteristic based on

Dilatometers

DMT-01 BH-02 Lereng Neglajaya

Profile Characteristic based on

Dilatometer
30

DMT-02 BH-03 Lereng Neglajaya

Profile Characteristic based on

Dilatometer

DMT-02 BH-03 Lereng Neglajaya

Profile Characteristic based on

Dilatometer
32

DMT-03 BH-04 Lereng Neglajaya

Profile Characteristic based on

Dilatometer
33

DMT-03 BH-04 Lereng Neglajaya

Profile Characteristic based on

Dilatometer
34

DMT Dago Pakar Bandung (Moeno, 2004)

Zona 4 Parameters based on Dilatometer

35

Zona 5 Parameters based on Dilatometer

36

Zona 3 Parameters based on Dilatometer

37

Dilatometer Measurement on Subtropic Residual Soil Spain

(Fonseca, et all)
38

39

Material Indentification (ID)

40

Fonseca,2006

Material Indentification (ID)

41

Fonseca,2006

Pressuremeter Test (PMT)

Pressuremeter Test (PMT)

PRESSUREMETER
PARAMETERS

44

PRESSUREMETER
PARAMETERS

45

PRESSUREMETER PARAMETERS
46
Lokasi
Kedalaman Uji (m)
Kedalaman (z)
N
PoM (kPa)
Pf (kPa)
Pl (kPa)
g (gr/cm3)
uo
Ko
vo (kPa)
vo (cm3)

Cijengkol
6.5-7.0
6.75
14-15
170
620
1080
1.59
0
0.5
53.66
255

Neglajaya
7.0-7.5
7.25
3-5
122
280
560
1.82
0
0.75
98.96
250

vf (cm3)
vl(cm3)
GM (kPa)
EM (kPa)

280
790
19035
50633.10

265
779.28
10920.76
29049.21

(PoM)r (kPa)

240

(Pf)r (kPa)

620

(vo)r (cm3)

280

(vf)r (cm3)

300

GR (kPa)

20520

ER (kPa)

54583.20

Pressuremeter Results
47

Ph, Dubujet, ECL, 2003

Different Suction ?

Application
Rainfall Induced Landslide Modelling:
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

Zone 4 as indicator for Traping Water Zone

Zone 4 as indicator for In-Situ Suction Profile
Input (Load) : Rainfall Intensity Data
Rainfall Intensity defined Water Pressure Contour
Water Pressure Contour change Effective Stress Contour
Change on Effective Stress defined Landslide Slip Surface

Rainfall Intensity
How severe ?
1000
900
800
700
600
500

400
300
200
100
0
1

9 10
11 12

2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Ungaran Rain Fall Data on 1993-2011, BMKG

2002

Rainfall Intensity
How severe ?

5 Highest Wet Year

1000
900
800
700

600
500
400
300
200

100
2010
2005
1998
1996
1993

0
1

1993

1996

1998

10
2005

11

12
2010

Ungaran Rain Fall Data on 1993-2011, BMKG

Rainfall Intensity
How severe ?

Jayapura Rain Fall Data on 2005-2009, WMO, NCDC-NOAA-USA.

Indonesian Climate Data

Rain Fall Data on 1949-2009, WMO, NCDC-NOAA-USA

Rainfall Intensity as Input

54

I (mm/hr)

Rainfall Data Lereng Cijengkol

Tahun 2005 - 2006

60

Total (mm)
2000
1800
1600
1400

40

1200
30

1000
800

20

600
400

10

200
0
4/26/05
0:00

0
5/26/05
0:00

6/25/05
0:00

7/25/05
0:00

8/24/05
0:00

9/23/05
0:00

10/23/05
0:00

Date

11/22/05
0:00

12/22/05
0:00

1/21/06
0:00

2/20/06
0:00

3/22/06
0:00

4/21/06
0:00

Total Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall Intensity (mm/h)

50

Range of Matric Suction

55

Range of Matric Suction

56

Trap Water Modeling with

Pressure Head equal to zero

Trap Water

Double Side Slope Flow Net

Wesley, 2004
Seepage only caused by rainfall

External Source Seepage Flow Net

Wesley, 2004

Two Difference Flow Net

Wesley, 2004

Internal Source Flow Path : Rainfall on Slope

Highest flow vector at the surface

External Source Flow Path : Seepage

Highest flow vector at upward flow

Seepage Forces : No Flow

Downward Seepage Forces

Upward Seepage Forces

10
9
8

6. 5

8.7

6.2

8.8

6.3

8.7

Total Head Contour

6.1

8.9

1.1405e-005

Elevation (m)

2
1
0
0

10

11

12

13

14

15

Distance (m)

Velocity Vector and

Pressure Contour

10
9
8

Elevation (m)

7
6
5

38

47

14

36

12

22

3
2
1
0
0

10

11

Distance (m)

Pore Water Pressure Contour

12

13

14

15

10
9
8

Elevation (m)

7
6

-16

5 -18
-13

9
13

4 -7

18

3
2
1
0
0

10

Distance (m)

Y Effective Stress Contour

11

12

13

14

15

Internal Slope Rainfall :

Pore Water Pressure Contour

Internal Slope Rainfall :

Y Effective Stress Contour

Internal Slope Rainfall :

Pore Water Pressure Contour

Seepage : Pore Water Pressure Contour

Seepage: Y Effective Stress Contour

Seepage : Safety Factor

2 Type of Soil (bottom Layer is impermeable)

Seepage from Head Pressure Differences on Slope

(2 type of soil )

Slope SF due to Seepage

Slope SF due to High Water Level

Rainfall Induce Landslide Modelling

420
410
400
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320

Height (m)

21

310
300
20

290
280
22
18

17

270

13
16

12

15

260

14
5

250

10

240

19
4

230
2

220
1

11

210
200
190
180

20

170
-140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390

Distance (m)
22
17

18
13

16

12

15
14
5
9

10

8
4
3

11

-140-130-120-110-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Distance (m)

350
340

Flow of Water at the

Beginning of January
330
310
300
290
280
0

270
260
250

1.7023e-009

Elevation (m)

320

240
230

220

210
200
190

380

180
-130

370
360

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

350
330

Magnification

320
310

300
290

280

270
250
240
230

220

1.7023e-009

260

210
200
190
180
-130

140

160

Distance (m

340

Elevation (m)

120

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

Distance (m)

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

350
340

Flow of Water at the

End of February
330
320
300
290
280
270

260
250
240
230

220

3.1506e-007

Elevation (m)

310

10

20

210
200
190

90

180

370

170
-130

360
350

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

340
330

Magnification

320
300

290

10

280
270
10

260
240
220

3.1506e-007

250
230

Elevation (m)

310

10

20

210
200
190
90

180
170
-130

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

Distance (m)

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

140

340
330

Flow of Water at the

End of March
320
300
290
280
270
260

90

250
240

20

7.8029e-007

Elevation (m)

310

230
220

10

10

210
200
190
180

370

170
-130

360
350

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

340
330

Magnification

320

300
0

290
280

10

10

270
260

90

250
240

230

20

Elevation (m)

310

10

10

220
210
200
190
180
170
-130

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

Distance (m)

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

420

Plastic Point : The Beginning of January

410
400
390

420
410
400

380

390
380

370

370
360
350

360

340
320

350

310
300

340

290
280
270

330

260
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
-140

-120

-100

Elevation (m)

Elevation (m)

330

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

320
310
300
290
140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

Distance (m)

280
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
-140

-120

-100

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10

340
330

Plastic Point: end of Feb, end of March

320
310
300
290
280
270

380

250

370

240

360

230

350

220

340

210

330

200

320

190

310

180
-130

-110

Elevation (m)

260

300

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20290

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

280
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
-130

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Change in Safety Factor : January

380
370
360
350
340
330
320

Elevation (m)

2 1

310
300

1.253

2 0

290

SF : 1.253

280
2 2

270

1 7

1 8

1 3
1 6

1 2

1 5

260

1 4
5

250

1 0

8
1 9

240

4
3

230
2

220
1 1
1

210
200
190
180
-130

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

Distance (m)

380
370
360
350
340
330
320

Elevation (m)

2 1

310
300

2 0

1.029

290

SF : 1.029

280
2 2

270

1 7

1 8

1 3
1 6

1 2

1 5

260

1 4
5

250

1 0

8
1 9

240

4
3

230
2

220
1 1
1

210
200
190
180
-130

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

Distance (m)

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

Change in Safety Factor : Feb-March

380
370
360
350
340
330
320

Elevation (m)

2 1

310
300

2 0

0.983

290
280

2 2

270

SF : 0.983

1 8

1 7

1 3
1 6

1 2

1 5

260

1 4
5

250

1 0

7
8

1 9

240

4
3

230
2

220
1 1
1

210
200
190
180
-130

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

Distance (m)

380
370
360
350
340
330
320

Elevation (m)

2 1

310
300

2 0

0.717

290
280

SF : 0.717

2 2

270

1 7

1 8

1 3
1 6

1 2

1 5

260

1 4
5

250

1 0

8
1 9

240

4
3

230
2

220
1 1
1

210
200
190
180
-130

-110

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

120

140

160

Distance (m)

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

Lowering Water Table due to

Horizontal Drain Function

Horizontal Drain
Horizontal Drain

Flow to Horizontal Drain

-100
-50
0
50

Increasing SF due to Higher

Horizontal Drain Output
-10

Pressure Head on
unit flux 4e-4 m/day

-5

0
5

10
-5
0

10

Pressure Head on
unit flux 2e-4 m/day

Unit flux (q)

m/day

SF

6e-4
5e-4
4e-4
3e-4
2e-4

1.571
1.468
1.321
1.298
1.169

CONCLUSION

Zone 4 of tropical residual soils, where water trap condition occured, becomes an
indicator zone to divide the tropical volcanic residual soil into weathering zones.

With knowledge to define the zone 4 location, then it will be possible to predict the
unsaturated behaviour of the soil profile, because the residual soil undergo the same
weathering process.

This research proved the effectiveness of insitu tests to define the zone 4 location. The
Dilatometer and CPT-u test are among the best insitu tets to define the weathering zone.

The insitu parameters from each different zone of weathering, have its specific range of
values. The Index Material parameter ID from Dilatometer test is required to redefine
because it is not yet included the effect of matrix suction on soils.

The application of the knowledge of unsaturated zone provide optimism

for developing an understanding of landslide induced rainfall phenomenon further.