Top Weed Concerns of 2008 and Emerging Weed Issues in 2009

Bruce Murray Weed Specialist MAFRI Carman MB

Growing Conditions 2008

Growing Conditions 2008

Outstanding Weed Issues in 2008

It Depends Lack of pre-seed season meant heavier weed populations to deal with in-crop and a slower growing, less competitive crop early in the season. There were no real dominant weed issues. Product shortages
Edge Group 1 graminicides Reglone Get to know them Where When

Bromes continue to appear

Weeds/Issues in 2009???
Northern Interlake
Wet weeds
Curl Dock Thistles Dandelion Ditch weeds

Heavy weed pressures Poor forage stands (flooding)

All weeds Volunteer crops

Opportunity for heavy weed pressures

Weeds/Issues in 2009???
Southwest

Drought weeds

Heavy weed pressures

Kochia Russian thistle Foxtail barley Green foxtail

Poor forage stands (drought)

Lack of crop competition All weeds present

Opportunity for heavy weed pressures

Weeds/Issues in 2009???
The rest of the Province

Pretty average conditions except for pre-seed season

Need to increase post-harvest scouting

Dandelion Foxtail Night flowering catchfly Cleavers Bromes

Canada thistle was high??? Dandelion was high??? Crops were sprayed (in crop, less pre-seed activity) Pretty good pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions

Volunteer canola populations will be heavy

Heavy shattering (in the swath and standing crop in August) Overwintering issues this year???

Weed Species To Keep An Eye On ?

Nightshades

Nightshades
Belong to family Solanacea (more than 3000 species) Make up the Solanum genus
The genus Solanum is of worldwide economic importance, including major crop species such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum), the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena).

Nightshades
There are a number of weedy nightshade species
There is a great deal of confusion with regards to their identity and naming.
A number of nightshade species are called black nightshade or wild tomato or wild potato

In Manitoba there is one species that has been with us a long time.
Cutleaf nightshade/wild tomato

Cutleaf nightshade
Wild tomato (Solanum triflorum)
Widely distributed throughout North America Found throughout Manitoba
Mainly in the southwest area of the province Not a major weed

New Nightshades
Why Increasing production of dry bean, soybean and potato Increasing acreage of minimum tillage We have been getting a jump in calls on eastern black and hairy nightshades

Hairy Nightshade
Annual Plant growth begins in early summer 12 to 24 inches tall Foliage is spreading, hairy, and may feel sticky Flowers have 5 white petals with yellow centers Develops into a green fruit/berry containing very small seeds Each berry is enclosed by a green calyx The calyx cups the lower half of the fruit It is found in waste places and cultivated fields Contains toxic alkaloids, especially in the berries
Soybean, dry beans and potato in Manitoba mainly

Solanum sarrachoides

Hairy Nightshade

Hairy Nightshade

Hairy Nightshade

Hairy Nightshade

Eastern Black Nightshade

Annual Plant growth begins in early summer 12 to 24 inches tall Foliage is spreading and smooth Flowers have 5 white petals with yellow centers Develops into a black fruit/berry containing small seeds Each berry is enclosed by a green calyx The calyx does not cup the lower half of the fruit It is found in waste places and cultivated fields Contains toxic alkaloids, especially in the berries
Soybean, dry beans and potato in Manitoba mainly

Solanum ptychanthum ???

Eastern Black Nightshade

Eastern Black Nightshade

Eastern Black Nightshade

Which is Which

Products Registered for Nightshade Control in Western Canada

Product Basagran Battalion Bromoxynil Bromox + 2,4-D Bromox + MCPA Dual II Magnum Eclipse II Edge Eptam 8=E Eradicane Glyphosate Liberty 200 SN Option Primextra II Magnum Pursuit Reflex + Basagran Shotgun S S S S American Nightshade Cutleaf Nightshade Hairy Nightshade Eastern Black Nightshade

Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota

Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
Eastern Black Nightshade G-E F P E P E G N E E E E Hairy Nightshade G-E F P E P F-G G F-G E E E E PRODUCT ATRAZINE EPTC METRIBUZIN PURSUIT EDGE (Ethalfluralin) AUTHORITY (Spartan) CARFENTRAZONE (CLEANSTART constituent) BASAGRAN SOLO (Beyond, Raptor) Bromoxynil containing products (Buctril, Thumper, Pardner) LONTREL DICAMBA

Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota

Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
Eastern Black Nightshade E P-G G-E P-F E G-E G F-G F N F-G F-G F-G P-F Hairy Nightshade P-G G-E P-F E G-E P F-G F N F-G F-G P-F PRODUCT EVEREST GLYPHOSATE LIBERTY MCPA OPTION PARAQUAT REFLEX (MUCH HIGHER RATE) ATTAIN (Starane+2,4-D) TROPHY (Starane +MCPA) PINNACLE REFINE SG/EXTRA EXPRESS EXPRESS PACK 2,4-D

(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage) Salvia reflexa (mint family).

Lance-leaf Sage

Native annual. Plant growth begins in early spring 4 to 28 inches tall. Cotyledons are very unique (Trapazoid) Stems are square, erect, spreading and smooth to hairy in appearance. Leaves are opposite, lance shaped, up to 2 inches long and an inch wide, with toothed to entire margins. Foliage is spreading, leaves are smooth on top, and smooth to hairy on bottom When crushed the leaves have a very strong mint aroma

(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)

Flowers mostly opposite
1 per axil calyx bell-shaped 1/4 to 1/3 inch long dark to pale blue or whitish lower lip turned downward (looks like a snap dragon flower) Develops into a black fruit/berry containing small seeds

Lance-leaf Sage

Seed is egg-shaped, about 1/10 inch long, smooth, tan, mottled with dark brown It is found in waste places and cultivated fields Contains high nitrates and can be poisonous to livestock

(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)

Lance-leaf Sage

(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)

Lance-leaf Sage

(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)

Lance-leaf Sage

(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)

Lance-leaf Sage

Products Ratings for Lance-leaf Sage Control in North Dakota Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
PRODUCT ATRAZINE (post) EPTC (Pre) METRIBUZIN (Pre) PURSUIT (Post) EDGE (ethalfluralin) TRIFLURALIN BASAGRAN SOLO (Beyond, Raptor) Bromoxynil containing products (Buctril, Thumper, Pardner) LONTREL CURTAIL M DICAMBA Lance-leaf Sage Control Rating E E P-F E E E P E E F F-G P-F

Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota

Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
PRODUCT EVEREST GLYPHOSATE LIBERTY MCPA PARAQUAT REFLEX (MUCH HIGHER RATE) ATTAIN (Starane+2,4-D) TROPHY (Starane +MCPA) PINNACLE REFINE SG/EXTRA EXPRESS EXPRESS PACK 2,4-D Lance-leaf Sage Control Rating No E E G-E E E P-F G-E No G-E No F-G P-F