SynchronousMachines (ACGenerators)

MuhammadAbdulMajid

Constructionofsynchronous machines

Fundamentals
AC (or DC) Machines are of two types AC(orDC)Machinesareoftwotypes
Generators Motors

EveryAC(orDC)motororgeneratorhastwo parts: t
rotatingpart(rotor) andastationarypart(stator)

Theinducedvoltageinasinglecoilon atwopolestator l

Theinducedvoltageinasinglecoilon atwopolestator l

Thestator The stator

Theinducedvoltageina3phasesetof coils l

Inducedvoltage:Example g p
Example6.1:Thepeakfluxdensityoftherotormagneticfieldinasimple2pole3phase generatoris0.2T;themechanicalspeedofrotationis3600rpm;thestatordiameteris generator is 0 2 T; the mechanical speed of rotation is 3600 rpm; the stator diameter is 0.5m;thelengthofitscoilis0.3mandeachcoilconsistsof15turnsofwire.The machineisYconnected. a) What are the 3phase voltages of the generator as a function of time? Whatarethe3 phasevoltagesofthegeneratorasafunctionoftime? b) Whatistherms phasevoltageofthegenerator? c) Whatistherms terminalvoltageofthegenerator?

Constructionofsynchronous machines rotor machinesrotor

Therotorofasynchronousmachineisalargeelectromagnet.Themagneticpolescanbe eithersalient(stickingoutofrotorsurface)ornonsalientconstruction.

Nonsalientpolerotor:usuallytwo andfourpolerotors. Rotorsaremadelaminatedtoreduceeddycurrentlosses. R t d l i t dt d dd tl

Salientpolerotor:fourand morepoles.

Constructionofsynchronous machines rotor machinesrotor

Asynchronousrotorwith8salientpoles

Salientpolewithfield p windings

Salientpolewithout fieldwindings fi ld i di observelaminations

RotorExcitation
Two common approaches are used to supply a DC current to the h d l h field circuits on the rotating rotor: Supply the DC power from an external DC source to the rotor by means of slip rings and brushes. Supply the DC power from a special DC power source mounted directly on the shaft of the machine.

RotorExcitation
Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but insulated from it. One end of a DC rotor winding is connected to each of the two slip rings on the machines shaft. Graphitelike carbon brushes connected to DC terminals ride on each slip ring supplying DC voltage to field windings regardless the position or speed of the rotor rotor.

SlipRingsandBrushes p g

Sliprings

Brush

SlipRingsandBrushes p g

BrushlessExciterSchematic1
Abrushlessexciter:alow A brushless exciter: a low 3phasecurrentis rectifiedandusedto supplythefieldcircuitof theexciter(locatedon thestator).Theoutputof theexcitersarmature circuit(ontherotor)is rectifiedandusedasthe fieldcurrentofthemain machine. machine

BrushlessExciterSchematic2
Tomaketheexcitation ofagenerator of a generator completely independentofany externalpowersource, asmallpilotexciteris oftenaddedtothe circuit.Thepilotexciter isanACgeneratorwith is an AC generator with apermanentmagnet mountedontherotor shaftanda3phase windingonthestator producingthepower forthefieldcircuitof theexciter. the exciter.

Constructionofsynchronous machines
Arotoroflarge synchronousmachine withabrushlessexciter with a brushless exciter mountedonthesame shaft.

Manysynchronous generatorshaving generators having brushlessexcitersalso includeslipringsand brushestoprovide emergencysourceofthe f th fieldDCcurrent.

Constructionofsynchronous machines
Alarge A large synchronous machinewith theexciter th it andsalient poles.

Rotationspeedofsynchronous generator
Bythedefinition,synchronousgeneratorsproduceelectricitywhosefrequency issynchronizedwiththemechanicalrotationalspeed. i h i d ih h h i l i l d

nm P fe = 120
Where fe istheelectricalfrequency,Hz; nm ismechanicalspeedofmagneticfield(rotorspeedforsynchronous p g ( p y machine),rpm; P isthenumberofpoles.

Steamturbinesaremostefficientwhenrotatingathighspeed;therefore,to generate60Hz,theyareusuallyrotatingat3600rpmandturn2pole generators. Waterturbinesaremostefficientwhenrotatingatlowspeeds(200300rpm); therefore,theyusuallyturngeneratorswithmanypoles.

Internalgeneratedvoltageofa synchronousgenerator synchronous generator

Sincefluxinthe Since flux in the machinedependson thefieldcurrent throughit,the internalgenerated voltageisafunction oftherotorfield current. Magnetizationcurve(opencircuitcharacteristic)ofa synchronousmachine

Equivalentcircuitofasynchronous generator
Theinternallygeneratedvoltageinasinglephaseofasynchronous The internally generated voltage in a single phase of a synchronous machineEA isnotusuallythevoltageappearingatitsterminals.It equalstotheoutputvoltageV onlywhenthereisnoarmature currentinthemachine.ThereasonsthatthearmaturevoltageEA t i th hi Th th t th t lt E isnotequaltotheoutputvoltageV are: 1. Distortionoftheairgapmagneticfieldcausedbythecurrent 1 Distortion of the air gap magnetic field caused by the current flowinginthestator(armaturereaction); 2. Selfinductanceofthearmaturecoils; 3. Resistanceofthearmaturecoils; 4. Effectofsalientpolerotorshapes.

ArmatureReaction Armature Reaction

ArmatureReaction Armature Reaction

ArmatureReaction Armature Reaction

ArmatureReaction Armature Reaction

Equivalentcircuitofasynchronous generator
Assumingthatthegeneratorisconnectedtoalaggingload,theloadcurrentIA willcreate astatormagneticfieldBS,whichwillproducethearmaturereactionvoltageEstat. Therefore,thephasevoltagewillbe

V = E A + Estat
Thenetmagneticfluxwillbe

Bnet = BR + BS
Rotorfield Statorfield

Notethatthedirectionsofthenetmagneticfluxandthephasevoltagearethesame.

Equivalentcircuitofasynchronous generator

Equivalentcircuitofasynchronous generator
AsynchronousgeneratorcanbeY orconnected:

VT = 3V f Y for

VT = V

for f

Equivalentcircuitofasynchronous generator
Note:thediscussionaboveassumedabalancedloadonthegenerator!
Since forbalancedloads thethreephasesofasynchronousgeneratorareidentical exceptforphaseangles,perphaseequivalentcircuitsareoftenused.

Phasordiagramofasynchronous generator

Aphasordiagramofasynchronousgeneratorwith aunitypowerfactor(resistiveload)

Laggingpowerfactor(inductiveload):alargerthan Lagging power factor (inductive load): a larger than forleadingPFinternalgeneratedvoltageEA is neededtoformthesamephasevoltage.

Leadingpowerfactor(capacitiveload). Foragivenfieldcurrentandmagnitudeofload For a given field current and magnitude of load current,theterminalvoltageislowerforlagging loadsandhigherforleadingloads.

Powerandtorqueinsynchronous generators

Powerandtorqueinsynchronous generators

OpenCircuitCurve p

OpenCircuitCurve

Example
A2300V1000kVA0.8PFlagging60Hztwo 300 000 0.8 agg g 60 t o poleYconnectedsynchronousgeneratorhasa y synchronousreactanceof1.1andanarmature resistanceof0.15.At60Hz,itsfrictionand windage lossesare24kW,anditscorelossesare18kW. Thefieldcircuithasadcvoltageof200V,andthe maximumIFis10A.Theresistanceofthefield i IF i 10 A Th it f th fi ld circuitisadjustableovertherangefrom20to200

Example
TheOCCisshowninFigureonnextslide (a)HowmuchfieldcurrentisrequiredtomakeVT equalto2300Vwhenthegeneratorisrunningatno load? (b)Whatistheinternalgeneratedvoltageofthis machineatratedconditions? (c)HowmuchfieldcurrentisrequiredtomakeVT equalto2300Vwhenthegeneratorisrunningatrated conditions? (d)Howmuchpowerandtorquemustthegenerators primemoverbecapableofsupplying?

RelatedExample
AssumethatthefieldcurrentofthegeneratorinaboveProblem hasbeenadjustedtoavalueof4.5A. h b dj t d t l f45A (a)Whatwilltheterminalvoltageofthisgeneratorbeifitis connectedtoaconnectedloadwithanimpedanceof20 30? (b)Sketchthephasordiagramofthisgenerator. (c)Whatistheefficiencyofthegeneratorattheseconditions? (d)Nowassumethatanotheridenticalconnectedloadistobe paralleledwiththefirstone.What happenstothephasordiagramforthegenerator? (e)Whatisthenewterminalvoltageaftertheloadhasbeen added? dd d? (f)Whatmustbedonetorestoretheterminalvoltagetoitsoriginal value?

Measuringparametersof synchronousgeneratormodel synchronous generator model

Anapproximatemethodtodeterminethesynchronousreactance An approximate method to determine the synchronous reactance XS atagivenfieldcurrent: 1. GettheinternalgeneratedvoltageEA fromtheOCCatthatfield current. 2. GettheshortcircuitcurrentIA,SC atthatfieldcurrentfromthe SCC. SCC 3. FindapproximateXS =EA/(IA,SC)

Measuringparametersof synchronousgeneratormodel synchronous generator model

Measuringparametersof synchronousgeneratormodel synchronous generator model

Theapproximatevalueofsynchronousreactancevarieswiththedegree The approximate value of synchronous reactance varies with the degree ofsaturationoftheOCC. Thevalueismoreaccurateinunsaturatedportiononly.

Measuringparametersof synchronousgeneratormodel:Ex synchronous generator model: Ex

Example7.1:A200kVA,480V,50Hz,Yconnectedsynchronousgeneratorwitharatedfield currentof5Awastestedandthefollowingdatawereobtained: current of 5 A was tested and the following data were obtained: 1. VT,OC =540VattheratedIF. 2. IL,SC =300AattheratedIF. 3. WhenaDCvoltageof10Vwasappliedtotwooftheterminals,acurrentof25Awas 3 When a DC voltage of 10 V was applied to two of the terminals a current of 25 A was measured. Findthegeneratorsmodelattheratedconditions(i.e.,thearmatureresistanceandthe approximatesynchronousreactance). approximate synchronous reactance)

Measuringparametersof synchronousgeneratormodel:Ex synchronous generator model: Ex

Example7.1:A200kVA,480V,50Hz,Yconnectedsynchronousgeneratorwitharatedfield currentof5Awastestedandthefollowingdatawereobtained: current of 5 A was tested and the following data were obtained: 1. VT,OC =540VattheratedIF. 2. IL,SC =300AattheratedIF. 3. WhenaDCvoltageof10Vwasappliedtotwooftheterminals,acurrentof25Awas 3 When a DC voltage of 10 V was applied to two of the terminals a current of 25 A was measured. Findthegeneratorsmodelattheratedconditions(i.e.,thearmatureresistanceandthe approximatesynchronousreactance). approximate synchronous reactance) SincethegeneratorisYconnected,aDCvoltage wasappliedbetweenitstwo phases.Therefore:

VDC 2 RA = I DC VDC 10 RA = = = 0.2 2 I DC 2 25

Measuringparametersof synchronousgeneratormodel:Ex synchronous generator model: Ex

Theinternalgeneratedvoltageattheratedfieldcurrentis

E A = V ,OC

VT 540 = = = 311.8 V 3 3
311.82 2 RA = 0.22 = 1.02 3002

Thesynchronousreactanceattheratedfieldcurrentisprecisely The synchronous reactance at the rated field current is precisely

2 2 X S = Z S RA = 2 EA 2 I A, SC

WeobservethatifXS wasestimatedviatheapproximateformula,theresultwouldbe:

XS

EA I A, SC

311.8 = = 1.04 300

Whichisclosetothepreviousresult.The errorignoringRA i i i ismuchsmallerthanthe h ll h h errorduetocoresaturation.

Theequivalentcircuit

TheSynchronousgenerator operatingalone operating alone

Effectsofloadchanges

(7.34.1)

TheSynchronousgenerator operatingalone operating alone

Thebehaviorofasynchronousgeneratorvariesgreatlyunderload y g g y dependingonthepowerfactoroftheloadandonwhetherthe generatorisworkingaloneorinparallelwithothersynchronous generators. generators Althoughmostofthesynchronousgeneratorsintheworldoperate aspartsoflargepowersystems,westartourdiscussionassuming thatthesynchronousgeneratorworksalone. Unlessotherwisestated,thespeedofthegeneratorisassumed constant.

TheSynchronousgenerator operatingalone operating alone

Effectofincreasinginductiveload

Howtocompensatetheincreasein Load
Increasethefieldcurrent,thatincreasesfluxandinturnEA causingtheVT toremain same.

TheSynchronousgenerator operatingalone operating alone

loadincreaseeffectongeneratorswith

LeadingPF

UnityPF

TheSynchronousgenerator capabilitycurves capability curves

TheSynchronousgenerator operatingalone:Example operating alone: Example

Example:A500V,60Hz,Yconnectedsixpolesynchronousgeneratorhasaperphase synchronousreactanceof1.0.Itsfullloadarmaturecurrentis60Aat0.8PFlagging.Its synchronous reactance of 1 0 Its full load armature current is 60 A at 0 8 PF lagging Its frictionandwindage lossesare1.5kWandcorelossesare1.0kWat60Hzatfullload. Assumethatthearmatureresistancecanbeignored.Thefieldcurrenthasbeenadjusted suchthatthenoloadterminalvoltageis500V.

a. Whatisthespeedofrotationofthisgenerator? b. Whatistheterminalvoltageofthegeneratorif b What is the terminal voltage of the generator if 1. Itisloadedwiththeratedcurrentat0.8PFlagging; 2. Itisloadedwiththeratedcurrentat1.0PF; 3. Itisloadedwiththeratedcurrentat0.8PFleading. c.Whatistheefficiencyofthisgenerator(ignoringtheunknownelectricallosses)whenit isoperatingattheratedcurrentand0.8PFlagging? d.Howmuchshafttorquemustbeappliedbytheprimemoveratthefullload? howlargeistheinducedcountertorque? how large is the induced countertorque? e.Whatisthevoltageregulationofthisgeneratorat0.8PFlagging?at1.0PF?at0.8PF leading?

TheSynchronousgenerator operatingalone:Example operating alone: Example

SincethegeneratorisYconnected,itsphasevoltageis VT(noload)=500V=EA (line,noload) V =VT/(3)1/2 =288.6=EA (phase,noload) Atnoload,IA =0andEA =288.6Vanditisconstantsincethefieldcurrentwasinitially adjustedthatway. a.Thespeedofrotationofthesynchronousgeneratoris nm = 120fe/P = 120(60)/6 =1200 rpm =120f /P=120(60)/6=1200rpm 1200rpm=125.7rad/s

Examplecontinued 0.8laggingPF 0 8 lagging PF

jXSIA =(j1)x(60 36.87)=60 53.13 fromphasordiagram E2A =(V +XSIASin )2 +(XSIA Cos)2

Examplecontinued 0.8laggingPF 0 8 lagging PF

( (288.6)2 =(V +(1.0)(60.0)(Sin36.87))2 +(60( 1.0)Cos36.87)2 ) ( ( )( )( )) ( ( ) ) V =248V Yconnectedtherefore Y connected therefore VT =(3)1/2 V =430V

Examplecontinued UNITYPF UNITY PF

E2A =(V)2 +(XSIA)2 (288.6) =(V +((1.0)60) (288 6)2 = (V)2 +((1 0)60)2 V =282.V Yconnectedtherefore VT =(3)1/2 V =488V

Examplecontinued 0.8leadingPF 0 8 leading PF

E2A =(V XSIASin )2 +(XSIA Cos)2 (V V =320v

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators synchronous generators

Allgeneratorsaredrivenbyaprimemover,suchasasteam,gas,water,windturbines, dieselengines,etc.Regardlessthepowersource,mostofprimemoverstendtoslowdown withincreasingtheload.Thisdecreaseinspeedisusuallynonlinearbutgovernor mechanismsofsometypemaybeincludedtolinearize thisdependence. Thespeeddrop(SD)ofaprimemoverisdefinedas:

SD =

nnl n fl n fl

100%

Mostprimemovershaveaspeeddropfrom2%to4%.Mostgovernorshaveamechanism toadjusttheturbinesnoloadspeed(setpointadjustment).

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators synchronous generators

Atypicalspeed vs.powerplot Atypical frequencyvs. powerplot

shaftspeedislinkedtotheelectricalfrequencyas shaft speed is linked to the electrical frequency as

fe =nmP/120
thepoweroutputfromthegeneratorisrelatedtoitsfrequency:

P=SP (fnl fsys)

Slopeofcurve,W/Hz Operatingfrequencyofthesystem

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators synchronous generators

AsimilarrelationshipcanbederivedforthereactivepowerQ andterminalvoltageVT. Whenaddingalaggingloadtoasynchronousgenerator,itsterminalvoltagedecreases. When adding a lagging load to a synchronous generator its terminal voltage decreases Whenaddingaleadingloadtoasynchronousgenerator,itsterminalvoltageincreases.

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators synchronous generators

Whenageneratorisoperatingalonesupplyingtheload: 1. Therealandreactivepowersaretheamountsdemandedbythe load. 2. Thegovernoroftheprimemovercontrolstheoperating frequency ofthesystem. of the system. 3. Thefieldcurrentcontrolstheterminalvoltageofthepowersystem.

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators:Example synchronous generators: Example

Example7.3:Ageneratorwithnoloadfrequencyof 61.0Hzandaslopes of1MW/Hzisconnectedto 61 0 Hz and a slope sp of 1 MW/Hz is connected to Load1consuming1MWofrealpowerat0.8PF lagging.Load2(thatistobeconnectedtothe generator)consumesarealpowerof0.8MWat0.707 PFlagging. a. Findtheoperatingfrequencyofthesystembeforetheswitchisclosed. b. Findtheoperatingfrequencyofthesystemaftertheswitchisclosed. b Find the operating frequency of the system after the switch is closed c. Whatactioncouldanoperatortaketorestorethesystemfrequencyto60Hzafter bothloadsareconnectedtothegenerator?

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators:Example synchronous generators: Example

Example7.3:Ageneratorwithnoloadfrequencyof 61.0Hzandaslopes of1MW/Hzisconnectedto 61 0 Hz and a slope sp of 1 MW/Hz is connected to Load1consuming1MWofrealpowerat0.8PF lagging.Load2(thatistobeconnectedtothe generator)consumesarealpowerof0.8MWat0.707 PFlagging. a. Findtheoperatingfrequencyofthesystembeforetheswitchisclosed. b. Findtheoperatingfrequencyofthesystemaftertheswitchisclosed. b Find the operating frequency of the system after the switch is closed c. Whatactioncouldanoperatortaketorestorethesystemfrequencyto60Hzafter bothloadsareconnectedtothegenerator? Thepowerproducedbythegeneratoris The power produced by the generator is

P = s p ( f nl f sys )
f sys = f nl P sp

Therefore:

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators:Example synchronous generators: Example

a.Thefrequencyofthesystemwithoneloadis

f sys

P 1 = f nl = 61 = 60 Hz 1 sp

b.Thefrequencyofthesystemwithtwoloadsis

f sys

P 1.8 = f nl = 61 = 59.2 Hz sp 1

c.Torestorethesystemtotheproperoperatingfrequency,theoperatorshouldincrease thegovernornoloadsetpointby0.8Hz,to61.8Hz.Thiswillrestorethesystem the governor noload set point by 0 8 Hz to 61 8 Hz This will restore the system frequencyof60Hz.

Paralleloperationofsynchronous generators
Advantagesofparalleloperationofgenerators: 1. Severalgeneratorscansupplyabiggerload; 2. Afailureofasinglegeneratordoesnotresultinatotalpower f f losstotheloadincreasingreliabilityofthepowersystem; 3. Individualgeneratorsmayberemovedfromthepowersystem g y p y formaintenancewithoutshuttingdowntheload; 4. Asinglegeneratornotoperatingatnearfullloadmightbequite inefficient.Whilehavingseveralgeneratorsinparallel,itis inefficient While having several generators in parallel it is possibletoturnoffsomeofthemwhenoperatingtherestat nearfullloadcondition.

Conditionsrequiredforparalleling
AdiagramshowsthatGenerator2 g (oncominggenerator)willbeconnectedin parallelwhentheswitchS1 isclosed. However,closingtheswitchatanarbitrary moment can severely damage both canseverelydamageboth generators!

Conditionsrequiredforparalleling

Ifvoltagesarenotexactlythesame i b th li If lt t tl th inbothlines(i.e.ina (i i anda,b andb etc.),averylargecurrentwillflowwhen theswitchisclosed.Therefore,toavoidthis,voltages the switch is closed Therefore to avoid this voltages comingfrombothgeneratorsmustbeexactlythesame.

Conditionsrequiredforparalleling

Therefore,thefollowingconditionsmustbemet: Th f th f ll i diti tb t 1. 2. 2 3. 4. Therms linevoltagesofthetwogeneratorsmustbeequal. Thetwogeneratorsmusthavethesamephasesequence. The two generators must have the same phase sequence Thephaseanglesoftwoa phasesmustbeequal. Thefrequencyoftheoncominggeneratormustbeslightlyhigher thanthefrequencyoftherunningsystem. h h f f h i

Conditionsrequiredforparalleling

Ifthephasesequencesaredifferent,thenevenifonepairofvoltages(phasesa)are inphase,theothertwopairswillbe1200 outofphasecreatinghugecurrentsin thesephases. th h Solution:swapanytwophasesoftheincomingmacnine

Conditionsrequiredforparalleling

1. 2. 3.

4.

Ifthefrequenciesofthegeneratorsaredifferent,alargepowertransient mayoccuruntilthegeneratorsstabilizeatacommonfrequency. may occur until the generators stabilize at a common frequency Thefrequenciesoftwomachinesmustbeveryclosetoeachotherbutnot exactlyequal. Iffrequenciesdifferbyasmallamount,thephaseanglesoftheoncoming If frequencies differ by a small amount, the phase angles of the oncoming generatorwillchangeslowlywithrespecttothephaseanglesoftherunning system. Iftheanglesbetweenthevoltagescanbeobserved,itispossibletoclosethe g g p switchS1 whenthemachinesareinphase.

Generalprocedureforparalleling generators
WhenconnectingthegeneratorG2 totherunningsystem,thefollowingstepsshouldbe taken: 1. Adjustthefieldcurrentoftheoncominggeneratortomakeitsterminalvoltageequal tothelinevoltageofthesystem(useavoltmeter). 2. Comparethephasesequencesoftheoncominggeneratorandtherunningsystem. 2 Compare the phase sequences of the oncoming generator and the running system Thiscanbedonebydifferentways: 1) Connectasmallinductionmotortotheterminalsoftheoncominggeneratorand thentotheterminalsoftherunningsystem.Ifthemotorrotatesinthesame direction,thephasesequenceisthesame; 2)Connectthreelightbulbsacrosstheopen terminalsoftheswitch.Asthephasechanges betweenthetwogenerators,lightbulbsget between the two generators light bulbs get brighter(largephasedifference)ordimmer (smallphasedifference).Ifallthreebulbsget brightanddarktogether,bothgeneratorshave thesamephasesequences.

Generalprocedureforparalleling generators
Ifphasesequencesaredifferent,twooftheconductorsontheoncoming generatormustbereversed. generator must be reversed 3.Thefrequencyoftheoncominggeneratorisadjustedtobeslightlyhigherthan thesystemsfrequency. 4.TurnontheswitchconnectingG tothesystemwhenphaseanglesareequal. 4 Turn on the switch connecting G2 to the system when phase angles are equal Thesimplestwaytodeterminethemomentwhentwogeneratorsareinphaseisby observingthesamethreelightbulbs.Whenallthreelightsgoout,thevoltageacrossthem iszeroand,therefore,machinesareinphase. is zero and therefore machines are in phase Amoreaccuratewayistouseasynchroscope ameter measuringthedifferenceinphaseanglesbetweentwoa phases.However,asynchroscope doesnotcheckthephase phases However a synchroscope does not check the phase sequencesinceitonlymeasuresthephasedifferenceinone phase. Thewholeprocessisusuallyautomated

Terminalcharacteristicsof synchronousgenerators synchronous generators

Atypicalspeed vs.powerplot Atypical frequencyvs. powerplot

shaftspeedislinkedtotheelectricalfrequencyas shaft speed is linked to the electrical frequency as

fe =nmP/120
thepoweroutputfromthegeneratorisrelatedtoitsfrequency:

P=SP (fnl fsys)

Slopeofcurve,W/Hz Operatingfrequencyofthesystem

Conditionsrequiredforparalleling

Therefore,thefollowingconditionsmustbemet: Th f th f ll i diti tb t 1. 2. 2 3. 4. Therms linevoltagesofthetwogeneratorsmustbeequal. Thetwogeneratorsmusthavethesamephasesequence. The two generators must have the same phase sequence Thephaseanglesoftwoa phasesmustbeequal. Thefrequencyoftheoncominggeneratormustbeslightlyhigher thanthefrequencyoftherunningsystem. h h f f h i

Operationofgeneratorsinparallel withlargepowersystems with large power systems

Often,whenasynchronousgeneratorisaddedtoapowersystem,thatsystemissolarge thatoneadditionalgeneratordoesnotcauseobservablechangestothesystem.Aconcept ofaninfinitebusisusedtocharacterizesuchpowersystems. Aninfinitebusisapowersystemthatissolargethatitsvoltageandfrequencydonotvary regardlessofhowmuchrealandreactivepowerisdrawnfromorsuppliedtoit.The regardless of how much real and reactive power is drawn from or supplied to it. The powerfrequencyandreactivepowervoltagecharacteristicsare:

Operationofgeneratorsinparallel withlargepowersystems with large power systems

Consideraddingageneratortoaninfinite Consider adding a generator to an infinite bussupplyingaload. Thefrequencyandterminalvoltageofall machinesmustbethesame.Therefore, machines must be the same Therefore theirpowerfrequencyandreactivepower voltagecharacteristicscanbeplottedwitha commonverticalaxis. Suchplotsarecalledsometimesashouse diagrams.

Operationofgeneratorsinparallel withlargepowersystems with large power systems

Ifthenoloadfrequencyoftheoncoming generatorisslightlyhigherthanthesystems frequency,thegeneratorwillbefloating onthelinesupplyingasmallamountofreal powerandlittleornoreactivepower. power and little or no reactive power.

Ifthenoloadfrequencyoftheoncoming generatorisslightlylowerthanthesystems frequency,thegeneratorwillsupplya negativepowertothesystem:thegenerator negative power to the system: the generator actuallyconsumesenergyactingasamotor! Manygeneratorshavecircuitryautomatically disconnectingthemfromthelinewhenthey startconsumingenergy.

Operationofgeneratorsinparallel withlargepowersystems with large power systems

Ifthefrequencyofthegeneratoris increasedafteritisconnectedtothe increased after it is connected to the infinitebus,thesystemfrequencycannot changeandthepowersuppliedbythe generatorincreases.

NoticethatwhenEA staysconstant(field currentandspeedarethesame),E current and speed are the same) EAsin (whichisproportionaltotheoutputpowerif VT isconstant)increases.

Operationofgeneratorsinparallel withlargepowersystems with large power systems

Summarizing,whenthegeneratorisoperatinginparalleltoan infinitebus: 1. Thefrequencyandterminalvoltageofthegeneratorare controlledbythesystemtowhichitisconnected. 2. Thegovernorsetpointsofthegeneratorcontroltherealpower 2 The governor set points of the generator control the real power suppliedbythegeneratortothesystem. 3. Thegeneratorsfieldcurrentcontrolsthereactivepowersupplied bythegeneratortothesystem.

Generatorsinparallelwithother generatorsofthesamesize generators of the same size

Whenageneratorisworkingalone,itsrealandreactivepowerarefixedanddetermined bytheload. by the load Whenageneratorisconnectedtoaninfinitebus,itsfrequencyandtheterminalvoltage areconstantanddeterminedbyabus. Whentwogeneratorsofthesamesizeare connectedtothesameload,thesumofthe realandreactivepowerssuppliedbythe twogeneratorsmustequaltherealand two generators must equal the real and reactivepowersdemandedbytheload:

Generatorsinparallelwithother generatorsofthesamesize generators of the same size

SincethefrequencyofG2 mustbeslightly higherthanthesystem sfrequency,thepower higher than the systems frequency the power frequencydiagramrightafterG2 isconnected tothesystemisshown.

IfthefrequencyofG2 isnextincreased,its powerfrequencydiagramshiftsupwards. Sincethetotalpowersuppliedtotheload Since the total power supplied to the load isconstant,G2 startssupplyingmore powerandG1 startssupplyinglesspower andthesystemsfrequencyincreases.

Generatorsinparallelwithother generatorsofthesamesize generators of the same size

Therefore,whentwogeneratorsareoperatingtogether,anincreaseinfrequency (governorsetpoint)ononeofthem: ( t i t) f th 1. 2. Increasesthesystemfrequency. Increasestherealpowersuppliedbythatgenerator,whilereducingthereal powersuppliedbytheotherone.

Whentwogeneratorsareoperatingtogether, anincreaseinthefieldcurrentononeof them: 1. 2. Increasesthesystemterminalvoltage. Increasesthereactivepowersuppliedby Increases the reactive power supplied by thatgenerator,whilereducingthe reactivepowersuppliedbytheother.

Ifthefrequencypowercurvesofbothgeneratorsareknown,thepowerssuppliedbyeach generatorandtheresultingsystemfrequencycanbedetermined.

Generatorsinparallelwithother generatorsofthesamesize:Ex generators of the same size: Ex

Example4:Twogeneratorsaresettosupplythe sameload.Generator1hasano loadfrequencyof same load. Generator 1 has a noload frequency of 61.5Hzandaslopesp1 of1MW/Hz.Generator2 hasanoloadfrequencyof61.0Hzandaslopesp2 of1MW/Hz.Thetwogeneratorsaresupplyinga realloadof2.5MWat0.8PFlagging. l l d f 2 5 MW 0 8 PF l i a. Findthesystemfrequencyandpowersuppliedbyeachgenerator. b. Assumingthatanadditional1MWloadisattachedtothepowersystem,findthenew systemfrequencyandpowerssuppliedbyeachgenerator. c. Withtheadditionalloadattached(totalloadof3.5MW),findthesystemfrequencyand thegeneratorpowers,iftheno loadfrequencyofG isincreasedby0.5Hz. the generator powers if the noload frequency of G2 is increased by 0 5 Hz

Generatorsinparallelwithother generatorsofthesamesize:Ex generators of the same size: Ex

Thetotalpowersuppliedbythegeneratorsequalstothepowerconsumedbytheload:

Pload = P + P2 1
a.Thesystemfrequencycanbefoundfrom:

Pload = P + P2 = s p1 ( f nl ,1 f sys ) + s p 2 ( f nl ,2 f sys ) 1

s p1 f nl ,1 + s p 2 f nl ,2 Pload 1 2 s p1 + s p 2 1 61.5 + 1 61.0 2.5 = = 60 0 H 60.0 Hz 1+1

as

f sys =

Thepowerssuppliedbyeachgeneratorare:

P = s p1 ( f nl ,1 f sys ) = 1 ( 61.5 60 ) = 1.5 MW 1 P2 = s p 2 ( f nl ,2 f sys ) = 1 ( 61 0 60 ) = 1 MW 61.0

Generatorsinparallelwithother generatorsofthesamesize:Ex generators of the same size: Ex

b.Forthenewloadof3.5MW,thesystemfrequencyis

f sys =

s p1 f nl ,1 + s p 2 f nl ,2 Pload s p1 + s p 2

1 61.5 + 1 61.0 3.5 = = 59.5 Hz 1+1

Thepowersare:

P = s p1 ( f nl ,1 f sys ) = 1 ( 61 5 59 5 ) = 2 0 MW 61.5 59.5 2.0 1 P2 = s p 2 ( f nl ,2 f sys ) = 1 ( 61.0 59.5 ) = 1.5 MW

c.IfthenoloadfrequencyofG2 increases,thesystemfrequencyis

f sys =

s p1 f nl ,1 + s p 2 f nl ,2 Pload s p1 + s p 2

1 61.5 + 1 61.5 3.5 = = 59 75 Hz 59.75 1+1

Thepowersare:

P = P2 = s p1 ( f nl ,1 f sys ) = 1 ( 61.5 59.75 ) = 1.75 MW 1

Generatorsinparallelwithother generatorsofthesamesize:Ex generators of the same size: Ex