REGULER ASSIGNMENT 2

TRANSLATION STUDIES

Study Program Program Academic Year Course Name Semester Class Student Number Student Name Kind and Number of Assignment Date of Work Submission Lecturer

: S2 in Applied Linguistics : Subsidi : 2011/2012 : Translation studies :2 : LT Penerjemahan : 11706251008 : NI PUTU TISNA ANDAYANI : Regular Assignment 2 : 10.15-12.30 am, Thursday, March, 29th 2012 : Asruddin B.Tou, Ph.D.

APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM PASCASARJANA PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA 2012

TRANSLATION STUDIES

CULTURAL STUDIES

LITERARY STUDIES

A fruitful exchange of views on what translation was and how it could, or should, be theorized and studied had taken place during 1980s and early 1990s. (Kuhiwczak & Littau,2007:13)

-Cultural turn was a massive intellectual phenomenon which is only happening in translation studies. -The cultural turn in translation studies is a part of cultural turn that was taking place in the humanities generally in the late 1980s and early 1990s. (Kuhiwczak & Littau,2007:16)

- In literary studies, cultural question took over long ago from formalist approaches to textual study. - In the late 1970s and the 1980s is the rise of a descriptive approach that had its origins in comparative literature and Russian Formalism. -From post-structuralism onwards the tidal waves of new approaches to literature that swept through the last decades of the 20th century. (Kuhiwczak & Littau,2007:15)

-Translation studies had been developing as a distinct discipline through the 1980s, employing methodologies that drew upon research in linguistics and comparative literature that the time had come for increased employment of the tools of cultural history and cultural studies. (Kuiwhczak & Littau,2007:13)

-Even-Zohar(1978) proposition that cultures translate according to need seems self-evident today, but in its time it was an extremely important statement, for the implications of his theory of cultural change were enormous. -The historical situation would determine the quantity and type of translations that might be undertaken, and the status of those translations would be greater or lesser according to the position of the receiving culture. -A translation could be fundamentally important in the source culture but have no impact at all in the receiving culture or, viceversa, a translation could

- Translation in literary history, tracing the genealogy of translation in their own individual cultural context, and exploring more fully the ideological implications of translation and the power relationships that are involved as a text is transferred from one context to another. (Kuhiwczak & Littau,2007:14)

alter the shape of the receiving literary system. (Kuhiwczak & Littau,2007:17)

-Their arguments present that translation plays a major role in shaping literary systems -Translation studies has become an accepted academic subject and books, journals and doctoral dissertations appear so fast. -Theory Polysystem in translation studies prepared the ground for cultural turn -Theory Skopos : postulates that the objective or function of translation determines the translations strategies to be employed. (Kuiwhczak & Littau,2007:14)

-Some example of how translation can radically alter the fortunes of an individual writer is the case of Jack London which is a relatively minor American novelist who enjoys canonical status in Russia and other former Soviet countries -Another example is provided by Clarise Lispector the Brazilian novelist who was translated into French and English in the 1980s. The translation came at a moment when the continent of South America was the object of fascination in European literary circles, and writers such as Borges, Gracia Marquez and Varga Llosa were lionized. But Lispector filled a particular need among others. As a result, her works were widely read and she came to occupy a more prominent position in Brazilian letters outside her own country than she had ever enjoyed at home in Brazil. (see Lispector, 1992a, 1992b). -A further example of the cultural turn in translation studies has been the expansion of research into norms governing translation

-Polysystem theory was primarily concerned with literary translation. -Literary studies adopted methods from cultural (Kuhiwczak & Littau,2007:15-16) -Central to polysystem theory as articulated by Even-Zohar was contestations of established literary canon no observer of the history of any literature can avoid recognizing as an important fact the impact of translation in the synchrony and diachronic of certain literature. (EvenZohar,1978:15).

The most important shifts in theoretical developments in translation theory: (1) The shift from source- oriented

-As literature evolves, their need for translations fluctuates -Newly evolving literatures would translate more texts,

theories to targettext-oriented theories (2) The shift to Gent cultural factors as well as linguistic elements in the translations models. (Gentzler,2001:70)

strategies and techniques. -Gideon Toury (1978;1995) is explicit about the cultural importance of norms in translation: Translation activities should be regarded as having cultural significance

a hypothesis proven by translation scholars working in northern or central European literatures, for example: (1) Literatures in Czech or Finnish evolved in the 19th century in the context of both a linguistic revival and a political struggle for national independence were greatly aided by translation. (2) In contrast with China which for centuries translated very little since Chinese writers had no need of external influences. But today there is a boom translation in china, linked to modernization, Westernization and Chinas entry into the global economy. (3) English literature translation activity started to slow down in the 18th century. By the late of 18th century the need for innovation from outside had diminished, and the wealth of writers producing texts in English resulted in a diminishing of translation. (Kuiwhczak & Littau,2007:17).

-Translation is the portal through which the past can be accessed -If we look from a translation studies perspective at the 15th century in England, is a period of intense translation activity of both secular and sacred text: 1. The feminist reassessment of the 18th century in terms of rethinking the canon and the re-evaluation of literary production. 2. In the 15th century in terms of the importance of translations undertaken. (Kuhiwczak & Littau,2007:16)

-Cultural Studies today is a simmering stew of the ideas, voices, and lives of people all over the world. -It's the things we use and the people we talk about. It's life and life only. -Cultural Studies Central is a gathering spot and central clearinghouse where those of us who live and breathe Cultural Studies can go to learn more and do more (Markowitz, Robin. Web: culturalstudies.net/)

Postcolonial translation theory is yet another example of how research in the field of translation has developed in literary and historical studies more generally.

Critical review: Based on the contrastive between translation studies, cultural studies and literary studies there are some points that show an indication of how the cultural turn in translation has opened up greater possibilities. There are still occasional dissenting voices to argue that translation, surely, is primarily about language, not culture, and that the proper business of translation studies is to focus on the linguistic aspects of translation process. Separating language from culture is like the old debate about which came first- the chicken or the egg? Translation is about language, but translation is also about culture, for the two are inseparable. The cultural turn in translation studies reflects the cultural turn in other disciplines, which is an inevitable result of the need for greeter intercultural awareness in the world today. The surge in translation studies since the 1970s seen in different areas. Contrastive analysis has fallen by the wayside. The linguistic-oriented science of translation has continued and become stronger. A pioneering centre has been Tel Aviv, where Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury have pursued the idea of literary polysystem in which, amongst other things, different literatures and genres, including translated and non-translated works compete for dominance. The polysistemist worked with a Belgium-

based group including Jose Lambert and the late Andre Levere, and with the UK-based scholars Sussan Bassnet.

Bibliography
Kuhiwczak, Piotr & Littau, Karin. 2007. A Companion to Translation studies. Multilingual Matters LTD; Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto. Munday, Jeremy. 2008. Introducing Translation Studies-Theories and Application second edition. Taylor & Francis e-Library 2010. Sengers, Phoebe. Web; www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/phoebe/mosaic/ culturalstudies.html