Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

Hydraulics of Weirs
1- A standing wave weir is to be constructed to measure the discharge of the canal, the cross section of which is given below: Data: Summer Discharge Flood submersion Summer submersion Weir sill level Discharge equation of the weir 59.16 m3 / sec 3/4 2/3 12.80 2 . B . H1.5

and the difference between flood water level and summer water level is the same U.S and D.S of the weir. Required: a- Find the U.S flood water level. b- Fix the width of the weir. c- Fix the flood discharge.

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

Standing Wave Weir

A Standing wave weir is to be constructed to measure the discharge of a canal. The cross section of the canal is given below: Data: 1- Discharge equation of the weir 2- Discharge at high water level 3- Discharge at low water level 4- Maximum submersion 5- Bligh / Lane coefficients 6- Specific weight of P.C 7- Specific weight of rubble Required: 1- Calculate the width and the sill level of the weir 2- Design the weir and its floor 3- Draw plane (half earth removed), longitudinal section and U.S side view.
8.0 (12.80) L.W.L. (10.50) (8.50) 10.0 H.W.L. (11.00) (11.25) (11.25)

Q = 1.95 B . (H)1.5 53.85 m3 / sec 24.00 m3 / sec 70 % 14.70 / 7.25 2.40 t / m3 2.30 t / m3

Cross Section U.S. the weir

H.W.L. (10.60) (11.25) 8.0 (12.80) (11.25)

L.W.L. (10.00) (8.00) 10.0

Cross Section D.S. the weir

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

1- Calculate the width and sill level of the weir : H2 h2 = 0.50 m H1 h2 = 0.40 m Q = 1.95B.H 1.50

H1

H2

The discharge at high water level: 53.85 = 1.95 * B (H1)1.50 the discharge at low water level: 24.00 = 1.95 * B (H2)1.50 by dividing equations (1) & (2) . (2) . (1)

H1 H 2

1.50

53.85 24.00
2

H 1 53.85 3 = = 1.714 H 2 24.00 but H1 H2 = 0.50 1.714 H2 H2 = 0.50

then H1 = 1.714 H2

0.714 H2 = 0.50

H2 = 0.70 m

sill level = 10.50 0.70 = 9.80 H1 = H2 + 0.50

H1 = 1.20 m

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

h2

h1

Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

You have to check for the maximum submersion Submersion ratio =

h h1 or 2 H1 H 2

h1 0 .8 = = 66.66 % < 70.0 % O.K. H 1 1.20 h2 0.20 = = 28.57 % < 70.0 % O.K. H 2 0.70

substituting in the discharge equation of the weir: Q = 1.95 B (H)1.50 B = 53.85 / (1.95 *(H1)1.50) B = 53.85 /(1.95 * (1.2)1.50) = 21.00 m

Design of floor
Safe Weighted creep ratios for different kinds of soils Recommended by Bligh

Foundation Material
Very fine sand or silt Fine sand Medium sand Coarse sand Gravel and sand Fine gravel Medium gravel Boulders mixed with gravel & sand

Blighs Coefficient CB
18 15 13 12 9 6 5 4

Safe Exit Gradient IE

1/18 1/15 1/13 1/12 1/9 1/6 1/5 1/4

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

Recommended Weighted Creep Ratios, Recommended by Lane

Material
Very fine sand or silt Fine sand Medium sand Coarse sand Fine gravel Medium gravel Coarse gravel, including cobbles Boulders with some cobbles and gravel Soft clay Medium clay Hard clay Very hard clay or hardpan

Safe Weighted Creep-head Ratios, CL

8.5 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.50 3.0 2.50 3.0 2.0 1.8 1.6

Total creep length of the floor = C * H Where C : Bligh or Lanes coefficient H : Maximum difference in water level The length of the floor is divided into three maim parts: 1- floor length upstream the weir body, and is taken roughly (1-2) times the upstream water head. 2- Length of the weir body

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

L1

Lw

Ls

3- Length of the floor downstream the weir, which is called length of scour, and from the analysis of collected information on existing structures, Bligh recommended his empirical formula for calculating the length of scour: LS = 0.61 C B where: HS = maximum head producing scour = U.S. water head - Yc

HS

Yc = critical depth of water calculated for a rectangular cross section of the channel =
3

q2 g

and q = Q/B

- Maximum difference of water head between U.S, and D.S of the weir:
1- Flood discharge: 11.0 10.6 = 0.40 m 2- Summer discharge: 10.50 10.0 = 0.50 3- During repair time: sill level bed level = 9.80 8.0 = 1.80 m (Max.)

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

Design of floor Elements:

1- Blighs Method

C = 14.70, Total required length (to resist perculation and uplift) = C . H = 14.70 * 1.8 L = 26.46 m L1 = 1 ~ 2 Max. Upstream water head = 11.0 8.5 = 2.50 m Length of weir = 3 ~ 5 m (take Lw = 5.0 m) to find Ls get YC first.
q2 = g

YC =

(53.85 21)
9.81

YC = 0.875 m

Hs = 11.0 8.0 0.875 = 2.125 m Ls = 0.61 * 14.70 * 2.125 = 13.07 m 13.0 m Assume that the floor thickness = 0.80 Total percolation length of floor = 2.50 + 5.00 + 13.00 + 2 * 0.80 + 0.50 (difference in bed level of the canal between U.S & D.S) = 22.60 m, and it is clear that the required length of floor > the total percolation length of floor. The difference between the required length and the actual percolation length = 26.50 22.60 = 3.9 m. That length is required for safety against piping, so the floor length is extended to satisfy these requirements. This length could be satisfied in many different ways: 1- At the end of floor, add 4.0 m of pitching in mortar with 0.50 m thickness. 2- Add cutoff wall at the start and end of the floor each of 2.0 m depth. 3- Lengthen the upstream apron of the floor (L1 = 1~2 upstream water head), so L1 could be 5.0 m.
Design of floor thickness:

The weight of the floor must safely resist the uplift forces produced by the percolation of water under the floor. The critical section, which must be taken into consideration, is the section just after the body of the weir (at the end of LW), because the previous sections water weight (for L1), and weir weight (for LW) will counteract the uplift force.

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

Design of Irrigation Structures

El-Minia University Faculty of Eng. 4th Year Civil

H = 1.80

Slope =

1 CB

Uplift pressure at the section (1-1) = 1.8

or =

0.50 + 4.0 + 0.30 + 13.0 = 1.21 14.70

t=

h *1.30 m 1 1.2 t= * 1.3 = 1.114m 2.4 1

take t = 1.10 and check again 0.50 + 0.50 + 0.60 + 2.50 + 5.0 = 1.18m 14.70

h = 1.80

t=

1.18 * 1.3 = 1.09 = 1.10 m o.k 2.4 1

Prepared By: Amr Abdel-Monaim El-Sayed

h
0.50 + 0.50 + 0.30 + 2.50 + 5.0 = 1.2 14.70