Key Concept 1.1: Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth Element: I.

Humans migrated and adapted technology and cultures to new climate regions Rationale: Element relates to migration and humans technology Example: Humans developed tools especially adapted to different environments (Strayer 12-13) Key Concept 1.2: The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies Element: I. Neolithic Revolution led to new and complex economic and social systems Rationale: Element relates to agricultural and pastoral production Example: Agricultural communities emerged in eastern Mediterranean (Strayer 51, 63) Element: II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies Rationale: Element pertains to demography and technology Example: Agriculture and pastoralism led to more food, increasing the population (Strayer 24) Key Concept 1.3: The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies Element: I. Civilizations developed where agriculture flourished Rationale: Element pertains to the patterns of settlement Example: Mesopotamia formed in Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys, where agriculture prevailed (Strayer 104) Element: II. The first states emerged within core civilizations Rationale: Element relates to state building and expansion Example: Northern Mesopotamia conquered warring states of Sumer with military forces (Strayer 106) Element: III. Culture was important in unifying states through many ways Rationale: Element relates to development and interaction of culturesreligion, arts, architecture Example: The Olmec built giant stone heads in Mesoamerica (Strayer 93) Concept 2.1: Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions

Element: I. Religious traditions expanded providing an ethical code and bond between people. Rationale: development and expansion of culture, interaction with other cultures Example: Interaction between the Jewish community and conquering empires, resulting in the Jewish Diaspora (Strayer 204) Element: II. New belief systems emerged and spread Rationale: development of religious traditions/ belief systems Example: Development of Christianity and Daoism in China (Strayer 193, 195), the spread of Buddhism (Strayer 200) Element: III. Religion influenced gender roles Rationale: Element pertains to gender roles and social structures Example: Christian and Buddhist monasteries offered women an alternate option to family life with more independence (200, 440-441) Element: IV. Other belief systems existed parallel to the codified religions. Rationale: interaction and existence of religious traditions Example: Shamanism and holistic healing in Korea (http://www.socwel.ku.edu/candagrant/gallery/hfcthumbnail/korean%20shamanism/Korean%20Shaminism%20page.ht m) Element: V. Artistic expression and works show cultural developments Rationale: arts and architecture related to culture Example: Greek Drama (http://www.english.emory.edu/DRAMA/GreekDrama.html) Concept 2.2: Development of States and Empires Element: I. The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically Rationale: directly relates to the expansion of states and empires Example: Romans conquered the competing states of the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe and expanded further (Strayer 155) Element: II. Empires and States developed new forms of political organization and administration. Rationale: relates to political organization, structure and governance. Example: Persian elaborate beaurocracy with satraps, spies, and lower officials (Strayer 146)

Element: III. Unique social and economic conditions developed with empires Rationale: relates to development and existence of social and economic classes Example: Empires had hierarchies that included laborers, farmers, merchants, artisans, elites, slaves or caste groups (Strayer 238, 242, 247).

Element: IV. The Roman, Han, Persian, Maurya and Gupta empires created difficulties that led to their collapse and successor empires. Rationale: Connects to maintenance, fall, and establishment of Empires, as well as conflicts. Example: Conflict with the Visigoths within the Roman Empire led to its downfall (Strayer 435). Concept 2.3: Networks of Communication and Exchange Element: I. Land and water trade networks Rationale: Relates to trade and commerce networks Example: Expansion of the Silk Road, Trans-Saharan, Indian-Ocean and Mediterranean routes (Strayer 341) Element: II. Technology enabled communication and exchange Rationale: emphasis on long distance networks of communication and exchange. Example: Horses and Horse Collar improved trade in Eurasia, esp. Silk Road (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid =ab11) Element: III. People, food, technologies, beliefs, animals, and disease traveled along trade routes. Rationale: Networks of Communication and exchange Example: Black Death on Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade routes (Strayer 340) Key Concept 3.1: Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Element: I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. Rationale: Element makes connection to the creation of new economic systems. Example: New forms of credit and monetization (Bentley and Ziegler, Page 509 and 510)

Element: II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects. Rationale: Human Impacts to the Environment Example: migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who introduced iron technologies and agricultural innovations in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m6/activity 5.php) Element: III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication. Rationale: Cross-Cultural infers cultural interactions and development. Example: Ibn Battuta who traveled to Spain, Anatolia, West and East Africa, Arabia, Iraq, Persia, Central and Southeast Asia, India, and China. He criticized certain social and religious practices in other countries. (Strayer Pgs. 492 and 362) Element: IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes. Rationale: This represents interaction of economic systems through trade routes. Example: The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well-established paths of trade and military conquest. (Strayer, Page 340) Key Concept 3.2: Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions

Element: I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged. Rationale: Represents conflict and building of states. Example: feudalism in Europe (Strayer p. 436-437) Element: II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between peoples led to significant technological and cultural transfers. Rationale: Element represents interaction of cultures. Example: Transfers during the Crusades as crusaders came in contact with Asian luxury goods. This created a demand for Asian goods. (Strayer p. 444-445) Key Concept 3.3: Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

Element: I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions. Rationale: Agriculture and Industry impacted the environment Example: Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions. (Strayer, Page 337) Element: II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks. Rationale: Urbanization is a characteristic in state building. Example: Axum in Ethiopia (http://hornofafrica.newark.rutgers.edu/downloads/aksum.pdf) Element: III. Important changes in labor management. Rationale: Element deals with transforming social structures. Example: Craft Production and guild organization (Strayer, Page 440) Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange Element: I. Regional trade networks intensified in response to new global circulation of goods. Rationale: It relates to economic systems Example: Europeans entered Indian Ocean Commerce (Strayer, pg. 675) Element: II. Transoceanic travel and trade was made possible by the development of new tools and innovations in ship design. Rationale: describes how it was possible for economic systems to interact Example: Astrolabe (Traditions & Encounters pg. 469) Element: III. New transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred. Rationale: new reconnaissance promoted trade Example: Voyages of Zheng He (Strayer pg. 581) Element: IV. Global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies, but regional markets in Afro-Eurasia continued to thrive. Rationale: Relates to economic systems Examples: British East India Company (Strayer 68) Element: V. Connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres created the Columbian Exchange Rationale: Creation of systems of exchange Example: Traders brought new crops, such as potatoes, from the Americas to Eurasia (Strayer pg. 630)

Element: VI. Increase in interactions expanded the spread of various religions as well as the creation of new ones. Rationale: spread of religion Example: Christianity spread to the Americas and changed creating new things such as the cult of saints (Homework, 12-6-11) Element: VII. Funding for the arts increased using prosperity from trade. Rationale: Development in Culture Example: rich Europeans become patrons of renaissance artists (Strayer pg. 580) Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production Element: I. Changing labor practices fed and responded too growing global demand for goods Rationale: Labor practices are part of social structures Example: Plantations, such as the sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil, expanded in the Americas (Strayer pg. 635) II. As elites changed they reconstructed social hierarchies Rationale: Social hierarchies are social structures Element: Spanish rule of Mexico and Peru created new classes such as the mestizo (Strayer pg. 633) Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and Imperial Expansion Element: I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power. Rationale: legitimizing and consolidating power relates to state building Example: Songhay emperors promoted Islam to legitimize their rule (Strayer pg. 587) Element: II. Imperial expansion relied on the use of thing like gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade. Rationale: imperial expansion the expansion of a state Example: Dutch East India Company trade by warfare in the Spice Islands (Strayer pg. 681) Element: III. Expanding states were challenged by competition over trade routes, state rivalries and local resistance Rationale: State expansion discussed in both Example: State rivalries were expressed in the Thirty Years War (Strayer pg. 725) Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization and Global Capitalism

Element: I. Industrialization changed how goods were produced Rationale: relates to industrialization and labor systems Example: The causes of industrialization (legal protections and access to foreign resources ect.) and the factory system (homework 1-12-12) Element: II. New patterns of global trade integrated the global economy in the search for new markets. Rationale: relates to global exchange and distribution of goods and resources Example: Opium wars, and Chinese dependence on British opium (China jigsaw 1-31-12) Element: III. Financial systems developed to support investment Rationale: pertains to global commerce and financial systems Example: Banks and insurance companies developed (Bentley and Zeigler 510) Element: IV. Major developments in transportation and communication Rationale: relates to technology and changing environment Example: Development of railroads, canals, and steamships (Palmer and Colton 554) Element: V. Development of global capitalism and responses Rationale: connects to global capitalism Example: Development of Marxism/ socialism as a response to capitalism (Class notes 1-23-12) Element: VI. People changed the social structure in industrialized states due to the changes of global economy Rationale: Element relates to development of social structure- classes, family, gender, communities Example: Londons urbanization led to unsanitary conditions, mostly with the poor, not the rich (Strayer 836) Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation Element: I. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires Rationale: Element relates to empires, state-building, and expansion Example: The British established settler colonies in southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand (Strayer 926) Element: II. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world Rationale: Element relates to nationalism, expansion, revolts, and revolutions Example: Expansion of US and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to emergence of Meiji Japan (Strayer 897-898)

Element: III. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism Rationale: Element relates to forms of governance, and foundation for imperialism Example: Social Darwinism suggested that European dominance should prevail and others should be destructed (Strayer 882) Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform Element: I. Questioning established traditions preceded revolutions and rebellions against government Rationale: Element relates to revolts, revolutions, and conflict Example: The American Declaration of Independence is an example of a revolution (Strayer782-784) Element: II. People used commonalities to align with the state, which allowed governments to unify people Rationale: Element relates to development of nationalism and unification of peoples Example: The idea of nation was presented as reawakening of older linguistic or cultural identities (Strayer 797) Element: III. Discontent with imperial rule pushed reformist and revolutionary movements Rationale: Element relates to revolts, revolutions, and forms of government Example: The Taiping Rebellion was influenced by religious ideas (Strayer 884) Element: IV. New transnational ideologies and solidarities occurred due to European thinking and rebellions Rationale: Element relates to revolts, revolutions, and ideologies of people Example: Demand for womens suffrage and feminism challenged hierarchies (Strayer 800) Key Concept 5.4: Global Migration Element: I. Migration was influenced by changes in demography Rationale: element relates to migration, settlement, and demography Example: Medical innovations and an increasing food supply contributed to global population growth (Strayer 970-971)

Element: II. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons. Rationale: pertains to migration and settlement Example: So migrants, such as swallows- Italians in Argentina, with no intentions of migrating permanently, chose to relocate seasonally. (McKay 865-871) Element: III. Various consequences and reactions arose as a result of the diverse societies created by migrations. Rationale: Emphasis on the interaction of cultures Example: The rise of xenophobia in response to global migration (Bentley and Ziegler 920). Key Concept 6.1: Science and the Environment Element: I. Scientific advances spread globally, assisted by technology Rationale: Element relates to science and technology. Example: The smallpox vaccine (Bentley and Ziegler 661-662) Element: II. World population rose, humans changed their relationship to the environment. Rationale: Element relates to demographics. Example: Pollution dirtied the worlds water and air (Strayer 1159) Element: III. Disease, science and conflict affected population Rationale: Element relates to demographics. Example: Birth control (Bentley and Ziegler 662-663)

Key Concept 6.2: Global Conflicts and their consequences Element: I. In 1900, Europe politically dominated the world, but by 2000, many land or sea empires had collapsed, resulting in new forms of political organization. Rationale: This element relates to both empires and political structures. Example: The collapse of the Russian empire (Strayer 1032-1035) Element: II. New ideas of anti-imperialism helped cause the end of empires and new restructured states Rationale: This element relates to both empires and political structures. Example: The Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh led the Vietnamese independence movement (Strayer 1125-1126) Element: III. Political changes had demographic and social consequences. Rationale: This element includes demography. Example: The partition of India and the resulting population resettlements (Strayer 1089-1090)

Element: IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale Rationale: This element relates to conflict and war. Example: World War II (Strayer 996-1000) Element: V. The 20th century was full of conflicts and some individuals, groups, and states tried to stop or decrease these conflicts, but others intensified the conflicts. Rationale: This element relates to conflict and war. Example: Mohandas Gandhi, who led the Indian independence movement, practiced satyagraha, a form of nonviolence (Strayer 10861090, 1122-1124) Key Concept 6.3: New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture Element: I. States responded to the 20th centurys economic challenges in a variety of ways. Rationale: This element relates to economic systems. Example: The U.S. government took an active role in the economy during the Great Depression with the New Deal (Strayer 987-988) Element: II. States, communities, and individuals gained more independence, and this was facilitated by global governance institutions. Rationale: Some of these institutions were economic. Example: The World Trade Organization (Strayer 1141-1142, 1185-1186) Element: III. Society and culture were thought of in new ways, race, class, gender, and religion were challenged, and technology was used to spread new or reformed traditions. Rationale: This element relates to gender roles, race, ethnicity, and class Example: The feminist movement (Strayer 1145-1150) Element: IV. Popular culture and consumer culture were globalized. Rationale: This element directly relates to culture. Example: The Olympics, as a global sports tournament and festival, reflected national and social aspirations (Homework 4/3/12)