Topic3:

TransportPhenomena2
nd
EditionR.ByronBird,WarrenE.Stewart,EdwinN.
Lightfoot;Chapter2pg.4074

Chapter2:
ShellMomentumBalancesandVelocityDistributionsinLaminarFlow

Introduction:
In this chapter show how to obtain the viscosity profiles for laminar flows in simple
systems. We use the definition of viscosity, the expressions for the molecular and convective
momentum fluxes, and the concept of a momentum balance. To obtain interest as quantities
suchasthemaximumvelocity,theaveragevelocity,ortheshearstressatasurface.Themethods
and problems in this chapter apply only to steady flow with Laminar flow. By steady we mean
thatthepressure,density,andvelocitycomponentsateachpointinthestreamdonotchangewith
time. Laminar flow is the orderly flow that is observed, for example, in tube flow at velocities
sufficiently low that tiny particles injected into the tube move along in a thin line. This is in sharp
contrastwiththewildlychaotic"turbulentflow"atsufficientlyhighvelocitiesthattheparticlesare
flungapartanddispersedthroughouttheentirecrosssectionofthetube.

A) Laminar flow, the fluid layers move

smoothlyoveroneanotherinthedirectionof
flow.
B) Turbulent Flow, the flow pattern is
complex and timedependent, with
considerable motion perpendicular to the
principalflowdirection.

2.1SHELLMOMENTUMBALANCESANDBOUNDARYCONDITIONS

Momentumbalanceforsteadyflow:

_
Rotc o momcntum
by con:ccti:c
tronsport
_ |In -0ut] +_
Rotc o momcntum
by molcculor
tronsport
_ |In -0ut]
+_
Forcc o gro:ity
octing on systcm
_ = u

Thisstatementhasarelationwiththelawofconservationofmomentum.Inthemomentum
balanceweneedtheexpressionsfortheconvectivemomentumfluxesgiveninTable1.71and
themolecularmomentumfluxesgiveninTable1.21.Isimportantthatthemolecular
momentumfluxincludesboththepressureandtheviscouscontributions.
Themomentumbalanceisappliedonlytosystemsinwhichthereisjustonevelocity
componentinthischapter,butitcanbeappliedtosysteminwhichhasmorethanonevelocity
component,whichdependsononlyonespatialvariable,alsotheflowmustberectilinear.

Thestepsforsettingupandsolvingviscousproblemsare:
1. Identifythenonvanishingvelocitycomponentandthespatialvariableonwhichitdepends.
2. Applythemomentumbalanceoverathinshellperpendiculartotherelevantspatial
variable.
3. Findthelimitwhenthethicknessoftheshellapproachzeroandmakeuseofthedefinition
ofthefirstderivativetoobtainthecorrespondingdifferentialequationforthemomentum
flux.
4. Thenintegratethisequationtogetthemomentumfluxdistribution.
5. InsertNewton'slawofviscosityandobtainadifferentialequationforthevelocity.
6. Integratethisequationtogetthevelocitydistribution.
7. Usethevelocitydistributiontogetotherquantities,suchasthemaximumvelocity,average
velocity,orforceonsolidsurfaces.

Thesestepsmentionedsomeintegration,severalconstantsofintegrationappear,andthese
areevaluatedbyusingboundaryconditionsthatisstatementsaboutthevelocityorstress
attheboundariesofthesystem.Themostcommonlyusedboundaryconditionsareas
follows:

A. Atsolidfluidinterfacesthefluidvelocityequalsthevelocitywithwhichthesolid
surfaceismoving.Thisstatementisappliedtoboththetangentialandthenormal
componentofthevelocityvector.Theequalityofthetangentialcomponentsisreferred
toasthe"noslipcondition.

B. Atliquidliquidinterfacialplaneofconstantx,thetangentialvelocitycomponentsV
y

andV
z
arecontinuousthroughtheinterface(the"noslipcondition")asarealsothe
molecularstresstensorcomponentsp+
xx,

xy
and

xz
.

C. Ataliquidgasinterfacialplaneofconstantx,thestresstensorcomponents
xy
and
xz
aretakentobezero,providedthatthegassidevelocitygradientisnottoolarge.Thisis
logical,sincetheviscositiesofgasesaremuchlessthanthoseofliquids.

Inalloftheseboundaryconditionsitissupposedthatthereisnomaterialpassingthrough
theinterfacethatis,thereisnoadsorption,absorption,dissolution,evaporation,melting,or
chemicalreactionatthesurfacebetweenthetwophases.

2.2FLOWOFAFALLINGFILM

ThisexampleshowaflowofaliquidaninclinedflatplateoflengthLandwidthW,asshown
intheFigure.Weconsidertheviscosityanddensityofthefluidtobeconstant.Acomplete
descriptionoftheliquidflowisdifficultbecauseofthedisturbancesattheedgesofthe
system(z=0,z=L,y=0,y=W).

Adescriptioncanoftenbeobtainedbyneglectingsuchdisturbances,particularlyifWandL
arelargecomparedtothefilmthickness.
Forsmallflowratesweexpectthattheviscousforceswillpreventcontinuedaccelerationof
theliquiddownthewall,sothatV,willbecomeindependentofzinashortdistancedown
theplate.
AsaresultitseemsreasonabletopostulatethatV
z
=V
z
(x),V
x
,=0andV
y
=0andfurtherthat
p=p(x).Thenonvanishingcomponentsof arethen
xz
=
zx
,=(dV
z
/dx).
Select as the "system" a thin shell perpendicular to the x direction. Then we set up a z
momentumbalanceoverthisshell,whichisaregionofthicknessx,boundedbytheplanes
z=0andz=L,andextendingadistanceWintheydirection.
Usingthecomponentsofthe"combinedmomentumfluxtensor"definedintables1.71
to3,wecanincorporateallthepotentialmechanismsformomentumtransportatonce:
Usingthequantities
xz
and
zz
weaccountforthezmomentumtransportbyall
mechanisms,convectiveandmolecular.

The"in"and"out"directionsinthedirectionofthepositivexandzaxes(inthisproblem
thesehappentocoincidewiththedirectionsofzmomentumtransport).

Whenthesetermsaresubstitutedintothezmomentumbalance,weget:

LW(
xz

xz

x+x
)+Wx(
zz

z=0

zz

z=L
)+(LWX)(gcos)=0

9 In this figure x is the thickness over which a zmomentum balance is made. Arrows show
themomentumfluxesrelatedwiththesurfacesoftheshell.SinceV
x
andV
y
arebothzero,
V
y
V
z
andV
y
V
z
arezero.V
y
doesnotdependonyandz,
yz
=0and
zz
=0.Alsothedashed
underlinedfluxesdonotneedtobeconsidered.BothpandV
z
V
z
arethesameatz=0andz
=L,andasaresultdonotappearinthebalanceofzmomentum.
Rateofzmomentuminacrosssurfaceatz=0 (W x)
zz
/
z=0
Rateofzmomentumoutacrosssurfaceatz=L (W x)
zz
/
z=L

Rateofzmomentuminacrosssurfaceatx (LW)(
xz
)/
x
Rateofzmomentumoutacrosssurfacex+x (LW)(
xz
)/
x+x

Gravityforceactingonfluidinthezdirection (LW x)(gcos)

Shellmomentumbalanceofafluidinafallingfilm:
I. Assumption
1. L>>>W
2. L>>>
3. Length=z
Width=y
Thickness=x
4. Flowindirectionz

II. Momentumfluxtensor,

ij
=
ij
+v
i
v
j

zz
=
zz
+v
z
v
z
=
zz
+p+v
z
v
z
=1,i=j

xz
=
xz
+v
x
v
z
=0,ij

yz
=
yz
+v
y
v
z
=0,ij

III. Velocityandcomponents
(Note:V
z
doesnotcancel)

V
z
=directionoffluxV
z
(z)=0
V
x
=0V
z
(x)0dependenceofV
z
in

x
V
y
=0V
z
(y)=0

p=p(x)
IV. MomentumBalance

ij
=
ij
+ v
i
v
j

i = coordinate
j = flux direction
In Out
Z Z=0
Wx
zz
|
z=0

Z=L
Wx
zz
|
z=L

X X=x
LW
xz
|
x=x

X=x+x
LW
xz
|
x=x+x

Y Y=0
LAx
yz
|
y=0

Y=W
LAx
yz
|
y=W

Forceofgravity:(LWx)gcos

V. BalanceSubstitution
Wx[
zz
|
z=0

zz
|
z=L
]+LW[
xz
|
x=x

xz
|
x=x+x
]+LAx[
yz
|
y=0

yz
|
y=W
]+(LWx)gcos=
0

in
=
out

Velocitydoesnotdependofy

zz
=
zz
+p+v
z
v
z

xz
=
xz
+v
x
v
z

yz
=
yz
+v
y
v
z

Wx
LwAx
[
zz
|
z=0

zz
|
z=L
]+
LW
LwAx
[
xz
|
x=x

xz
|
x=x+x
]+
LAx
LwAx
[
yz
|
y=0

yz
|
y=W
]+
LWx
LwAx
gcos
=0
|zz |z=0 - zz |z=L]
L
+
|xz |x=x - xz |x= x + x]
Ax
+gcos=0

zdoesnotvary

lim
x -0
|xz |x=x - xz |x= x + x]
Ax
=gcos

xz
x
= gcos

DifferentialEquationofMomentum

xz
=
vx
x

xz
=
xz
+v
x
v
z
=
xz

:
xz
x
= gcos

SeparableIntegration:

xz
=(gcos)x+C
1

Boundaryconditions:

xz
(x=0)=0

xz
=0=(gcos)*0+C
1

xz
=(gcos)x

xz
=
vz
x
= (gcos)x
V
z
=
- pgcos [
2
x
2
+ C
2

BoundaryConditions:
Vz(x=)=0
Vz=0=
- pgcos [
2
(
2
)+C
2

C
2
=
pgcos [
2
(
2
)
Vz=
- pgcos [
2
(x
2

2
)
=
pgcos [
2
(
2
x
2
)(
6
2
6
2
)
Vz=
6
2
pgcos [
2
(1
x
2

2
)

VI. VelocityandStressProfile

WithVzcanbecalculated:
Velocityaverage:

Force:

Thickness:

Massrate:

MaximumVelocity:

2.3FLOWTHROUGHACIRCULARTUBE
Whenanalyzinglaminarflowthroughacircularpipe,cylindricalcoordinatesareused.Lets
considerthisexample.Aliquidflowingdownwardundertheinfluenceofapressuredifference
andgravitythroughaverticaltubeoflengthLandradiusR.So,youmusttakeinto
considerationthefollowingassumptions:
SteadyState
LaminarFlow
constantdensity,
constantviscosity,
NoEndEffects(tubelengthisverylargewithrespecttothetuberadius,sothattheseend
effectswillbeunimportantL>>R)

Postulates:(Lookatthecoordinatesysteminthediagram)
V
z
=V
z
(r)
V
r
=0
V

=0
V
z
(z)=0
V
z
()=0
V
z
(r)=0
p=p(z)
FromthesetermswhenyougotoTableB.1/AppendixBonyourBSLbook(pg.844)the
nonvanishingcomponentsofare
rz
and
zr,
becauseofthepostulatesshownabove.
Whenmakingamomentumbalance,youfirstneedtolookatwherethemomentumis
generatedwhenthefluidisflowingdownward.Momentumisgeneratedinzandrdirections
asseeninthecoordinatesystembelowandwecanputthiscoordinatesysteminhalfofour
cylindertoanalyzeit.

Thequantitiesof
zz
and
z
accountforthe
momentumtransportbyallpossiblemechanisms,convectiveandmolecular.Asforthevalues
ofthosemomentums,andyourenotsurehowtoevaluatethem,Table1.21(pg.17),Table
1.71(pg.35)andequation1.72(pg.36)canhelp.Rememberyouwilleventuallyneedthese
valueswhenmakingshellbalances.Thereforeifwehave,

]
= n
]
+p:

:
]

Then,

zz
= n
zz
+p:
z
:
z
= p +
zz
+p:
z
:
z

z
= n
z
+p:

:
z
=
z
+p:

:
z

Ok,sobacktoourmomentumbalance.Weselectoursystemasacylindrialshellofthickness
r andlengthL.Weevaluatethemomentuminandoutofthisshellandwecanthenlistthe
contributions:
Directions In Out
R r=r2nrI
z
|
=
r = r +r2nrI
z
|
=+
Z z=02nrr
zz
|
z=0
z=L2nrr
zz
|
z=L

Norateofmomentuminthis
direction
Norateofmomentuminthis
direction

Gravityforceactinginzdirectiononcylindricalshell(2nrrI)pg
*Notethatthoseinandoutareinthepositivedirectionoftherandzaxes.
Wenowmakeourmomentumbalancebasedonequation2.11(pg.41)fromyourBSLbook:
2nrI|
z
|
=
-
z
|
=+
] + 2nrr|
zz
|
z=0
-
zz
|
z=L
] + (2nrrI)pg = u
Wethendividethisequationby2nrItoget:
r|
z
|
=
-
z
|
=+
]
r
+
r|
zz
|
z=0
-
zz
|
z=L
]
I
+rpg = u
Thesameas,
r|
z
|
=+
-
z
|
=
]
r
=
r|
zz
|
z=0
-
zz
|
z=L
]
I
+rpg
Bytakingthelimitoftheequationontheleftsidewhenr0,weget:
lim
-0
r|
z
|
=+
-
z
|
=
]
r
=
r|
zz
|
z=0
-
zz
|
z=L
]
I
+rpg
Andbydefinition,
lim
-0
r|
z
|
=+
-
z
|
=
]
r
=
o(r
z
)
or

Therefore,
o(r
z
)
or
= r(
|
zz
|
z=0
-
zz
|
z=L
]
I
+pg)
Nowweevaluatethecomponents
zz
and
z
withthevaluesinAppendixB.1:

zz
= p +
zz
+p:
z
:
z

zz
= -p|2 -

z
z
]

z
=
z
+p:

:
z
(*Remember:Vr=0)
z
= |

r
z
+

]
Bysubstitutingthesevaluesin
zz
and
z
:

zz
= p -2p|

z
z
] +p:
z
:
z

z
=
z

Wenowhavethefollowingsimplifications:
1) BecausewehaveVz=Vz(r),thetermp:
z
:
z
willbethesameatbothendsofthetube.
p:
z
:
z
|
z=0
= p:
z
:
z
|
z=L

2) BecausewehaveVz=Vz(r),theterm-2p|

z
z
]willbethesameatbothendsofthe
tube.
-2p _
o:
z
oz
_ |
z=0
= -2p _
o:
z
oz
_ |
z=L

Sonowourequationsturnsinto:
d(:
rz
)
d
= _
j-2j

z
z
[+p(z=0)+p
z

z
[-j-2j

z
z
[+p(z=0)+p
z

z
[
L
+ pg_r
J(r
z
)
Jr
= (
|p(z = u) -p(z = I)]
I
+pg)r
Withthesepressuredifferences,wecannowusemodifiedpressures.Letstakealookatthe
diagramfirst:

p(z = u) = p
0
+pgb|
z=0
= P
0
wherePisthemodifiedpressure

p(z = I) = p
L
+pgb|
z=L
= P
L

J(r
z
)
Jr
= (
|p
0
-pg(z = u)] -|p
L
-pgI]
I
+pg)r

J(r
z
)
Jr
= (
|P
0
-P
L
]
I
)r

Byusingseparableequationsandintegrating:

rJ(
z
) = (
P
0
-P
L
L
)rJrr ]J(
z
) = (
P
0
-P
L
L
) ]rJr

z
= [
P
0
-P
L
2L
r +
C
1

TolookforthevalueofconstantC
1
,weusecertainboundaryconditionstosimplifyour
problem.Letslookatthefollowingdiagram,wherewecanwatchthevelocityprofile:

BoundaryCondition1:
Whenr=0,
z
=0
Therefore,C
1
=0andbysubstituting
z
withNewtonsLawofViscosity(obtainedfromApendix
B.2)
z
= -
d
z
d
weobtain:
J:
z
Jr
= -_
P
0
-P
L
2pI
]
Integratingthisfirstorderdifferentialequationweobtain:
:
z
= -_
P
0
-P
L
4pI
] r
2
+C
2

ThisnewconstantC
2
isevaluatedfromtheboundarycondition
B.C.2: atr=R, v
z
=0
Then,fromthisC
2
isfoundtobe:(P
0
-P
L
)R
2
4pI .Hence,thevelocitydistributionis:
:
z
=
(P
0
-P
L
)R
2
4pI
_1 -[
r
R

2
_
Weseethatthevelocitydistributionforlaminar,incompressibleflowofaNewtonianfluidina
longtubeisparabolic.

Oncethevelocityprofilehasbeenestablished,variousderivedquantitiescanbeobtained:
(i) Themaximumvelocityu
z,max
occursatr=0andis:
:
z,mux
=
(P
0
-P
L
)R
2
4pI

(ii) Theaveragevelocityis(u
z
)isobtainedbydividingthetotalvolumetricflowratebythe
crosssectionalarea
(:
z
) =
] ] :
z
rJr J0
R
0
2n
0
] ] rJr J0
R
0
2n
0
=
(P
0
-P
L
)R
2
8pI
=
1
2
:
z,mux

(iii) ThemassrateflowwistheproductofthecrosssectionalareanR
2
,thedensity,and
theaveragevelocity(:
z
)
w =
n(P
0
-P
L
)R
4
p
8pI

ThisratherfamousresultiscalledtheHagenPoiseuilleequation.Itisused,alongwith
experimentaldatafortherateofflowandthemodifiedpressuredifference,to
determinetheviscosityoffluids(seeExample2.31)inacapillaryviscometer.

(iv) ThezcomponentoftheforceF
z
,oftheFluidonthewettedsurfaceofthepipeisjust
theshearstress
z
integratedoverthewettedarea

F
z
= (2nRI) _-p
J:
z
Jr
] |
=R
= nR
2
(P
0
-P
L
)
= nR
2
(p
0
-p
L
) +nR
2
Ipg

TheresultstatesthattheviscousforceF
z
iscounterbalancedbythenetpressureforce
andthegravitationalforce.

Theresultsofthissectionareonlyasgoodasthepostulatesintroducedatthebeginning
ofthesection,namelythat:
z
= :
z
(r)andp = p(z).
ExperimentshaveshownthatthesepostulatesareinfactrealizedforReynoldsnumbers
upto2100;abovethatvalue,theflowwillbeturbulentifthereareanyappreciable
disturbancesinthesystem,thatis,wallroughnessorvibrations.
ForcirculartubestheReynoldsnumberisdefinedbyRc = (:
z
) p p ,whereD=2Ris
thetubediameter.
WenowsummarizealltheassumptionsthatweremadeinobtainingtheHagenPoiseuille
equation.
(a) Theflowislaminar(Re<2100)
(b) Densityisconstant(incompressibleflow)
(c) Theflowissteady(i.e.doesnotchangewithtime)
(d) ThefluidisNewtonian
(e) Endeffectsareneglected.Actuallyanentrancelength,afterthetubeentranceof
theorderofL
e
=0.035DRe,isneededforthebuildupoftheparabolicprofiles.Ifthe
sectionofthepipeofinterestincludestheentranceregion,acorrectionmustbe
applied.Thefractionalcorrectioninthepressuredifferenceormassrateofflow
neverexceedsL
e
/LifL>L
e
.
(f) Thefluidbehavesasacontinuum,thisassumptionisvalid,exceptforverydilute
gasesorverynarrowcapillarytubes,inwhichthemolecularmeanfreepathis
comparabletothetubediameter(theslipflowregion)ormuchgreaterthanthe
tubediameter(theKundsenfloworfreemoleculeflowregime).
(g) Thereisnoslipatthewall,sothatB.C.2isvalid;thisisanexcellentassumptionfot
purefluidsundertheconditionsassumedin(f).
2.4F

Caso
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entre
Come
envo
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Tnga
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enzamos ef
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taquepara
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esteproble
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estas. Esta e
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ecuacin dif

forma inme
atravsde
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Tenie
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uede substit
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tesdeinteg

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enlaecuaci
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racinyC2
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nanterior
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z
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seobtienen

emovimient
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desconocido
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, con l
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de
os
2.5FLUJODEDOSLQUIDOSIMMISIBLESADYACENTES

Situacindelainterfasededoslquidos,estosfluyenendireccindelejedezconunalongitud
LyunanchoW,esteflujobajoungradientedepresinhorizontalexpresadocomo(p0p)/L.el
flujodeestosesajustadodemaneraquesedividanporsusdensidades.Elflujodebaserlo
suficientementelentoparaquenopresenteninestabilidadenlainterfasedeestos,estopara
encontrarelflujodemomentumylavelocidaddedistribucin.
Ecuacindiferencialparaflujodemomentun

Alintegrallaecuacinanteriorseobtiene

Dosflujosimmisiblesentredosplacesparalelasdonaplicacindeungradientedepresin

HaciendousoinmediatodeBoundaryconditions,dondeelfluidodemomentunescontinuode
lainterfaselquidoliquido
B.C.1:atx=0, =
Las y sernlaconstantesdelaintegra,estasiguala
Lasustituirlaleudeviscosidaddenewtons,enFig.2.52y2.53obtenemos

Estassepuedenentegrarparaobtener

LastresconstantesdeintegracionsepuedendeterminarsiguiendoNoslipB.C.
B.C.2:atx=0,v
I
z=
V
II
z
B.C.3:atx=b,v=0
B.C.4:atx=+b,v=0
Cuandoestastrescondicionessonaplicadas,conseguimostresecuacionessimultneas
paralasconstantesdelaintegracin:

Deestastresecuacionesconseguimos

Losresultadosdelflujodemomentunyperfildevelocidadson

Siambasviscosidadessoniguales,despusdeladistribucindelavelocidadesparablica
Lavelocidadmediaencadacapapuedeserobtenidayresultara

Lasdistribucionesdelavelocidaddadasarriba,sepodraobtenerlavelocidadmxima,la
velocidadenlainterfase,elplanocerodelestrscortante,ylafriccinenlasparedes.

Anteriormentesehansolucionadoproblemasdeflujosviscosos.Sehantratadosolo
componentesrectilneosconuncomponentedevelocidad.Elflujoalrededordeunaesfera
aplicadoscomponentesnonvanishingdelavelocidad,v
r
yv

nosepuedeexplicar
convenientementeporlastcnicasexplicadasalprincipiodeestecaptulo.Unabrevediscusin
delflujoalrededordeunaesferasedeterminaaqudebidoalaimportanciadelflujoalrededor
deobjetos.Enelcaptulo4sedemuestracmoobtenerlasdistribucionesdelavelocidadyde
presin.Aqusemuestralosresultadosycomopuedenserutilizadosparaciertasderivaciones
posteriormente.Aqucomoenelcaptulo4,setrabajaconelarrastredelflujo.(esteenunflujo
lento)
ConsideramosaquelflujodeunlquidoincompresiblesobreunaesferaslidadelradioRydel
dimetroDsegnlasindicacionesdefig.2.61.Ellquido,conladensidadpylaviscosidad

2.6CREEPINGFLOWAROUNDASPHERE

Theproblemtreatedhereisconcernedwith"creepingflow"thatis,veryslowflow.Thistypeof
flowisalsoreferredtoas"Stokesflow."Weconsiderheretheflowofanincompressiblefluid
aboutasolidsphereofradiusRanddiameterDasshowninFig.2.61.Thefluid,withdensity
andviscosity,approachesthefixedsphereverticallyupwardinthezdirectionwithauniform
velocity

.Forthisproblem,"creepingflow"meansthattheReynoldsnumberRe=D

/,is
lessthanabout0.1.Thisflowregimeischaracterizedbytheabsenceofeddyformation
downstreamfromthesphere.

Thevelocityandpressuredistributionsforthiscreepingfloware:

InthelastequationthequantityP
0
isthepressureintheplanez=0farawayfromthe
sphere.

Thetermpgzisthehydrostaticpressureresultingfromtheweightofthefluid,andthe
termcontainingvisthecontributionofthefluidmotion.

Equations2.61,2,and3showthatthefluidvelocityiszeroatthesurfaceofthesphere.

Furthermore,inthelimitasr,thefluidvelocityisinthezdirectionwithuniform
magnitudev;thisfollowsfromthefactthatv
z
=v
r
cosV

sin,andv
x
=v
y
=0.

Thecomponentsofthestresstensorrinsphericalcoordinatesmaybeobtainedfromthe
velocitydistributionabovebyusingTableB.1.Theyare

andallothercomponentsarezero.Notethatthenormalstressesforthisflowarenonzero,
exceptatr=R.

IntegrationoftheNormalForce
Ateachpointonthesurfaceofthespherethefluidexertsaforceperunitarea(p+

rr
)/
r=R
onthesolid,actingnormaltothesurface.Sincethefluidisintheregionofgreaterrand
thesphereintheregionoflesserr,wehavetoaffixaminussigninaccordancewiththesign
conventionestablishedin1.2.Thezcomponentoftheforceis(p+
rr
)/
r=R
(cos).Wenow
multiplythisbyadifferentialelementofsurfaceR
2
sinddtogettheforceonthesurface
element(seeFig.A.82).Thenweintegrateoverthesurfaceofthespheretogettheresultant
normalforceinthezdirection:

AccordingtoEq.2.65,thenormalstress
rr
iszero
5
atr=Randcanbeomittedintheintegralin
Eq.2.67.Thepressuredistributionatthesurfaceofthesphereis,accordingtoEq.2.64,

WhenthisissubstitutedintoEq.2.67andtheintegrationperformed,thetermcontainingp
0

giveszero,thetermcontainingthegravitationalaccelerationggivesthebuoyantforce,andthe
termcontainingtheapproachvelocityv

givesthe"formdrag"asshownbelow:

Thebuoyantforceisthemassofdisplacedfluid(4/3R
3
)timesthegravitationalacceleration
(g).

IntegrationoftheTangentialForce
Ateachpointonthesolidsurfacethereisalsoashearstressactingtangentially.The
forceperunitareaexertedinthedirectionbythefluid(regionofgreaterr)onthesolid
(regionoflesserr)is+
r
/
r=R
.Thezcomponentofthisforceperunitareais(
r
/
r=R
)sin.We
nowmultiplythisbythesurfaceelementR
2
sinddandintegrateovertheentirespherical
surface.Thisgivestheresultantforceinthezdirection:

Theshearstressdistributiononthespheresurface,fromEq.2.66,is

SubstitutionofthisexpressionintotheintegralinEq.2.610givesthe"frictiondrag"

HencethetotalforceFofthefluidonthesphereisgivenbythesumofEqs.2.69and2.612:

or

Thefirsttermisthebuoyantforce,whichwouldbepresentinafluidatrest;itisthe
massofthedisplacedfluidmultipliedbythegravitationalacceleration.
Thesecondterm,thekineticforce,resultsfromthemotionofthefluid.
TherelationF
k
=6R

(2.615)isknownasStokeslaw.
Itisusedindescribingthemotionofcolloidalparticlesunderanelectricfield,inthe
theoryofsedimentation,andinthestudyofthemotionofaerosolparticles.
Stokes'lawisusefulonlyuptoaReynoldsnumberRe=Dv

/ofabout0.1.
AtRe=1,Stokes'lawpredictsaforcethatisabout10%.toolow.

Example
Derivearelationthatenablesonetogettheviscosityofafluidbymeasuringthe
terminalvelocity
t
ofasmallsphereofradiusRinthefluid.

Ifasmallsphereisallowedtofallfromrestinaviscousfluid,itwillaccelerateuntilit
reachesaconstantvelocitytheterminalvelocity.
Whenthissteadystateconditionhasbeenreachedthesumofalltheforcesactingon
thespheremustbezero.
Theforceofgravityonthesolidactsinthedirectionoffall,andthebuoyantandkinetic
forcesactintheoppositedirection:

Herepsandparethedensitiesofthesolidsphereandthefluid.Solvingthisequation
fortheterminalvelocitygives

ThisresultmaybeusedonlyiftheReynoldsnumberislessthanabout0.1.