MINITAB 15 Statistical Software

Agenda

Minitab History & Introduction Minitab & Six sigma Minitab Project Manager Data, Calc menu items & Quality planning tools Hypothesis testing Capability Analysis Correlation and Regression Measurement System Analysis Major Enhancements in MINITAB 15 Supports Provided by Minitab Other Six-Sigma software by Minitab

Minitab History & Introduction

History

Minitab Statistical Software was initially developed in 1972 by three members of the statistics faculty at the Pennsylvania University. Goal : To make statistics more interesting and meaningful to students Minitab soon became the world's leading statistical software. Currently Minitab is used by: - 4000 colleges and universities worldwide - Over half the companies in the Fortune 500

Introduction

The leading package for Sixsigma and Quality improvement It contains statistical method you need Generates graphs that are easy to interpret, simple to learn and use Data can be imported and exported from .XLS, dat/txt and from database Spreadsheet based and compatible with Microsoft products User-friendly software

Minitab & Six Sigma

Minitab & Six Sigma

Minitab Project Manager

Project Manager

Project Manager organizes all the project elements into a familiar folder structure for quick and easy access to any item in the project. The Project Manager includes: Worksheets folder Session folder Graphs folder History folder Report Pad folder Related Documents folder

Worksheets Folder

The Worksheet folders contains an automatically updated summary of the current worksheet. Helps to keep track of variables if you have a large worksheet. Enables to check the Count, Missing values and datatype for a worksheet. Each worksheet can contain 4000 columns and 10,000,000 rows.

Worksheets Folder

Session folder/window

A Minitab window that displays the text output of your analysis, such as statistical test results and related notes or error messages Session window enables user to Edit, Save and Print the contents for reference. Session window text and Minitab graphs can be combined in ReportPad or a word processor to create reports. Contents in the session folder are editable

Session folder/window

Graphs folder

To manage all of the graphs in your project. By highlighting the graphs from the list in the Graphs folder we can: - Save, Copy, or Print one or more graphs - Tile or Layout multiple graphs across the Minitab screen for easy viewing and Comparison - Rename individual graphs

- Append graphs to the ReportPad folder

Graphs folder

History folder

Provides a convenient overview of what you have done in your session along with the changes done in the datawindow(worksheet) To view the submitted commands through the user interface during your Minitab session Complex commands can be re-executed by copying them from the History folder and pasting them into the Command line Editor. To automate a repetitive task by creating MACROS. Contents in the History folder are non-editable.

History folder

Report Pad folder

Enables to create reports on data and output very quickly. Minitab graphs and Session window output can be appended to the ReportPad folder. Once the report is added it can be enhanced by using the built-in word processor to add text, notes, captions, or headings. Reports can be saved as RTF or HTML file Contents in the Report Pad folder are editable

Report Pad folder

Related Documents

To access project related non-minitab files very quickly. Links can be added non-Minitab files or web page internet addresses that are related to your Minitab project for easy reference. Description can be given for the related documents for Identification.

Related Documents

Data, Calc menu items & Quality planning tools

Data Menu
Some of the important items in Data menu are

Split Worksheets Merge Worksheets Stack, Unstack & Transpose columns Concatenate

Calc Menu
Some of the important items in Calc menu are

Calculator Column Statistics Row Statistics Random data Probability distributions

Quality Planning tools

Some of the quality planning tools covered in Minitab are:

Scatter plot Histogram Dot plot Box plot Bar & Pie charts Time series plot Cause and Effects diagram (Fishbone) Pareto chart Run Chart

Hypothesis testing

Hypothesis Testing Concept

Null and Alternate Hypothesis Types of Errors Types of Risks Power of a Test Hypothesis Testing Steps

Hypothesis Testing Terms

Various types of Hypothesis testing

Type of errors
What Actually Is

Innocent
What was Your Decision

Guilty
ERROR

Innocent Guilty

Correct Decision

TYPE II

ERROR

Correct Decision

TYPE I

Understanding Risk
What Actually Is

Innocent
What was Your Decision

Guilty
Beta Risk

Innocent Guilty

Confidence 1-

Alfa Risk

Power

1-

Steps in Hypothesis Testing

Define Ho Define Ha Select Appropriate Test Decide Significance Level ( and )

Decide Sample Size

Collect Data Conduct Test

Interpret !

Selecting Appropriate Test

Y
V V V V V V V V V A A A A A A A A

Ho
Variable is Normally Distributed 1=Hypothesized Mean (SD known) 1=Hypothesized Mean (SD unknown) 1=2 1=2 (Before vs. After) p1=Hypothesized Proportion p1=p2 1= Hypothesized Variance 1= 2 (Normal)

Test
Anderson Darling 1-Sample Z 1-Sample t 2-Sample t Paired-t 1-Proportion 2-Proportion 1-Variance 2-Variance

V
V

A
A

1=2==n
1=2==n (with Blocking)

1-Way ANOVA
2-Way ANOVA

1-Sample Z test
You have 35 sample data and you want to compare it with the historical mean of 5 and standard deviation of 1. If the sample data matches with the historical mean you can consider it for your analysis

Set up the test

H0 : = Hypothesized mean
Ha : Hypothesized mean

1-Sample Z test

1-Sample Z test

Inference: The P-value > 0.05. We accept the Null Hypothesis and Reject the Alternate hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision Conclusion: The sample data can be considered for Analysis

1-Sample t test
You have 20 sample data and you want to compare it with the historical mean of 5 and standard deviation of 1. If the sample data matches with the historical mean you can consider it for your analysis

Set up the test

H0 : = Hypothesized mean
Ha : Hypothesized mean

1-Sample t test

1-Sample t test

Inference: The P-value > 0.05. We accept the Null Hypothesis and Reject the Alternate hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision Conclusion: The sample data can be considered for Analysis

2-Sample t test
You have 2 sets of samples and you want to compare whether there is a difference between the 2 sets. If there is difference you can consider the best one based on your requirements

Set up the test

H0 : (S1) = (S2)
Ha : (S1) (S2)

2-Sample t test

2-Sample t test

Inference: The P-value > 0.05. We accept the Null Hypothesis and Reject the Alternate hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision Conclusion: There is no difference between the 2 sets of samples

Paired t test
You have received some sets of samples and you are not ok with the output. In order to improve the output you thought of providing a training. After the training you collected the same sets of samples. Now you need to check the effectiveness of the training Set up the test

H0 : (Bef) = (Aft)
Ha : (Bef) (Aft)

Paired t test

Paired t test

Inference: The P-value < 0.05. We accept the Alternate hypothesis and fail to Accept the Null Hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision Conclusion: There is effect out of the training provided

1-Proportion test
A county district attorney would like to run for the office of state district attorney. She has decided that she will give up her county office and run for state office if more than 65% of her party constituents support her. As her campaign manager, you collected data on 950 randomly selected party members and find that 560 party members support the candidate. Set up the test H0 : p = 0.65 Ha : p > 0.65

1-Proportion test

1-Proportion test

Inference: The P-value > 0.05.

We accept the Null Hypothesis and Reject the Alternate hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision
Conclusion: The proportion of party members that support the candidate is not greater than the required proportion of 0.65. As her campaign manager, you would advise her not to run for the office of state district attorney.

2-Proportion test
As your corporation's purchasing manager, you need to authorize the purchase of twenty new photocopy machines. After comparing many brands in terms of price, copy quality, warranty, and features, you have narrowed the choice to two: Brand X and Brand Y. You decide that the determining factor will be the reliability of the brands as defined by the proportion requiring service within one year of purchase. Because your corporation already uses both of these brands, you were able to obtain information on the service history of 50 randomly selected machines of each brand. Records indicate that six Brand X machines and eight Brand Y machines needed service. Use this information to guide your choice of brand for purchase.

Set up the test

H0 : P (Brand x) = P (Brand Y)
Ha : P (Brand x) P (Brand Y)

2-Proportion test

2-Proportion test

Inference: The P-value > 0.05.

We accept the Null Hypothesis and Reject the Alternate hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision
Conclusion: The proportion of photocopy machines that needed service in the first year did not differ depending on brand. As the purchasing manager, you need to find a different criterion to guide your decision on which brand to purchase.

1-Variance test
You are a quality control inspector at a factory that builds high precision parts for aircraft engines, including a metal pin that must measure 15 inches in length. Safety laws dictate that the variance of the pins' length must not exceed 0.001in2. You collect a sample of 100 pins and measure their length in order to conduct the hypothesis test Set up the test H0 : Var = 0.001 Ha : Var < 0.001

1-Variance test

1-Variance test

Inference: The P-value < 0.05.

We accept the Alternate hypothesis and fail to Accept the Null Hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision
Conclusion: You should conclude that the variance of pin length is small enough to meet specifications and ensure passenger safety.

2-Variance test
A study was performed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of two devices for improving the efficiency of gas home-heating systems. Energy consumption in houses was measured after one of the two devices was installed. The two devices were an electric vent damper (Damper = 1) and a thermally activated vent damper (Damper = 2). You are interested in comparing the variances of the two populations Set up the test H0 : Var (D1) = Var (D2) Ha : Var (D1) Var (D2)

2-Variance test

2-Variance test
Test for Equal Variances for BTU.In
F-Test Test Statistic P-Value Test Statistic P-Value 1.19 0.558 0.00 0.996

Damper (2-Var)

Lev ene's Test

2.0

2.5 3.0 3.5 95% Bonferroni Confidence Intervals for StDevs

4.0

Damper (2-Var)

10 BTU.In

15

20

2-Variance test

Inference: The P-value > 0.05.

We accept the Null Hypothesis and Reject the Alternate hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision
Conclusion: These data do not provide enough evidence to claim that the two populations have unequal variances

1-Way ANOVA
Twenty four golf balls with different dimple patterns are selected and checked for the distance traveled. Now Analysis needs to be performed whether there is a difference in the distance traveled of the golf balls
Dimple 1 277 268 281 263 Dimple 2 281 299 317 286 290 295 Dimple 3 304 295 317 299 304 304 Dimple 4 250 277 268 272 281 286 281 263

Set up the test H0 : (D1) = (D2) = (D3) = (D4) Ha : At least one is unequal

1-Way ANOVA

1-Way ANOVA

Inference: The P-value < 0.05.

We accept the Alternate hypothesis and Fail to Accept the Null Hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision
Conclusion: At least one dimple pattern is different

1-Way ANOVA
Individual Value Plot of Distance vs Dimples
320 320

Boxplot of Distance

310

310

300

300

290

290

Distance

280

Distance
D imple 1 D imple 2 D imple 3 Dimples D imple 4

280

270

270

260

260

250

250 D imple 1 D imple 2 D imple 3 Dimples D imple 4

2-Way ANOVA
Sixteen golf balls with different dimple patterns and different players are selected and checked for the distance traveled. Now Analysis needs to be performed whether there is a difference in the distance traveled of the golf balls Set up the test H0 : (D1) = (D2) = (D3) = (D4) Ha : At least one dimple is unequal Set up the test

H0 : (P1) = (P2) = (P3) = (P4)

Ha : At least one player is unequal

2-Way ANOVA

2-Way ANOVA

Inference:

The P-value < 0.05 for Dimples and >0.05 for Players We accept the Alternate hypothesis for Dimples and Null hypothesis for Players We are 95% confident about this decision
Conclusion: There is a difference in the dimple pattern but No difference in the Players

Capability Analysis

Capability 6-Sixpack
A manufacturer of cable wire wants to assess if the diameter of the cable meets specifications. A cable wire must be 0.55 + 0.05 cm in diameter to meet engineering specifications. Analysts evaluate the capability of the process to ensure it is meeting the customer's requirement of a Ppk of 1.33. Every hour, analysts take a subgroup of 5 consecutive cable wires from the production line and record the diameter.

Capability 6-Sixpack

Capability 6-Sixpack
Xbar Chart
UCL=0.57134
LSL

Indicates Stable process

Process Capability Sixpack of Capability

Capability Histogram
USL

Sample Mean

0.56 0.54 0.52 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

_ _ X=0.54646

S pecifications LS L 0.5 U S L 0.6

LCL=0.52158 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60

R Chart
0.10

Normal Prob Plot

UCL=0.0912 _ R=0.0431

A D : 0.233, P : 0.794

Data is normally distributed

Sample Range

0.05

0.00 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

LCL=0 0.50 0.55 0.60

Last 20 Subgroups
0.60

Capability Plot
Within S tD ev 0.0185477 Cp 0.9 C pk 0.83 Within O v erall S pecs O v erall S tD ev 0.0193414 Pp 0.86 P pk 0.8 C pm *

Values

0.55 0.50 5 10 Sample 15 20

Ppk (0.80) is below the required goal of 1.33, indicating that the manufacturer needs to improve the process

Correlation and Regression

Correlation

If two variables X and Y, are related such that as Y increases / decreases with another variable X, a correlation is said to exist between them A scatter diagram is a chart that pictorially depicts the relationship between two such data types.
Some Examples of Relationship Cutting speed and tool life Moisture content and thread elongation Breakdown and equipment age Temperature and lipstick hardness Striking pressure and electrical current Temperature and percent foam in soft drinks

Scatter Diagram of Automotive Speed vs. Mileage

40 35 30 25 20 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

Mileage (km/Lit)

Speed (km/h)

Scatter diagram

A scatter diagram depicts the relationship as a pattern that can be directly read. If Y increases with X, then X and Y are positively correlated. If Y decreases as X increases, then the two types of data are negatively correlated. If no significant relationship is apparent between X and Y, then the two data types are not correlated.

Different scatter diagram patterns

Correlation
Analysis is done to check whether there is correlation between the Marks scored in entrance examination vs the Marks scored in Graduation. Data samples of 20 persons are taken for Analysis

Set up the test

H0 : There is no correlation
Ha : There is correlation

Correlation

Correlation

Inference:
The P-value < 0.05 We accept the Alternate hypothesis and Fail to accept the Null hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision

Conclusion: There is correlation between the marks scored in Entrance examination vs the Graduation degree marks
Scatterplot of Graduate Marks vs Entrance Marks
100 95
Graduate Marks

90 85 80 75 70 70 75 80 85 90 Entrance Marks 95 100

Strong Positive correlation

Regression

Regression is the prediction of dependent variable from knowledge of one or more other independent variables. Regression Analysis is a statistical technique for estimating the parameters of an equation relating a particular value of dependent variable to a set of independent variables. The resulting equation is called Regression Equation. Linear regression is the regression in which the relationship is linear. Curvilinear regression is the regression in which the best fitting line is a curve.

Simple linear regression

Only a single predictor variable or independent variable X (e.g.: cutting speed) and a response variable or dependent variable Y (e.g: tool life).

The regression equation is Y ab X where, Y Predicted value of Y a Intercept (the predicted value of Y when X 0) b Slope of the line (the amount of difference in Y associated with a 1 - unit difference in X)

Simple linear regression

You are assigned to check whether there is Correlation between HRS TV watched and the Marks scored. You take a sample of 20 for your Analysis

Set up the test H0 : There is no correlation Ha : There is correlation

Correlation

Correlation
Inference:
The P-value < 0.05 We accept the Alternate hypothesis and Fail to accept the Null hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision

Conclusion: There is correlation between the TV watched HRS and Marks Scored
Scatterplot of Reg-Marks scored vs Reg-TV watched
100

90
Reg-Marks scored

80

70

60

Strong Negative correlation

1 2 3 4 Reg-TV watched 5 6 7

50

Regression
Since there is a correlation we can proceed to Regression Analysis

Regression

Regression equation calculated for the data given, by Minitab

The R-Sq value given the percentage of contribution of this X (Distance Junction Box) to the output Y (Time to Repair)

Inference:
The P-value < 0.05 We accept the Alternate hypothesis and Fail to accept the Null hypothesis We are 95% confident about this decision

Conclusion: Hours spent in watching TV significantly affects the Marks scored

Prediction
Based on the regression data we concluded Hours spent in watching TV significantly affects the Marks scored. So we can use the below regression equation for prediction

What will be my Marks if I watch TV for 8 hrs?

Prediction

Prediction

Inference:
Predicted value is 51.64. If I spend 8hrs watching TV the marks I will score is 51.6%

Measurement System Analysis

Possible Sources of Process Variation

Observed Process Variation

Actual Process Variation

Measurement Variation

Long-term Process Variation

Short-term Process Variation

Variation w/i sample

Variation due to instrument

Variation due to appraisers

Repeatability

Bias

Stability

Linearity

Reproducibility

We look at repeatability and reproducibility as these are the usually primary contributors to measurement error.

Attribute GRR - Case Study

A supermarket receives apples from Himachal. There are 5 employees (Sunil, Mohan, Rohit, Ramlal & Kishnan) who inspect the apples and if they are OK, accept it. The inspectors make 3 types of decisions Raw, OK or Overripe. Of late a lot of customers have been complaining that the apples brought from the supermarket were Raw or Overripe. The store realized that all their apple inspectors were not doing their job properly. The supermarket management decided to do a Measurement System Analysis to check for the same Since the data was ordinal, the supermarket decided to do a Attribute Gage R&R. They randomly took 10 apples and asked the inspectors to give their decision. They repeated the experiment and also took the decision of an Apple Expert.

Minitab Attribute GRR

Minitab Attribute GRR

After clicking on Results

Minitab Attribute GRR: Graph Output

Performance is excellent. Matching 100% to Standard

Performance is Poor. Need training

Minitab Attribute GRR

Attribute GRR Examples

Call Center Call Quality Agent Call agent Rating Score of 1 to 5

Canteen Lunch Good / Bad

Performance appraisals Discrete rating scale Painted parts Accept or reject

Continuous GRR Case Study

In a supermarket the customers started complaining about wrong weights of the apples sold. The Supermarket management already familiar with the concept of MSA, was sure that the measurement system could be the possibility. So they decided to conduct the Continuous Gage R & R studies.

The Gage R & R study involved 3 employees (Rahul, Sandeep & Rajesh) who used to be in the fruit department, primarily doing all the measurements. They decided to measure 5 different apples by Rahul, Sandeep & Rajesh and thrice. They conducted the experiment and tabulated the results.

Minitab Continuous GRR

Minitab Continuous GRR

Minitab Continuous GRR

Minitab Continuous GRR

Two Minitab outputs appear The Session window & the Graphical Window. We will concentrate on the Session window output first and then on the Graphical output

Minitab Continuous GRR

Percent contribution to the overall variation made by each variance component. This is calculated by dividing each variance component by the total variation and multiplying by 100. The percentages in this column add to 100

% Contribution

Total R&R in %Contribution indicate the resolution of the measuring equipment. Less than 1% - the measurement system is acceptable. Between 1% and 9% - the measurement system is acceptable depending on the application, the cost of the measuring device, cost of repair, or other factors. Greater than 9% - the measurement system is unacceptable and should be improved.

Minitab Continuous GRR

Total Variation row of the Study Var (6 * SD) column is the Process variation Number of distinct categories indicate the resolution of the measuring equipment. Number of Distinct Categories should be

< 4 ; Reject the gage

4 10 ; Grey Area, May or May Not 10 ; Accept the gage

Minitab Continuous GRR

This graph is same as the first output of the Session window. It shows the breakup of the variation observed between the Gage & the Part and its further breakup

% Contribution of Total Gage R&R indicate the resolution of the measuring equipment. Less than 1% - the measurement system is acceptable. Between 1% and 9% - the measurement system is acceptable depending on the application, the cost of the measuring device, cost of repair, or other factors. Greater than 9% - the measurement system is unacceptable and should be improved.

Minitab Continuous GRR

The Range chart provides the range of the weight measured by each operator for each apple. Ideally, all the values should be on the bottom Red line. But as long as they are within the 2 red lines (Control Limits), things are OK

Minitab Continuous GRR

The Xbar chart gives an idea about the ability of the measuring instrument to distinguish different types of parts. It plots the average of all the Operators, apple-wise for the various repetitions. If all of them are within the 2 red lines (Control Limits), that means that all the means seem to be similar or in other words the Measuring system cannot distinguish between the different parts (apples). As a thumb rule, 50% or more points outside the 2 Red lines is a good indication

Minitab Continuous GRR

The Weight By Part plots the weight of each apple measured different times. Ideally, all the points of a certain apple should be a single dot. The variation for each of the apple measurements shows lack of repeatability or reproducibility

Minitab Continuous GRR

Weight by Operator plots the average weight of all the parts (Apples) by each operator. Ideally, this should be a straight line. The operator with the deviation indicates some kind of problem with the operator while making the measurement. In this example, Sandeep seems to have a problem

Minitab Continuous GRR

The Operator * Part Interaction plots the values of the various apples against the operators. Ideally, a certain apple measured by any operator should be the same. If any difference is shown, that in conjunction with the By Operator and the By Part graphs gives an idea whether the problem is with the operator, part or between the operator to part interaction.

Major Enhancements in MINITAB 15

Formulas in Worksheet
Column

calculates by formula, updates with new data

Open Calculator using Calc, Editor, or right-mouse menus

Formula: Sum=Start + Change

Column icon indicates formula status

New Column Formats

Currency, Percent formats

Displayed on: Worksheets - Graphs - Selected statistical output

Chart of Revenue vs Year, Quarter
$ 16.00 $ 14.00 $ 12.00 Q uarter
4 3 2 1

Format Dialog

Revenue

$ 10.00 $ 8.00 $ 6.00 $ 4.00 $ 2.00 $ 0.00 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005

New column formats and calculations

Elapsed time (new Elapsed function in Calculator) Can calculate work days

Date formats: like January 1, 2006 or no separators (20060101)

Thousands of a second

Multiple Undo/Redo in Data Window

Undo mistakes, redo changes

Release 14: one-step change for Edit menu functions

- Release 15: multiple changes and supports more functions, including: Editor > Replace, Editor > Format, Formulas Move a column. Oops! Undo will recover change, even after additional changes.

Password Protection
Enables to protect the file from Unauthorized

access by Password-protection

Text manipulation enhancements

Added 23 functions for powerful and complete

ability to manipulate text. (Concatenate, Pad, Trim, and more)

Data manipulation enhancements

Copy/Paste from Excel works more smoothly Support Excels native format Recognize more formats in addition to currency, percent

MACROS

MACROS has been introduced in Minitab 15

Steps to create MACROS: Step 1: Go to history and Select the command and Right click and Save as .MTB file (Eg: MACROS.MTB)

MACROS
Steps to create MACROS: Step 2: Run the MACROS as a Exec:

Supports Provided by Minitab

Minitab Support

Minitab Help Minitab Statguide Minitab Tutorials Minitab Glossary Methods & Formulas Answers Knowledge Quality trainer Online trainer (60$ - Month) Free Technical Support Web page : www.minitab.com

Other Six-Sigma software by Minitab

Quality Companion-3
QC is a powerful process management tool

developed by Minitab to support Six-sigma Provides resources for Project planning, Design and Organization to complete Six sigma and other quality improvement projects. Provides guidance from experienced professionals to select right tools and how to use it. All the information related to a project is saved in one file and can be viewed by QC viewer.