2004 IntematlonalConference on Power System Technology POWERCON 2004 Singapore, 23-24 November 2004

Analysis of a Three-phase Induction Motor under Voltage Unbalance Using the Circle Diagram Method
Sheng-Yen Huang and Yaw-hen W n ,Senior Member, IEEE ag
topic to which electrical engineers have to pay attention. The index for evaluating the level of voltage unbalance i s either the percent voltage unbalance (Pvtl) defied by the National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA), or the voltage unbalance factor defined by the International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC). The P W is calculated by the ratio of the difference between the highest and the lowest vottage magnitudes, to the average of the three voltage magnitudes; and VUF is given by the ratio of the negative- to the positive-sequence voltage component [4]. From the theorem of symmetrical components, voltage unbalance can be considered as a phenomenon that the positive-sequence voltage is disturbed by the negative- and the zero-sequence voltages. The circle diagram is an effective tool for predicting the performance of an induction motor both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is helpful in giving insight into how the machine will act in all possible modes of operation. In t i hs paper, the steady-state performance of an induction motor under voltage unbalance is to be studied. An extension of the T-type circle diagram is to be applied. Results obtained using the phasor analysis of the equivalent circuit and using the Ttype circle diagram are compared to validate the proposed graphical approach.

Abstracf--Protective functions of an induction motor are mainly intended to prevent overheating of its windings. Owing mainly to overloads o r unbalanced voltages, there is increase in consequent overheating of the windings. Three-phase voltage unbalance has Long been a problem in power system. In fact, the large-scale negative sequence currents in induction motor result from slight unbalanced voltage, causing overheating, shaft vibration, noise, derating and additional losses, and hence reduce its lifetime and performance. This paper tries to analyze an induction motor supplied by unbalanced voltage utilizing the circle diagram method. Results obtains from the mathematical method are compared to validate the proposed graphical approach.
Index Terms- power quality, unbalanced voltage, circle diagram method, induction motor.

m)

I. INTRODUCTION Voltage unbalance is an important index in evaluating power system quality. A balanced three-phase voltage source implies a situation in which the voltages are identical in magnitude and 120" out of phase between any two voltage phasors [l]. In general, voltage unbalance results from unbalanced loads and/or asymmetry in three-phase impedances. In particular, unbalanced loads include large single-phase loads such as electric railways traction supplies, electric welding machines, and arc furnaces, etc. Asymmetry in three-phase impedances can be found in open-Y,open-A transformer connections and uneven distribution of singlephase low-voltage customers over the three phases. Since the three-phase induction motors have been widely employed, the supplied three-phase voltage affects thek operating performance, When the suppIied three-phase voltage is unbalanced, the unbalance has detrimental effects on three-phase induction motors, including overheating, shaft vibration, noise, derating and additional losses, and hence reduction i its lifetime and performance [2]-[3]. Therefore, n the problem of voltage unbalance is becoming an important
Sheng-Yen Huang is w t the Graduate School of Engineering Science ih and Technology @octoral Program), National Y h Umversity of Science 8 Technology, Yunlia, Taiwan. (e-mail:g8910814 @yuntech.edu.tw). Y. I. W n i with the department of electrical engineering, National ag s YunliO University of Science & Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan. (e-mail: wangyj@yuntech.edu.t)

II. ANALYSIS OF UNBALANCED STATOR VOLTAGES

The most commonly encountered disturbance in the stator is unbalanced supply voltages. The method of symmetrical components developed by Fortescue [l] has been widely used for the analysis of unbalanced supply voltages. In accordance with Fortescue, tbree-phase line voltages, denoted as V,, V, and V, can be resolved into the zero-, positive-, , and negative-sequence line voltage components ( U,,U ,and ,
U, ) . They can be Written in the matrix format:

where (I= 1 L120'.

In three-phase induction motors without neutral path, such as A -connected or Y-connected stator windings with an

0-7803-8610-8/04/$20.00 0 2004 IEEE

165

ungrounded neutral, line currents have no zero-sequence component ( 1, =O ) . Expressing the positive- and negativesequence phase voltage components ( V and V. ) in terms o f , U ,and U,, , gives

z,
V, = U"/(6 - 30') . L
The VUF defmed by the IEC is
W F = K, =I</V,lxlOO%

I@)
Fig. 1. Single-phase equivalent circuits of the induction motor. (a) Positivesequence circuit. (b) Negative-sequence circuit.

IV. METHODS OF ANALYSIS

() 4

An induction motor powered by an unbalanced three-phase voltage will draw line currents with a degree of unbalance several times that of the supply voltage. The level of unbalance of the stator currents can be evaluated using the current unbalance factor ( CUF ) whose definition is similar to that of the VUF:

A. MuthematicalAmlysb
A traditionalmethod employs the symmetrical component theory to calculate performances of a three-phase induction motor under unbalanced voltages. Assuming Omotor operates at a unit slip s. Qan angle of Oo for V, and using the law of , cosines to find the angles of the other line unbalance voltages. The symmetrical components (V, and V,) of the phase voltages can be given by (2) and (3). Thus, the symmetrical components of the stator currents are
Z = VP/ZP ,
2

CUF = K , =lIm/lplxlOO%

(5)

where I and I,, are the stator currents of negative- and , positive-sequence, respectively.
III. INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL

(6)

1, = K/Z,

(7)

Fig. 1 shows the positive- and negative-sequence

equivalent circuits of a three-phase induction motor. In the figure R8 and X, are the stator resistance and reactance, R, and X, rotor resistance and reactance referred to the stator, R, and X,the magnetizing resistance and reactance, I , and IF the stator and rotor positive-sequence current phasors, Z and I, , the stator and rotor negative-sequence current phasors, 2 and , 2 the positive- and negative- sequence impedances,and s the , slip, respectively. To Facilitate our analysis, the following simplifying assumptions have been made: A) All the circuit elements i n Fig. l(a) and @) are constants. Namely, frequency dependency of the circuit parameters, especially R, and X,, is neglected. B) The rotational losses including &ction, windage and stray losses are neglected.

and the symmetrical components of the rotor currents are

zpt=rp. R, + j X , ( K + ix, ix,

(++

(8)

(9)

Therefore, the line currents for the motor are Za=Ip+Iw, Zb = a2Z, +at,,
(10)

(1 1)

I , =U

Z +a2Z, ~

(12)

From the per-phase equivalent circuit, we can compute the

power input ( Pi,) as

P ,

= 3 Re[V', ( I F F +V, (fm

,'I.

(13)

Neglecting the rotational losses, we obtain the power output (

Po ) of the induction motor as

Finally, the efficiency is given by

q=

5x 100%.
p,

(15)

B. Graphical Analysis Thanks to fast development of various user-ti-iendly graph-

166

drawing software, analysis of the induction motor by a graphical approach becomes easier and more accurate than before. Graphical approach allows the electrical engineer to clearly visualize the change in voltage and current phasors as the operating point moves around the periphery of circle diagram [5]-[7] with changes in the per-unit slip. There are fundamentally two types of circle diagram for methods, L-type and T-type, the calculation of three-phase induction motor characteristics. The L-typeand T-type circle diagram equivalent circuits of an induction m t r are oo illustrated in F i g 2 Vph is the actual phase voltage in the stator winding, r, the actual line current in the stator winding, r, the load component of the stator current, 2, no-load line current. Since the L-type circle diagram is based on the approximate equivalent circuit of the induction motor, we will focus our discuss on the T-type circle diagram.

Pmr= 3 x Vph xAB = rotational loss SCL = 3 x Vph = stator copper loss xBC RCL = 3 x J$,xCD = rotor copper loss Po = 3 X VphXDP = Output POW^ S @ = CD/CP = S i DP/AP ='I (eficiency)

(ab-typeequivalent circuit

(b)T-type equivalent circuit Fig. 2. Circle diagram equivalent circuits of an induction motor.

I ) Sketch of the T-type circle diagrumfor balanced state

Procedure of constructing the circle diagram for balanced Case: a) Lay o f a line to represent the reference VI.Locate N ,N,S', and S points by dividing realpart and imoginmy I part o no-load and blocked-rotor currents respective&. f b) Taking OV,=lIine voltage]/& upon line OV,. c) From V,h, draw a line parallel fQ ON,and v p h v = ON xR, d) From V draw a line W"perpendicular to ON, ' ,
und VY"=ON xX,.

e) Draw OV",L VfiOV"=p,corrsfructa line NE by

fl Draw a line NS. Construct aperpendiculor bisector f to NS.This bisector willpass through the center o the circle ut C'. With radius NC'or SC', draw U semicircle. g Having the slip, locate operutingpoint (p). ) The operational characteristics of an induction motor operating on balanced voltages are shown in Fig. 3[7]. Any value of power desired by line segments is as follows, Pi. = 3 x V'xAP = input power

L EN"' =2p.

S Poiat

P)and P W R

Fig. 3. ' h e T-type circle diagram on balanced voltages.

2) Sketch o T-ppe circle diagramfor unbalanced voltage f

Steady-state operation during the unbalanced source voltages can be calculated by usiug T-type circle diagram.

167

Then, T-type circle diagram is divided into Positive- and negative-sequence circle diagram shown in Fig. 4 to Fig. 7. Figs.4 and 6 are a schematic diagram to determine the positive- and negative-sequence currents. Refer to Fig. 4. The procedure of constructing positivesequence circle diagram of T-type is BS follows. a) Expand SN until it intersects imaginary axis. Mark D at this intersection. b) From D and N dray lines DF and NG, each perpendicular to W . c From S, draw SFparallel to N , and it intersects ) W DF. d) From S, draw SG parallel to NT, and it intersects NG. Mark G at this intersec~on. e Current = &@ut power / ( f i x no-load line ) voltage) Taking DH segment i equal io current scale upon s line DF. j Draw a line HPparaIIeI to SD, it intersects the circle l at P. OP b the line current in the stator winding. 9, Expand NP until if intersects SG. Mmk R ut this intersection. Then, RG / SG is the dip.
C

I. S.

Positive-sequencecurrent (Ip) in the circle diagram

Refer to Fig. 6. Similarly,the procedure of constructing negative-sequence circle diagram o f T-type is as follows. h) Expanded NT until it intersects circle. Mark S- at
this intersection. The slip at S- point i s injnite. i ) Draw lina ST,and construct a bisector to ST.77ais bisector intersects ST.Mark W at this intersection. j ) Draw line WN. Expand WN until it intersects circle. Mark S at this intersection. The slip atpoint SJ is two. z
0

-8.i
.8

!\, -.. +,

v,

Fig. 4. Procedure of determining positivbsequmce current.

Determining positive-sequence stator current (Ip) under unbalanced voltages is shown i Fig. 5. Ipsis equal to n

Fig. 6. Procedure of determinjngnegative-sequencec w t .

As a general rule the value of the slip at point P is small. To simplify the graphical analysis in the negative-sequence circle diagram, the value of the slip at point P can be neglected. Therefore, operating point in negative-sequence circle diagram is approximately at S2. Determining the
168

negative-sequence stator current (Im) under unbalanced voltages i s shown in Fig. 7. Z is equal to ,
Mathematical Analysis ICalculated ) GraphicalAnalysis Sketched )

7. Negativesequencecurrent (I-) in the circle diagram

C Numerical Examples . The test data on a 220-V, 60-Hz, 4-pole, Yconnected, 3hp, class E, three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor rated at
5 % slip are as follows:
Fig.8. Graphical additionof the sequence componentsto obtain three-phase Iine c m n t under unbalanced voltages.

Blocked-Rotor No-LoadTest Test

I
I

Line current Linevoltage I Powerimut I

4.293-A 220-V 173-W

I I

8.087-A 41.67-V 310-W

IV. CONCLUSIONS
I I
Analysis of an induction motor supplied by unbalanced voltage utilizing the circle diagram method has been

presented. Results obtained using the proposed graphical

approach are closed to those computed by the mathematical m t o . Errors may result f o the procedure or sketching ehd rm the negative-sequence circle diagram. The graphical method described in this paper can easily be carried out using most available graph-drawing software to analyze the performance of three-phase induction motors operating under unbalanced voltages.

The stator resistance (dc) test: per-phase resistance of the 3C stator winding is 0.72622R at 2 . The equivalent-circuit model impedances of induction
motor are as follows: R, = 0.8729 R X, = 1.2882 R R, = 0.7696 R = , X, = 1.2882 R R,,, 1.486 R X = 28.403 R Z,= 14.2817L32.9433 fl Z,= Z 8 105L63.8945 R Assuming that three line voltages are unbalanced condition -- I Vabl = 220 V, IVhl= 194 V, and IVJ= 213 V, for example. Then induction motor operates at a slip of 0.05. The results on the performances o f the example motor under unbalanced voltages are tabulated in TabIe I. In Fig. 8, the radii of three circles indicate the line current magnitudes I,, I b ,and I,, respectively.

V. REFERENCES
[I] I. I. Grahger and W. D. Stevenson, h,Power %stem Am&sis, New York McGraw-Hill, 1994. [2] R F.Harley, Effect of unbalanced voltage un the operation of polyPhase inductionmotors,iEEE Tram. indushy Applicarium vol. IA -Il,pp. 3842, Jm.Reb. 1975. [3] R.I. Lawie, Voltage unbalance shortens motor life and wastes energy, Electrid Consfructiun und Maintenance, vol. 90, pp. 2022. 1991. [4] Y. J. Wang, *Analysis effects o f three-phasevoltage unbakance on of Induction motors with emphasis on the angle of the complex voltage

Unbalance factor, IEEE Tram. On Energy Conwrsion, vol. 16, pp. 270-275, September 200 I . [5] D L. Skaar, Analysis of three-phase inductionmotam Utilizing The . Idekice Locus -a normalied impedance circle, IEEE Dam-. on Educution, vol. 34, pp. 336-342, November 1991. [q D. L. Skaar, Analysisof single phase induction motors using the Iodekice Locus, IEEE Trans.on Power System, vol. 9, pp. 579-584, May 1994. [7] G.McPHERSON and R D.Laramme,An inwdctian lo elecfricnl machines ond tranrformers,New York :Wiley, 1990, p. 293-302.

VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Sheng-Yen Huang wag bora in 1972 in T a W a i w a u He graduated from Nabonal Kaohstung Institute of Technology in 1992, and obtained the Bachelors degree h m N t o a ainl Taiwan Umversity of Smnce & Technology i n 1997, the Masters degree from National Y d m U i e s t of Science & Technology in 2000.all in nvriy electrical engineering. Mr. Huang has been an e l e c ~ c aengineer at the Hsin-Ying Disaict Office, l Taiwan Power Company, smce 1997, and is now a Ph D candidate m N a t i d Yunlin University of Science C Technology His intee& of Itsearch include elechic p o w quality,power system platlniog and design, and solar energy applications
Ynw-Juen Wang (S1991, M 1993) received electrical engineering from National Kaobsiung Institute o Technology, Taiwan. his f masters degree in energy technology from Asian Institute of Technology, Bangko!d&tiiand, the D i p l h e dhghieur &om IEcole Nationale Sup6neure dIng6nieurs E e b c e s de Grenoble, lciin GrenoblelFrance and the Docteur de 1INPG firom Ilnstitut Nationai Polytecbnique de Grenoble (UWG) in 1982, 1987, 1989 and 1993, respectively. H IS at present a professor at the e department of electrical enpineerinp, N a t i d Yun-Lm University of Science & Technology, YunIiwTaiwan. Hk research interests include electric p w r oe quality, probabilistic modeling of power systems mantes, numerical methods for electromagnetism and renewable energy resources (E-mail: wangyj@yuntechedut) w.

his diploma

170