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    José Manuel Barrios Fragoso
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    Reynolds Experiments consisted of a glass pipe through which passed water at varying velocities. Provision was made to introduce a thin jet of dye into the flow at the upstream end of the pipe. Reynolds discovered that the dye filament would flow smoothly along the pipe as long as the velocity was low. If the flow increased, along with the quantity of dye, a condition was reached at which instabilities started to develop. Further increases in the flow resulted in the dye line completely breaking down and

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    Reynolds Experiments consisted of a glass pipe through which passed water at varying velocities. Provision was made to introduce a thin jet of dye into the flow at the upstream end of the pipe. Reynolds discovered that the dye filament would flow smoothly along the pipe as long as the velocity was low. If the flow increased, along with the quantity of dye, a condition was reached at which instabilities started to develop. Further increases in the flow resulted in the dye line completely breaking down and

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    566 views6 pages

    Laminar Flow PDF

    Uploaded by

    José Manuel Barrios Fragoso
    Reynolds Experiments consisted of a glass pipe through which passed water at varying velocities. Provision was made to introduce a thin jet of dye into the flow at the upstream end of the pipe. Reynolds discovered that the dye filament would flow smoothly along the pipe as long as the velocity was low. If the flow increased, along with the quantity of dye, a condition was reached at which instabilities started to develop. Further increases in the flow resulted in the dye line completely breaking down and

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    10/15/2008

    AnalysisofPipeFlow LaminarFlow

    Whatmakesfluidflowinapipe?
    Inthecaseofpipeswhichflowfullitisthe factthatapressuredifferenceoccursoverthe pipelength.

    Whatflowwilloccurthroughapipe?
    (i)Natureofthefluidinthepipe:Massdensity andviscosity. (ii)Characteristicsofthepipe:length,diameter (ii) Characteristics of the pipe : length diameter androughness.

    ReynoldsExperiments(19th Century)

    ReynoldsExperiments
    Hisapparatuswasverysimple.Itconsistedofaglasspipe throughwhichpassedwateratvaryingvelocities.Provision wasmadetointroduceathinjetofdyeintotheflowatthe upstreamendofthepipe Hethenwatchedwhathappenedtotheflowasit (andthequantityofdye)wasgraduallyincreased

    Reynoldsdiscoveredthatthedye filamentwouldflowsmoothlyalong thepipeaslongasthevelocitieswere low.

    10/15/2008

    Iftheflowincreased,alongwiththe quantityofdye,aconditionwas reachedatwhichinstabilitiesstarted todevelop.

    Furtherincreasesintheflow resultedinthedyeformingastable helicalpattern.

    Ifflowwasstillfurtherincreasedthe dyelinecompletelybrokedownand diffusedthroughouttheflow.

    It was clear that the nature of the flow changed as the velocity (and hence flow itself) increased. Reynolds therefore concluded that three zones of flow existed.

    10/15/2008

    ZonesofFlow
    LaminarFlow: Inwhichthefluidcanbeconsideredto flowindiscretelayers.

    TransitionalFlow:Inwhichsomedegreeofunsteadinessexists. Transitional Flow: In which some degree of unsteadiness exists

    TurbulentFlow:Inwhichtheflowincorporateseddyingormixing, wherethefluidparticlesfollowcomplexpaths.

    Reynoldsthenextendedhis experimentalprogrambymeasuring thepressurelossinaseriesof differentsizeofstandardpipes,at variousflowrates(measurementsof various flow rates (measurements of velocity).Andforeachpipeheplotted thelossinpressure(orheadlosshf) againstthemeanvelocity(V).

    ReynoldsExperimentsrevealedthat thestateoftheflowwasafunctionof:
    ViscosityoftheFluid Ns/m2 DensityoftheFluid Kg/m3 /

    Acharacteristicthatwoulddescribethepipe.

    ReynoldsNumber

    ReynoldsNumber

    ReynoldsNumberistheratiooftheInertialtoViscousForces

    10/15/2008

    ForRe<2000Laminar flowalwaysexists For2000<Re<4000TransitionalFlowexists ForRe>4000TurbulentFlowexists

    Consider a horizontal circular pipe in which the flow is laminar. The flow may be visualised as being made up from a number of concentric cylinders

    Iftheshearstressactingonthecylinderis,thentheshear forcewillbe

    V D r P

    Thisismaintainedbyapressureforceof

    Forastateofequilibriumtoexistthesewillbeequal,andhence

    ShearStressEquation

    IfthisisintegratedwiththeconditionthatV=0 whenr=D/2 (i.e.noslipatthepipewall)weget

    Newtonslawofviscositystates:

    Thus

    ThisistheequationofaPAROBLA

    10/15/2008

    Substitutingthisintotheshearstressequation maximumvelocityoccurswhenr=0,i.e.atcentre

    Foraparabolathemeanvelocityishalfthemaximum For a parabola the mean velocity is half the maximum

    Or

    shearstressvarieslinearly withradiusfrom0atcentre tomaxatpipewall.

    Consideragaintheaveragevelocityequation

    This can b rearranged to hi be d

    Or

    Head

    It is classed as the Head Loss in the pipe due to friction.

    For a pipe of length L, and writing / as the Kinematic Viscosity

    Example1 Determineasuitablediameterfora pipelinetocarry0.057cumecs ofoila horizontaldistanceof300mifthe pressurelossisnottoexceed140 l i tt d 140 Kn/m2.Attheoperatingtemperature therelativedensityoftheoilis0.9and thedynamicviscosityis1.43Ns/m2.

    PoiseuillesEquation

    10/15/2008

    Example2 380litresofoil(relativedensity0.9 andviscosity0.0575Ns/m2)flowsper minutethroughapipelineof75mm diameter.Calculatethecentre velocity,thelostheadin300mofthis pipe,andtheshearstressandvelocity atapoint25mmfromthecentreline.

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