Bones- Functions

o o o o

Support Protection Movement- muscle pull on Bones. Storage Calcium stored in Bones. Also known as Mineral Bank o Hematopoeisis - making Blood cell. - Bone narrow makes blood cells o Compact- dense and smooth bone. o Spongy- contains small flat pieces of bone= trabeculae (individual) o Long- shaft + 2 ends
mostly compact bone found in limbs

Bones- Classification

o Short- mostly spongy

Compact bone - limbs Bones- Classification

o Flat

in wrist and ankles - shaft + 2 ends.

thin, flat bones with spongy bone in between =diploe ( all of them together) Sternum, ribs, skull

o Irregular

Bones- Structure
o Long

Vertebrae, hipbones

Diaphysis= shaft- thick collar of bone surrounding medullary cavity- contains fat in adults Epiphysis- end of bone- thin compact bone surrounds internal spongy bone

 Epiphyseal line- remnant of epiphyseal plate- growth plate (ossified, nonfunctioning growth plate PLATE: Where bones grow - New cartilage. Cartilage becomes bone. Functioning Growth Plate If you break a bone it happens in the middle. Growth plates are at the Ends of the bone.

Structure

o Periosteum ( peri- cover on top. Ostim Bone)

White double layered membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis Outer layer is dense irregular CT ( dense multiple layers, Irregular multiple directions meaning less tearing.) Inner layer is osteogenic layer consisting of bone- forming cells= osteoblasts, and bone- destroying cells= osteoclasts = come in and tear down new bone.

Osteo = BONE, Genic = NEW = OSTEOGENIC = New Bone

PROCESS: osteoCLASTS come in and tear down new bone, OSTEOBLASTS come back to make New bone and OSTEOCLASTS come back to shape/Tear. This process takes approx.. 6 weeks to heal and broken bone. However, the shape/tear process keep on going for months after wards.

OsteoClasts = take calcium out of the bones everyday. They break down bone structure.

Structure

o Periosteum
Contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels, which enter the bone through nutrient foramina Anchored to the bone by Sharpeys fibers (collagen fibers) Provides anchoring point for tendons and ligaments

Structure

o Endosteum
CT membrane covering internal bone surfaces Covers trabeculae of spongy bone each of trabeculae is covered by the ENDOSTEUM. Lines canals in compact bone

o Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covers ends of bone

Structure

o Other bones consist of thin plates of compact bone with spongy bone inside- in flat bones, spongy layer= diploe o Medullary cavity- contains red marrow in infantschanges to yellow marrow in adults. ( yellow marrow is FAT and doesnt make NEW CELLS ) o Most red marrow is found in epiphyses and in diploe of flat bones (sternum) and in irregular bones (hipbones) (structure is compact)

bone is living tissue, meaning Periostium provides blood and nerve supply the Hole in the Bone also known as the FORAMINA.
o Canals go through bone o Structural unit is osteon (Haversian system)
Consists of concentric hollow tubes- each tube is called lamella- compact bone is called lamellar bone Collagen fibers in any lamella run parallel Collagen fibers in next lamella run in different direction

Structure- Compact bone

Osteons

o Inside osteon is central canal= Haversian canal- contains blood vessels and nerves

o Secondary canals run at right angles to lamellae= Volkmanns canals

Connect vascular supply of periosteum to the central canal All canals are lined with endosteum

s Pathway is

peristium, volkman, central, canliclus, lacunae osteocyte.

Blood supply starts at peristium. Osteons

o Osteocytes lie in lacunae- cavities at junctions of lamellae o Small canals called canaliculi connect lamellae to each other o Incomplete lamellae called interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons Interstitial lamellae are in between the osteons ( THEY help STABALIZE)
s1

lb. of fat extra on body makes the heart pump 5 more miles of blood. Thyroid regulates metabolism Thyroid producing energy necessary for growth. You need energy for sustaining growth.
s sPuberty

growth spurts. Women grow gradually they dont eat as much as boys. Boys grow fater they eat more.
sOnce

growth plates OSSIFY = GROWTH STOPS.

Structure- Spongy Bone

o Seems poorly organized compared to compact bone o Trabeculae are carefully arranged to resist stress (ie: wrists, ankles, arms and legs re weight bearing bones) o No osteons ( osteons are only for compact bone)

Composition

o Organic and inorganic( NON LIVING) components o Organic ( LIVING)

Cells *Osteoblasts *Osteoclasts take calcium out of bone. ( they break down calcium phosphate calcium is part of a larger molecule) *Osteocytes these are mature bone cells. Osteoid- organic part of matrix *Contains proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen ( THESE give strength and support to bone structure.

Composition
o Organic
Contributes to strength and flexibility of bone. ( we can bend bones to a certain extent without breaking them)

o Inorganic
Contains ( calcium phosphate )hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)- mostly Ca3(PO4 )2

Growth

o Osteogenesis ( making new bone as were growing or breaking bone, Healing bone etc.) and ossification ( changing pre-existing cartiliage into bone) begin at 6-8 weeks of age o Embryo skeleton is hyaline cartilage or fibrous membrane o Membrane bone forms from fibrous membrane- process is intramembranous ossification ( forms mostly flat bones)
Skull and clavicles= flat bones.

Clavicles are collar bones.

Growth

o Cartilage bone
Formed from hyaline cartilage by endochondral ossification = intramembranous ossification. Most skeletal bones are cartilage bones Endochondral begins later than intramembranous ossification

(engochondral) -At birth the arms and legs. (intramembranous) -Skull bones are the 1st thing to start ossify. Growth
Growth plates are cartildge
o At birth, long bones have long diaphysis surrounding spongy bone, medullary cavity, and two cartilaginous epiphyses

Long diaphysis only at birth & changes in a couple months.

s

o Ossification proceeds, and leaves only articular cartilage( which stays forever) and the epiphyseal plate o Growth occurs entirely at epiphyseal plate ( length wide growth continues until growth plates fill in.), but bones grow in width by appositional growth ( can grow almost forever)

Growth

o Stops at 18 in females and 21 in males o Appositional growth can continue

o Controlled by hormones
Growth hormone during infancy and childhood, secreted by anterior pituitary gland ( small gland = cant produce much hormone.)

Growth

o Growth hormone
triggers growth factors in liver called somatomedins Somatomedins ( cause growth) stimulate growth plates ( they are the in-betweens pituary and the BONES & MUSCLES. They are the mediator agents.) Thyroid hormones modify and moderate growth hormone ( exercise raises metabolic rate. Genetics determine starting point.

o At puberty, sex hormones initially spur growth, and then ossification of growth plates

Bone Homeostasis

o 1/2 gram Ca+2 enters or leaves each day o Bone deposit and bone resorption= remodeling occurs constantly o Young adults have constant bone mass o Bone deposit occurs after injury, or when strength is required. ( when increased muscle= pulls on bones increasing them in size. They become heavier in density. o Trigger for bone deposit is unknown, but may involve precipitation product o Ppt. product= [Ca+2]3 x [ PO4-3]2 o When product reaches threshhold, get precipitation( gets solid and attaches to bones) and produces hydroxyapatite _( o Alkaline phosphatase (mineral salt- calcium phosphate) is also necessary

Homeostasis

Bone deposits Build Up Bones.

Homeostasis

o Resorption ( removing calcium by breaking down bone) is done by osteoclasts o Osteoclasts secrete digestive enzymes and metabolic acids to solubilize Ca+2 salts

Calcium phosphate is a SOLID. And its broken down to an ION again.

Hormonal Control

o Parathyroid hormone- PTH

From parathyroid gland PTH is released when blood Ca+2 is low Osteoclasts are stimulated by PTH to cause resorption Resorption causes Ca+2 release from bone matrix

PTH stimulates osteoclasts, causes bone resorption, increases blood calcium- from bones.

Hormonal Control

o Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by putting calcium back into bones. It also stimulates osteoblasts.
Produced by thyroid gland Calcitonin is released when blood Ca+2 is high Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption and causes Ca+2 deposit in bone

Calcium

o Calcium is needed for enzyme activity, membranes, muscle and nerve activity. = deactivating enzyme take out calcium. o Absorption from intestines is controlled by vitamin D. (vit.D is in skin..coverted from cholesterol.)

Wolffs Law

o Mechanism -that causes bone to grow in response to stress put upon it. The more you use the bones, the more you grow the bone. o Not everybody believes in this

Fractures

o Treated by reduction- realignment of the broken bone ends.(so the bone heals straight)
Closed reduction- bone ends are realigned by physicians hands (takes approx.. 6 weeks for recovery) Open reduction- surgery is done and the ends are held in place with pins. ( bone is shattered, and you have to pin the pieces together. Recovery time is unlimited.)

Fractures
o o o o o

Four cell types are involved Endothelial cells ( inside of the bone) Fibroblasts ( makes CT proper -making fibers) Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

sNecrosis- large quantity of cell death.)

Fractures

o Blood vessels are broken during fracture o Hemorrhaging occurs o 1: Hematoma (blood clot) occurs ( 1) blood clot in

the bone
o Bone cells die. blood supply is lost. o Inflammation occurs happens anytime theres tissue damage o Lasts about four days damage control.

Fractures *( repair process)

o Formation of granulation tissue- replacement tissue o Capillaries grow into hematoma- restablation of blood

supply o Macrophages enter and clean up debris- clean up the Mess. o Fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate into area to produce collagen fibers that span the break- form spongy bone o 2: Entire mass is called fibrocartilaginous callus-

Fractures

splints the bones (2)

o Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the fibrocartilaginous callus o 3: Bony callus is formed from the

fibrocartilaginous callus
o Begins 3-4 weeks after the injury o 4: Remodelling then occurs over several months

Diseases

o Osteoporosis hormonal problem

Occurs most often in aged women Estrogen helps to maintain health and density of skeleton After menopause, there is little estrogen = things break down

o To counteract this, get calcium while still 25-40- bones are still increasing in density o Exercise o Fluoridated water biggest influence. !

Osteomalacia Dietary Problem

o Bones are soft- poorly mineralized o Weight- bearing bones soften and bend- fixed via good nutrition. o Same as rickets in children- but more severe in children, because bones are still growing.- legs are bent. o Excessive bone resorption (- taking calcium away) and

Pagets Disease

o o o o

formation Leads to bone softening and weakening Irregular bone thicknesses and gaps Usually localized to spine, pelvis, skull Occurs after age of 40 in both sexes