You are on page 1of 27

*

)"#$%$&'(!

, - ./01

345675 89 :4457;:<=5

>?@AB CDE

F.GHIJK L
>MNOPQ RS C

XY

VW

XX

X`

Z [] \
^A _

XT

aV AB -

pq
x {y|} kwV~ vZkw j G x yklz
Q s tu r defghi j klOno G m c b

F - v vkwQ l sZ . Z
klefgh s
q
AB { . Gkl .klx CAB { L G - G ABy

kwZkw j Jk_ -G .efghAB AB - } s[ G AB

kw v G} .efghZ j l kwV~ vZkw . iAB


VAB > Q sG . VAB{ > u sG . p kw } R v Z { kl

Hefgh F > pl sG .x VAB > vG . VAB{ >l GkwG G


p kw Q . iAB j kwAB

i j d - xQ l Z Z Q l j H . Gkw
Gkw G kw H c i JVAB c > Rw ] . p kw R LG .
G . Z JVAB >kl} vf GAB . . d}Q v .
Gkw . . v AB AB ABu Z - kwH Q s u i

G s { > . G J > }l
q
Z . klOnop AB |} [ V~ vZkw j G Q l x

q
p
no

klO kw V AB AB AB BA v kw{ AB G- - yV kl

_
? - VAB s? V AB . RQ klp - kl-AB AB }
j s- kw

q
GAB
. GAB j
kl-AB yklQ u u v GAB -i j dV H klOnop
VAB . d
H . L
K
. . AB v d j ] BA |p kl}
v
i dAB Z s? AB - -

K kw

&&'L( -% #y$ ? V kw .G " AB !AB L


. / - - -0L
K ,H- iV , v G})*+ j l i j v GAB

GAB y- i G1
CL G1/ - - G u} 2L 34 G AB 5 .
>
v GABAB ?}=G AB y s< { + f v ; A^]p s : . 8V 9 d AB 67

V LB KAB vB Q l CDCkw .GV @A AB G *+ j F > ?

F J K . HI_ i 8 G LB > .efghy BA sl EF #y

GV @ A{ d *+ . { R Mkw j {NO[ PQ L - L -
YuuZZ K kw AB Xl kwV~ . W 8 v AB R UV MG T{ R S

AB

}Yu
Z[ s tu ri? .V d j
\\\

)"#$%$&'(!
2AB u c .Zkl
p GAB @ AB HVAB y ` ab s Wy^H_ ] ?i
p )7n(no!mQ ] Z
j Geyfg v2ABu d . Gh AB
p S .hQ Rkli AB
]kw):ssnsno![HQ r AB q
s)"n$%}'s&oy! z+kRQ SL |AB {Jy) ='v5(wxyn!t [ iV AB - ?iu
) nn$'o ! mp .[ .ab AB |})6nsn$n ! v . AB - f AB ~
iau-Zkl
p . AB p iabH |
GAB dau-kn AB ?}G - sG { ABZL ab s

q
. ? H BA ?

i K v-- AB hu [[ G vuBA u J

?i s dau- s Gkw

AB s GG duAB

L K K-Z . u F s u .abZ . AB hVkl


p
AB v AB WO AB ZuklG
p - 0| W F . kwV |VAB F u 2
>
d . GABAB AB GAB . AB uyi . .G , AB kw .Zkl,
v
p

l d AB h . T
AB H_ v GG C N - l s AB Wkl
Q
.G {kl}- kkw | L G BA Rw W } K vZ AB Z kl
Z

s G u ] ] } si AB } v 20 - { } v AB

[Q V . d sV klklp AB kQ Rpl G H u vau- Vu l BA h


Z Q l AB di J ab G} L G u [ [ AB }

v G})G ab - x uZ s G? H? J J d AB .G

H . GWyZuVAB s AB - G sG - F > l v i GAB .G


du kl0
Q 1 uAB . GAB AB - F vuAB -

vZklH
i v G})G dau- L dab AB
p
T d}f s GABu AB GL - L - - kwkl Q AB Z F
du AB l K i u
AB PQ Rl s - - Hkl0 kl -

iG - Z
RS s d Q l H AB sZABl efG 0| |AB V klQ
p p p ] AB
u

Gkl
Q v l

AB N} , ab

s G

} . . dau- d}

uZVZV AB - s K . AB Q l kl BA ?}
[ - BA s l G N[ s
{ >}
s . > Z [ VAB Q l . AB - dAB
S
vG AB [ s K h .fL 2 .Zklab
PklQ v
BA d
p

kw ?i{y|} ! sj Ge v c b
} i
uZVZVu( v GAB' .Zklu&E
%% #$ Z AB v"AB x { >})"#$%$&'(!
p
>
- .Z , + G ABS
v Gt +Z GABu sZ * kl u)) AB dAB
v G - 5AB dZkl
p %%kl}4 K GW2H} 3M {kl 0o1 v/ G. v

q
- k< : ;{ c } 9 .7 h AB 8 K 6 kwZ vL - AB i

?
>A GEW c b@ @ > }
kwV AB Q l G > v=i l
vf AB

v - H

C } B, - AB 9V AB K . } AB dau-u&E%%
d s G @ AB u9 - ] ] VAB y|F vh .ab E%%
D
K
Q l IEH,,JQm v GAB AB - s Ga .G
ExH H
K
FLG .G
EP_ Okw KN KN AB L M - u m VAB W}
p GQ+G AB c

,Z T U Q Rk G Z T Z H E S [ RAB s G @L - L - kl

GAB Z KYJ X d -

BA W@ K@ - .U BA VH u9 - v G @JVAB ,
]p
E \ \L G[ .G AB } Q L
H }9 - J ^, } Z ?}OPp R

J, AB } f
E?}e vd c d - a b s G _Z kwAB `

?}i v Gz AB h . G@g s GaH u9 um AB AB kwQ l Kl K kwl H }jz kkl ] AB } v u

E AB L ?n
iG Jkl}@ @ ?i kw} fG G ?}oLG .G
s

Ex {9 d -

G
K
kl}r }kR kl {}p AB G kl q

J .tAB L v G @- - Q l AB Zu V d a G @u sZ Q l , - v G - l du kli
Z v Q A^Qul - .u9 - AB ZABl efG 0| 8
Q

du kliZuyA
B .x - kw .Zuw . AB d Gv AB AB BA d} G AB
Q
GAB .Z{ AB G AB }|kwZ . Gz AB AB .G W l

K kw Q l d GAB G s d}~ s G} - } |ZAB


p T .G K AB K
j GAB } BA BA s - { - 0| . KAB Q l VAB c > kl

s - i .G AB X d}j K N v G} G AB N}
?i iabl K . ]kw AB } . .AB AB p AB
iab|} ) 6nsn$n ! v? . AB - f AB ~ s G^A Q HQ lF ) 5snyn($ ! V AB -

GuAB v K Q l kl AB |p AB s kll } }AB V VAB G

GAB E AB klQ -

W kl 2iab . W GAB vZ AB V

K
- M - u m kw . } !AB dab + f v ; t AB - d . G BA L .
ui u i GABL ?}Or EQ l s di . BA
AB PQ Rl L V klAB u i vL - AB klkl+L
G CF dab
Qp
>

sZ{

E Z HH d [ [ } AB AB T s K

ZA
p B V . Gtx AB k_ -TZ AB AB { AB ]
u} Gk_ G E- - c X Z F s . , - } up H

> du v AB du

Mutation: The way in which genes change and produce permanent differences.
Gene: A part of the DNA in a cell which contains information in a special pattern
received by each animal or plant from its parents, and which controls its physical
development, behaviour, etc
Allele: One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a
specific chromosome
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The chemical of cell holds the genetic code of life

G dH kl T .G } . - @ . V BA s } - . - ] BA

q
G H - vkl
- } Wkw[ 0oP VAB AB dAB uG p

v H v } J G y H G

c u V

] Za . yklf . J
H ZA
Q l y
- G
p B
i . % Gh } f . H} ] ?}t - 9 dAB u F
Hklf
%Zkl
- ] AB kl}V 8 v d - s .x klHl Q l smkRl
p

Q Rk G } f . AB kl} BA } } #y s . J
- BA c

] W }Et . df
klf
Q

%Gk_ d s G $ klZu

GWklQ - aE v G Q l l AB |

H?}

- kw VABy- k JyG AB Q l t - AB kw { AB
]p
H ,y2 v i K K .Z{ VABy_ kli Gkl HOPp s GeVAB {y_ i GE
>
]p
,H s AB G} ,2i? G s GAB ,H{- i .Z-k$ klp .
2 . KQ m . v

u} AB K AB

. - Z . GAB s G kl

Eu \ W v H . | s kw . vu sVAB H G K
a AB klQ - aA^q E v HklQ J v . i . d G Q l AB >

klQ
AB t v GAB, - d BA dAB uVAB - .

] AB
}{ p VAB H >kw
d - kl Wp i Gt

C K d WAB hi
AB h{AB h d Gu s G}Z , v sG
K - d WAB V v >

Q l s } . W d > kw AB VAB |klQ V

v AB - - i . - W }EH >klf
Q

up l

- y4}G
y s .m BA F, - s G - m{ T?}2 G Rw BA Gkl
Q

GAB'{ G .m{y BA AB{J

v Q l

}klf
Q

\\\\

, - . /01

mz01 Q l }[L01 BA ? - - F Q l ?} s .- di .

. K }klAB s AB Z AB -0 di .y l v {yZ AB BA Q l JAB

Z AB > 0i Gk_ J GAB s K z01 Q l Wy sGAB AB .


GAB BA ? vu d /01 > G k0| .

i K v
K
K
Q l kl . G K AB {y ukl
Q p mp l klf GAB {?}+ OP OP G AB s K
sm [p Q l s di . K{ F > u GkQ Hl v Gi . } K L }

p }kly - m- -%Q l s diQ l . Ky n |AB } K [ - - l


>
H K[ {G @ klT{
G G { + [p GAB AB F > n y .p
V u
)AB
.m- BA [p Q l GA^pQP . K 2 AB

} @L - L - i s .- v G})u C -@ - Q l ?} L-

s -0 s ry G v kw
J i v GAB d /01

s hi AB klQ - }kl i K L .{ Q l } i /01


.k0| |

) K{
K ? - [ l pqs
s t GhF kw xZ Q l
u u AB
GhF v GBA V - - VAB F > l v v GAB V
&u v } AB v Gh?}& AB %kl Q !{ > " ! Gh
G,kw dx$AB -0 s ry GW d /01 AB % , -#
} AB d Gh s%-NG Q l K - Z
p p ]p HV VAB - VAB ykl i
d - AB v uZ v(tx AB - AB )AB kl AB - y&' s G . - F
q
>HV VAB W > s4'+n,v&( ox(,'yn - k< F * v
}Kkl
p - .

l
Q
AB { OP - {- Okw{y
smVAB Z > 4@h
2 GAB /i v GAB d /01 yG C AB F p ]p } T . AB

n0
2 . AB Zu G } 1 - . Z m v u ]p d y WZ AB AB

F {3 AB Gh s Gkw BA AB U s GG
. {u 4 v H .klT0
p
{ZABu ;AB AB { : .9, { kl s . vkl78 s5{ 6 kl

H}Z ] ukw v BA x VAB v kw u= { K< G AB


9 d [ [ v Hkl - s? . ] AB > l s KQ m du} K s
y }B GA . Ghz01 v kw
% >V@AB HV@AB >V@AB HV@AB

v p . /01 G Q l l Hy sC . . Z 2H y
.k0| { - uEE v GAB L . G }D G { 3 BA J GhWVAB

i v G})G d /01 F }HD{ FV kw G F > FQ l WQ l


l

} K -i v G - u CJ

uJ vI C d

2 s%- -Nl .L.g kw J u U GhF


u s GAB, - . D }klf
Q v i N BA kQ l V klAB v G M d /01
ZV AB G} 1 - .OAB d uw AB /01 V - > kRl } AB .

dAB uZV

345675 89 :4457;:<=5
K
% Gi{RR * kl
Q GQu m d y s< {|}~G v PQ l

KN .%VAB U -NQ l AB % % |} T kl * S {y AB ?kl -AB

Rw vu v< s y|}Xkw s GABVV W .x klQ l u vG


>
q
G iGQ F > [ \klp .{ -Z sAB -Q m Y kl d d - F s
Rw Z J AB vL - d % 2 du s+i G 2 AB Okw-NQ l d }

L - d WV ^ d? . %} > - G]klp i
AB -V - v BA Q l
% y K# d G A^q ^ d . aAB % - AB_` EZ { v
Ey f ! e GAB u dW F > & 8G b{yklQ cQ l G * 8 v d
j
k u huQ cVAB !^ v AB - ?}iAB d { % >h}Z dAB V klAB ? % }-
g

GAB i GAB AB ouJG T BA { miGQnVAB l kQ l u 9GQ d u&ly %


u ?i .t 2 sr01 | - s } [ [ VAB { % >p q d v
Gy v xkl
p - v E AB |} swklu v VAB
-N d ykl{Q l klQ l AB - G klQ \ AB BA Giz{y } v GAB klG T -

v0 . t v s { iG - AB Okwx
q

kl > kly
kwV s 3sn,|n '} %ssn|&%(n klQ [ [ vL - VAB . AB > - kl
Q
]
i d u kl
} ! dH . -~ L{y } #
Q

q > klQ !% y TkwV kl vH sy2 syH -~ L{klu HL


v G}) s BA y u kl
Q i G . H } !u GkQP v G}) 5
v5H v G hh klE - @AB . ;f sWkly HE d sy
v G - . d s

u K#H dH2Zkl-# dHL GG T sn,|n '} %ssn|&%(n E{ > - s


Gi - Zkw . ] yklQ kw # G H dH > klQ ! O[ ] - AB F
E F v G H K#kl > klQ ykK s .u ) s K v

>Z AB_ nsn,|n AB sn,|n v aAB . ; >kl}Xkw sGHG Wy d sH


dHL G L % G sn,|n kl klE{ c-H G AB { ns&|&'( AB %$&'$&oy
kl kwV f Z AB y klV AB - sG]klp sH kw yklQ
v G y G !

q
s GkwV fG s

G Q l G Q l * ^ >AB Z H 2L s @ G
p
}% s - { Z K kw .2
v AB AB GQl kl klkl
Qp
q
Qp L K-. AB i v GAB ?}iAB d |TL u Q l v y%&(n
.G

q
K# BA K k< W-

sn,|n '} %ssn|&%(n AB

>V - -# >f ! K#

-# klQ l { klQ l s kw W > -# kl . d}ZklL


p 1

kl}
p v Z

%k AB_ V
\\\

>?@AB CD E
q
]p
{ K0{4 -0 ?i G{ F . GH ;? Lkl K k< K h

?i H kw .- kw{ > }@AB C-[ Z @E{A^Q ukl


G} K ] s{ kl

%u - W i GH ;kl
p - AB } GklQ l K l AB GL > Wkl
K
K
-AB ,VAB{ }klp vf GA^R GA^R L T - s0JH Gh
>
>

K K
q
s?2 ?}u BA kQ lkK GABklp s GAB { T H }
[ BA ]{J Rw ,HQ p
K
T AB u} p ]p 2
Gh L{PQ Rl u K . GA^R .-%u
^u

% KBA s AB sG ZklE{ > hf- h] {l l E |AB H c V G sV ] Z {uH


Gh AB

% c Q l u @ .x - kw W . + +i Gh dkl d{ c

}- G K# | - a G AB d} v l AB 2 v d
v/{ K# } K# HVAB } AB d - GAB @ AB VAB Fkl

x G sG K kw . i - aE% 1 u v/HVAB { 1 u?@AB C-

i u . f kw BA 4 G T AB kQ Rpl v . AB v- d G}

H_ iZu
p

]
{}}HG i u . W iH v J dGZ - kw{ }^ AB
? }u K kwV u . Gh AB {}kl[
v v G "
Q VAB kl
Q
>

{ s GH ;- Z G {y klAB H [ ' F v v l GABklp vHG } kl


>
JdV klQ vZ AB_,{ v Gt v - { d - 01 ?i sABn J >
AB } Gkl u K<{ u a GHklH { G |BA { [

?}l Z AB } kwAB i- kw{> u{uZA


p B L VAB y [ Jkl"
u L,H{ F v AB K { G} Gkl D?i Q KGJ > L
G 8VAB W F Z i HVAB { L d - 01 sZ .V@ BA , AB

\klkw{
AB }{ F 8 v- kwJ FH AB Z G .G } AB {}
p
-Z


K
.kll VAB kw{OP s u AB - G 3G |AB x =uii kl\klJkl
p Q

?G, AB .G ,"- kl s GAB AB - ?P f

AB . .G kw

.
]
p
Zkl
p Gh{ F sAB0OPR s GAB {y klQ { F AB .GH?P f

klkl - Z G .G - kwHklQ H dJ s J, F > & klQ l G{ F @


q
. .G{ef Ckl ?P fOPu b?P f?P fGkl {y

G Q l u K u{y[ }Zkl uS v,J > JABkl . d} AB


K
] { T9x K- .G J T OP
W Q mw i0 v H
} -[ u iG i} }
- kl .?P f BA kw .{ - v G{ T v . [ Z

AB iG - 2 kl{ F > v } v v G di d
. .?P f AB Zkl^H } ;b ] vAB y v Gi [ . v{
Q l
.?P f{ G . KAB Q l
AB . W >OP 8 v d {?}-
q
p i . KAB Q l H l i { F s - kl . K v K
V - H s Ku} Kl . GAB'J d }

} AB s - JV- kwkl?iW F s KAB Q l v G AB ?P f


(t AB - Gh s [[ AB G} TkwQ l G?}T- kwG - W v
% > }@AB C-[ Z @E }

>?@AB CDE_ v0 .l E Gh

\\\\

F . GHIJ K L
{}+J GkQ HI_ y G 4 G v }kp ]p . GAB L .A
Q l
. - kl AB . kw{Zy
J GkQ HI_ }AB J GkQ HI_ {}J GkQ HI_ {}OP J GkQ HI_
p
}p Q Q l Gkl m
Q l W K S v i .A kw
.

.A kw > AB kl AB 2{ > kl
y @ f
y|M \ A AB s U .Zy
- kl
p
% d } 2 .A ? L GBA L .A GkQ HI_
.Z u skl

v AB ZABu s -
AB xhf Zy
W Zkl sG .Zy
p
p
D unl kl klkw . - kl
>
u s GAB AB - G } AB A {k s GAB l
W 8 v
>
- C GAB ? } } H_ v kw U s C } i Rw
. GABhZy

p
{

s GAB AB - GAB

} AB - kl S v GAB AB - ?}
y @
AB y AB d} G G

p
J i G G } AB d AB
?} AB sGJ GkQ HI_ T klLA
J GkQ HI_ kluZ s G J GkQ HI_ kl . J GkQ HI_
J GkQ HI_
J GkQ HI_ d - J GkQ HI_ T J GkQ HI_ p GZt
GJ GkQ HI_ f .

?} AB sGJ GkQ HI_ ?} AB sGJ GkQ HI_


GAB L .A v 2 AB AB kwklQ kw .A d u s AB
.Z |
s
v GkQ HI_ LA . GUxZ2
F . GHIJ K L

i GBA L .A v

- AB ?
\\\\

> MNOPQ RS C
>
v H sABfABf{ T s GAB } .

VAB {klT -

_
m} s VAB WHOPQ R0 E
>
. 8 v AB UAB s GAB } s G { >= y
y| klAB OPQ RS C Z AB PQ Rlu - G - u v

G})G VAB $} ?}

AB }2{ >}G JNQ l {kl} !"kl{ kw#


Q l
} % . Ghf 2 BA OP i G v

c ' - BA & - H x { c
kw . |AB d + s GV K H x Gkl*
.( kl AB ){Gkl s n-
p

q
s , Q lkw > - Q l v/ .Z c m K H x q G- G,

% 0 l 0|AB l . GV K Q lkw{ 0
u
{2 T G2[ Z ? - u0 1 [p - kwHG]klVA
p B ] kw
ZA
p B Q 3H |AB d l i |AB ull s GiAB . h v GG VAB AB

s C 4 dABkK K kw .( kl5 }V m F - G
BA
kwGkl m{y4

GAB6{ 5 - kl{}
Q Gx ?h { F AB DL G . G+y[ K d vik_ N AB d - {
dABL s- Q l i GAB, - G VABy8u GAB, - D K . G7AB Gh kl}
.
Q

>O9 NOPQ RS C kl kliDQ l .( klVAB hJ

]
d
BA ?}- - kw . : - u0i GV G Q l VABH> O9 NF HVAB
>
~ s GAB }G VAB >klQ u JAB C v dOPQ RS C }; v H iQ l { .

kl} 2d Z<Q l HZ< . di d , vd}


|AB ABLG AB d s U/i VAB G AB kl2kw # v . |BA kl} JAB # - H
F>

T K@ G kl } 4 s ( kl G=J{i -

q
yklQ A sx Onop vx -@ v dmy>? } ;?kli VAB >
klQ - klQ v BA
GAB d [p kw AB {i Kfk_ K GAB Ckw kw2AB
v G})G K B - VAB
q
?}F E 8{VAB AB >A sx Onop " " |BA Wy v Zkl{-
D .
p
K
EHVAB } * G .>? } . GA^R { H~ AB Gi .( kl{ vx -@
>
u G . AB }VAB HI{ykQ l u G BA Ckwkw . C v dZ< W
q
.K F . s J - .( kli GA^Q HQ l |BA AB ? - N?} sx Onop
kw . |AB AB d - FH .x ?}- F s GA^S d{ dk GklQ VAB i GV
V kw A B { O s N J{ M01Q 2 s GLAB

{ Gh CF V . F
l K P . kw2AB s
. H d l i s J - u} JAB C{G AB CVAB ] - AB klQ
p
AB % v( klAB kl v j Ri
J >MNOPQ RS C v v d

dAB K h .U{uX v J } M VAB


\\\

U
BA uJG T . G d # }S
}[ XV klQ
v BA ] VW G VQ l kl
p .zy AB U [
?
J- |BA } > u U d . u0o1 Z K kw . GAB { + AB Gkl-0p

{x T .

} !AB d #% U Z V AB d - {yZuQ l GAB {yklQkl[


p . GAB G vZ
% > vZ U Z 2 v

vqG b - - Zkw . Y AB ?[ 1 - - d # }` .S
Rkj
F XVAB AB y kl] Q
s[ \ Q - v K
>
Rkj
- AB s GAB, - H Q
u d ] { i GQ .
J^ { >^ 0_ GAB, - W > GAB kl Z d T y kw .

Gc . wZZkl b AB >kl`a u0 G
Rkj
i GAB K } Zkl GAB V d Q
klQ l VAB u&E % G AB H ^
} :}V klQ vZg . U G ZV - ykl} |AB Jf sx s Ge
Rkj
}H v u Z J K uGAB Q l[ ABh Z J Q
># 2 v d %
j

k
R
Q
{}|}kw . - h u{
AB d klQ l k d Q lkw i

{y $j V klAB ! Q lkw {| - r ; ifQ l l e{ % b vAB Q lkw klQ v


>
G AB, - up VlDVl{uLmnAB { klQ o2 .h . duZ ik W v
Rkj
L - V klAB Q
% c}Q l klV klQ
v kV - { c > kl s Rw
ik s

GHkl G % } kl r .Z
p - s- qZ
p - s > ! klQ [ [ s pVif v
Rkj
u
Q
d % Z AB_
?}ZD ] v . Q l l % F
v GAB ? d % f - kp 9Q _ #Z
p - {AB s -@ sH - % F
2 d { > Rw

u v

H - Y x s ] 8 BA e v - 2 d } H_ v G *+ v Y

A^Q H V AB MV h tVAB ?kl}} C v- AB s sWyf !


s kwx c b x K { kwxy n ! AB - v vwh l {hul

Rkj
H d Q

kl} zkl

, Q lkwH{ kl}
p

xJ AB >kl}zkl g{ Gk_ u \

} K kw{klQ k !| }-#u Z - - - AB ~ x .h
Q l AB #-Wy V % ZF !Z BA yA^Ql v [RQ pl

GAB

B p lkl t G . GAB

VAB { $v AB GAB Z G ABY?} x . m AB


y [ kl AB uu

v >
pRw 2-
x l i G, - { AB sZa VAB v ? - z2 BA v kl
p
y 4} AB Z ] VW G V kl
p .zV x Q l H W - V klAB S
d - AB PQ Rl u v ] {?} +{ } AB # .u- Q l -
du U Z V AB
\\\

VW

AB S l Ll |p L[ AB yklQ - au{

H-0- - JQ l { VL Gkw H-0/ JQ l dklZA


p p B G C s

|AB dhf \ AB 2 } \ Gk_ . G L G G


|[

dhf v [ W v G} .kwAB AB
i } f . mi H 8 - + AB Gkl } Z
p p p ] VAB s-Z -

0_

GAB s }klQ - v a d G v } H s GAB GAB


VAB ] W F eVAB ^|p kl}Z sZ l Q l AB x d s

|}Xkw s VAB AB }Xkw s |} C vZ


p - - +
G} ?}?f { / - - ?} L Gi - + AB
>

BA c AB uVAB W G v c u kl0
Q 1 v GABkl v { skwAB
AB

E > - K Q l v G} G C . d Z AB_
G

sl Q l VAB > v Gh - G v 8 vVAB >kl


G} [ 6J
Q
kl . GH ?}?M . GAB/ - Q l G > > s G . u

{ }klhfE{ 2 } E Gk_ . G \ AB c
V \ s Gkw G HI c d

K 6l K kwE $ |AB } E Q m kwE{ ?} E{ K kl fE


%% . s kl G K i GABklHuu s Ga
dAB uZVZV } i ?}?fF - + } Z
p p p ] s-Z - l

AB ?}?f v d} Gkl
. v{ dklZA
p p B G} v ?}
Q
} - } v GAB, }
OABAB } Hl AB klAB l L F - + AB GklVAB Z
klu kl0
Q 1 u [ [ v

- 6 > - Q l Q l v G} G C . d Z AB_
G
dh d [p G= . AB - q{ { c dfu . GAB/ - - Q l G

aJVAB{ >kl
G} J[ 6c d - } H vk_ s G} . - 6 c
Q

- L

H~ Z F . L

cAB v >klQ s sZ

>H . kliF . GiZ F Z AB_

% % kl kl sx G- 6 AB >- klQ l s-Z - H-#

\\\

Z [] \
>
G Gv t h . G BA GAB G . GUklZuQ l
s AB . G .G s G,kw c - { R d$ s GAB, - L GAB . Gikl
>
R d- ?w AB ? i GAB v Gkl . GAB AB d
AB - QQ l Q l R
T v sp l{Zy v

AB i G GAB .xu F dV 2 klO

CE?} .xu BA 0 L WVAB H-0


PTLxu
G J G m v
2 vZ d ? Gh V iG

kl v G - - s BA N s J - AB
Q m p K VAB Q l AB } GAB - kw ?} T . s G . - sp l du
q
BA kw klQ l H KT v GJ, - s x dAB uuklkl
p
p - i VAB WQ p

s Q l V

T .

>
G v Gk_ s GAB K ZA
p B Q 3lSQ l
BA T l s Gt GTTy i G - u KQ m KQ m
v d .

kl- . +V .G . HyJyGE T uZ i 6 } h
VAB ykl} s5 . u s GH RQ pl AB -{ d2HyJ AB ykl

l v GAB ?i G C . G k_ } |L v GAB F {5 }Vkw-


VAB F > i v kl C . + i G Tk_ GAB kl . } | s AB y

V Gtu C GM{ GAB uz lS,yF kl GAB s Q l Q 3

u s ,{a f~ K . u0 sG@gAB - s ,H{f


a l s
.] u klh AB AB h,Hkl . GG AB kli Gk_
kl s Rw v Cu(L GG AB
d} v

v GAB AB - - l GH AB Ql

? VQ l
T v GAB && d S LF u -V 2 kl
. v sp l l v GBA ?M?M{i G?w F F X{ s G
. GH ;G d C?} T
v G} . . BA }klQ v G?w ui GAB
>
L GBA klp v d AB v . G@g ZI Q lQ l }klQ v G? E

l H }
[ Q l0_ v ] AB } ui du i - s Rw u JL Rw
.
h { G G

h d [ [ s0 0 AB dAB kl kli

v GAB' u}-
G G

d K kl . GAB klQ l BA |} p p ] v Q s
y 2

klkl

klp 0| .Z . K [ G .AB h{ 2

kl

kl

u vG vZ[] - F AB klp . GAB Q?} AB V 2 kl Rw E


K# BA BA u AB i > AB Z E
AB v G
\\\

^A _

L h BA M d

nQ l T?} v U0| L KAB Q l n l ?}2 G BA GAB


BA uX s - v v BA

kl / . {-Gf v KAB Q l { x C v hV

u
l
d AB L Gn x Q d uVA^ vZ L / lS G . Gk_
n AB klQ L .-% K00| i u v n LAB v v aq
v Z kQ l u ?i >{H Z

-[ i Gkw > -

%% Q lkw G H

dVAB K . G AB d ! {klQ [ [ v
u n v .-% d u &E{%%)ABu?p AB - h > Z?i d skw
]
Ni . G . u v n +?}OPRp Q l v l {- LAB .

0 s t t . k kq Q l v {[M} K kw VAB H .

+VAB i

s G e } . s AB > V u v
q
AB GAB v diQ l .G AB >xQp GAB . >u v-[ skl

AB G v G AB AB BA G{l GAB i G
PQ Rl
i +^u
{
]
VAB y uV ?p Gn l ?}2i G . GHJ AB hRQ K v Gkw

kl L3 V {kl s G i Gn GAB AB G ?}OP V kl v G . JAB 0|


G AB s dh [Q l Gh kl LG AB [Q l Gh L @ .db? AB
2l GAB / AB GAB vklp BA dn{l G

K kwkw . GAB< d ] yklu) v G} & 'i GAB


AB
>
} K@ s GBA < } d?Q l BA { } .u Q l Q l ? AB d } K< . H
s G[ n AB [ . K<WyklQ 'i G d y Q K+ GAB
H$
>01 G s " AB y[Q l Q l HVAB{y klp .G
K
iGh
{kl Z sklT
l GA^R i Gn 8VAB d - 0_ s K
p
BA kRQ p Z v GBA l AB a LQR -%u K s C . . AB a Q l

kQ l u ABf


+ K@ v K . BA - kw Wy i {a s [ .

AB v d-!Z" >

ABf d .l G - . GAB& GAB'u v G% . G${ G# d u s u s d0)kw v+x .$ GAB v ] |}'(


AB |AB sxh u

ry }}WklQ - a v {AG AB Gh VAB kwQ


l
Wyp } v >Gh
*
+ GAB } K@

v GAB< .G H x }kl / i GnVAB yj G .Gh

++?i .G AB 9 v kl v AB AB V AB G AB Gh s VAB W v AB
K AB v
BA klQ
s Rw sOkwQ l i K kw d > AB kw . G,
.G AB v .G AB u p Q l
v iG AB uQ l v - K AB AB kl

l u v i kw } AB .Gh
AB uAB
K
G{|} kw C y BA u . GA^R GAB s diQ l .G AB J iGh
} AB vZ. AB Z d

1 K# v+ Gn?}-z GAB } K@ 02 /{

u ri Gh
dH >, - 3 - VAB H} + ] 2

- K { > BA u

%%{ > G GW >H BA c >

AB i

v G - kl l ?}AB F dGh

. GAB sm T 5 n- kw H d s{42 nQ l H
]
8+ G }K@ s Gikl AB , - s G - GAB G} 7L g .6hRQ AB G Gn G
%% >

\\\

aV BA -

G p v HsABfABf |klQ +s Q l GAB AB G Q l sy aV AB - Q l VAB


>

y:Z |BA s | kl kl VAB G Q l BA 9 GA^_kl.
{ dkl*VA
p
p Bs
y sx s

GFd0P> v;.G<G GF= l .GAB G kl x VAB

> u U A. { G@@?}&-@ { . sdFC " " .GAB?

K? AB N{l AB BiZ . |AB {|}XkwGAB AB s kl G Q l VAB HF

u
?} L ?
. E g -CGQ+ ] klQ - G VAB Dv;.
sZ Wdu U d@. 0sM AB Z
p p ]p {VAB H v
- - aV AB -

kl{GiZ . |BA {klklQ +s AB klQ l aF - VAB AB kl @ Q lkw


h AB |AB JJyH EWdklO
p PuS vZ . d W }Ekl@ AB kl} +{H kl
y }

p p l VAB kl
G} G AB F AB 'J u
Q vGu 2i d H
vJ |BA J>- G} - kl .x J>l VAB H_v F AB &JklIi
G. v
Q
> -

v kluklv.l VAB kw H
i +. s } ZJGyhvZ . |AB i . JG

q
U GjEW klk i - K

v |k AB AB GM skl.
p

d Hd H .uQ l Q l GL0_ -@ - kw ] H

du - iGAB

.uQ l Q l AB H KNK kw.GAB?

. AB F> ZVGuAB v a V AB - AB G{_ ] G VAB y G|. G VAB


F> K OPuS vZ . |AB i +
\\\

kw.OvPQ. R. @ AB Z

V W USl - AB l Q l ABL{vTG
u Q Rpl
h WZ Z -01 X*Y Z X BA Z Q @? - Z 1{ - Z - YAB

$$U[[#,#s&}%x '| \$$U[[+&$%}n( &}%o$(n$ 'y \ $$U[[+#$#} X*Y}nn 'y

You might also like