WATER POLUTION & WATER TREATMENT (MODULE 02) 1) Write the Constituents of sea Water?

ANS: Sea Water Contains 2000 times more dissolved salts than fresh Water.Na,Cl,Mg 90%,K,Ca,SO4 3%, Other elements 7%. NaCl -0.5(M), MgSO4 0.05(M). 2) What are the thermal layers of water? ANS: There are three layers of water, Surface layer i.e. Epilimnion, Middle or Underlaying layer i.e. Thermocline,Bottom layer i.e. Hypolimnion, 1st layer is at high temperature, middle layer where temperature drops with depth but the bottom layer is cool layer, where decomposition of Organic matters takes place in presence of dissolved oxygen. 3) Write the source of surface Water pollution? ANS: Due to presence of following substances like Sewage , waste , particulates , atmospheric gases , infectious agents , minerals & chemical compounds , dissolved toxic pollutants , thermal pollutants , radioactive substances , Organic maters , ions like Na +, K+ ,Mg2+, SO42etc the surface water becomes pollution. 4) Why Water pollution is more complex than air pollution? ANS: Contaminants can spread more easily in water than Air. Requirement of water is more for living organisms than Air and purification of water is a slower process. 5) Mentions the organic pollutants of Water. ANS: Following organic pollutants present in water, they are carbohydrates , proteins , water insoluble & insoluble salts , Aldehydes , dielectrics , lubricants ,plasticizers , phenolic compounds. Presence of plasticizers cause disorder ness of central nervous system & Respiratory track & presence of phenolic substances cause bitter test of Water. 6) Explain the Important effects of Organic pollutants. ANS: Test, Odour, chemical changes of water is disturbed. They enhance the life cycle of Bacteria, Consume more dissolved oxygen & Nutrient constituents of soil, and Water decreases. 7) What is Eutrophication? ANS: It is a special type of Water pollution occur in lake & pond water. Generally sewage, fertilizer extracts, animal waste, detergents like substances are directly mixed with near by water sources. These acts as Nutrients for micro organisms, so water pollution takes place called Eutrophication. 8) What are the harm full effects of Eutrophication? ANS: Aquatic animals are dead, D.O Concentration decreases, Nitrate ions are converted to Nitrites by the bacteria these nitrites reacts with oxyheomoglovin to form deoxy hemoglobin. So oxygen charring capacity of blood decreases. 9) Define Thermal pollution. ANS: Aquatic life require 30- 35 0 c for their life cycle. Temperature of water layer decreases top to bottom layer. Game fish require < 100 C for their life cycle. Due to increasing of temperature of water, rate of chemical reaction increases. So decomposition of organic matters requires more dissolved oxygen for decomposition. 10) What are the effects of Thermal pollution? ANS: a) Aquatic life is destroyed. b) Rate of chemical reaction increases. c) Concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases. d) Disease spreading capacity of water increases .e) Corrosion tendency water increases. 11) Define Silt pollution. ANS: Some agriculture wastes, Building construction wastes, when mix with water source, they create a screen to the light penetration through the depth of water. These particles are called Silt; the pollution is called Silt pollution. 12) Define Estuary & Estuarian pollution. ANS: The place where Fresh Water mix with Sea Water, A delta reasion is formed, called Estuary. Mechanism- Fresh water or river water has colloidal properties, when it mixes with salt water (having electrolyte properties), coagulation forms a Delta reason called Estuary.

Esturian pollution Most of the rivers discharges into Estuaries, so all the pollutants or nutrients of the river end up in the Estuaries.Estuarian pollutants are Heavy metals, Synthetic organic chemicals, Thermal wastes are responsible for Water pollution. 13) Define CBOD & NBOD. ANS: CBOD- Carbonaceous biological oxygen demand, oterwisely called Ultimate BOD. CBOD = BODt / (1- e kt), where k = decay constant, t = time of decomposition. NBOD- Nitrogenous biological oxygen demand, Reaction for NBOD = NH4 + + 2O2 => NO3+ H2O + H+. So 14 gm of require 64 gms of oxygen for decomposition. 14) Explain the various transformation processes in Water bodies. ANS: The process by which quality parameters of water changes due to some chemical reactions & requirement of water by living organisms called water transformation processes. Since water sources of lakes, ponds, well & sea are intermix with each other due to some natural effects. So transformation of chemical constituents takes place. The transformation processes are DO, BOD, COD, NBOD, CBOD, Sedimentation, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition of dead cells, Absorption of Chemical constituents. 15) Write the flow diagram of Waste water Treatment. ANS: [Waste water sample] [Screening] - [Sedimentation] [Floatation] [Filtration] [Precipitation] [Coagulation] [Disinfection] [Carbon adsorption] [Oxidation] [Reduction] [Ionexchangemethod] [Reverse osmosis] [BOD] [Biological filtration] [Supply of Water]. 16) Explain Waste Water Treatment Processes. ANS: According to the concentration, composition condition & specification of effluents present in waste water, treatment processes are three types, a) Physical process b) Chemical process c) Biological process. Physical process: Screening, Sedimentation, Floatation & Filtration are physical process. Chemical process: By using chemicals like coagulants Potash alum, Alluminium Sulphate, Alluminium Hydroxide the impurities or effluents are separated. Especially Precipitation, coagulation, Dis infection belongs to Chemical processes. Some other chemical processes are Carbon adsorption, Oxidation, Reduction, Ion exchange method, Reveres osmosis, Electro dialysis. Biological processes: BOD, Biological filtrations are Biological processes. 17) What is Flocculation? ANS: The process by which precipitation of coagulants left after coagulation by adding some flocculators called Flocculation. One important flocculators is (Polyacrylamide). This is an anion exchange Flocculator.Its 8 % solution is added with water to precipitate the coagulants left. 18) Define disinfection? ANS: Removal of pathogenic bacterias from water is called disinfection. Two types of disinfections are Chlorination & Ozonisation. Ozonisation is a very expensive only used in France. Los angel filtration is one important largest Ozone disinfection system in World. Disinfection reaction [Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + H+ + Cl-] HOCl = HCl + [O] Germs + [O] = Germs killed. When chlorine reacts with ammonia, we get chloramines, which acts as disinfectant. This process is called Chloramination. 19) Explain portability of Water. ANS: Supply water should contain following characters, which can be used for all proposes. a) Water should be colorless & odourless. b) Should obtain from Natural source. c) Turbidity should be < 10 ppm d) Lead, copper, iron, Mn, Cl, sulphate should present < 0.1 ppm, 3 ppm, 25 ppm, 250 ppm, 0.001 ppm respectively. e) Micro organisms should absent. f) Carbonate alkalinity < 120 ppm & total alkalinity < 35 ppm. 20) What are the harmful effects of Heavy metals as water pollution? ANS: Heavy metals like Hg, As, Pd, Cd, and Cr etc are responsible for water pollution. Hg in the form of cation & methyl mercury cation are more toxic. This is responsible for

Biomagnifications. Some industries like- paper, paints, fertilizer & pesticides are the source of Hg- poisoning. Amount of mercury should be less than 0.001 ppm, if concentration is 25 ppm, responsible for more disease. If concentration is more than 200 ppm causes death. 21) Explain Waste Water Treatment process. ANS: Unit process Operations Primary treatment Equalizations, Neutralization oil separation, Chemical treatment, Control of pH. Pumping Flow measuring Screen & shredders grit chamber Filtration Primary treatment clarifier Secondary treatment a) Biological filters (Trickling filters) rotating biological contactor. b) Stabilization ponds Faculative ponds , Aerobic lagoons , anaerobic lagoons c) Activated sludge treatment sludge digesters Tertiary treatment (Advanced) Disinfection Release of effluent. Chemical treatment, coagulation, sedimentation Biological oxidation, Aerobic & anaerobic treatment. Sedimentation Activated sludge treatment, Oxidation & Decomposition, Sludge drying, sludge disposal. Ion-exchange, Reverse osmosis, Electro dialysis, Chemical oxidation or nutrient removal. Chlorine disinfection, U.V. radiation To agricultural field, Water bodies

22) Define sludge volume index. ANS: The S V I = Ratio of the volume of the activated sludge in cubic cm. for one gm of dry weight of sludge. Normal S V I vary from 55 to 150 in diffused aeration tank method & from 200 to 300 in mechanical aeration plants. 23) Define Denitrification. ANS: Denitrification means on completion of Nitrification. It is achieved biologically under an oxic condition (means absence of oxygen). The energy obtain from organic contain of waste water for Nitrification. In the event of carbon being low, the external source methanol is added. It may require for some industrial waste water. 24) Explain the parameters of municipal waste water pollutants. ANS: The parameters are Total suspended solids (40%), colloidal (10%), dissolved solids (50%), organic solids (50%), inorganic solids (50%), BOD, COD, Nutrients nitrogen & phosphorus. 25) Narrate Activated sludge system. ANS: Complete mix, plug flow, Oxidation ditch, Contact stabilization & Sequencing batch reactors. 26) Explain primary treatment of Surface water treatment plant. ANS: Generally surface water creates more problem than ground water. Surface water is polluted by domestic & industrial waste. Primary treatment involves screening, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, flocculent settling, and floatation. Screening : In this processes water containing large suspended particles are separated by filtration. Sedimentation: In this processes the flocculed water is taken in a sedimentation basin for 2-3 hours, by gravitational processes. Some solid pollutants are settled. In this processes 50% 65% of suspended solids & 25% - 40% of BOD are removed. The clear liquid is collected from the top part of the basin. Fig 1

Flocculation: It is explained in Qs no (17). Flocculent Settling: Settling is a process by which flock particles are settling down by gravitational processes. The settling velocity of flock particles increase by adding some other heavy particles by gravity. Equation (t = Detention time or settling time. V = volume of settling basin Q = rate of flow of water ( M3/ sec). [t = V/ Q]. Floatation: Some particles are not settled by sedimentation processes. They are separated by floatation processes. As shown in Fig -2.

27) Define Secondary treatment of waste water processes. ANS: After primary treatment, the water undergoes secondary treatment. In this processes Biological Decomposition of organic pollutants takes place. Some solid pollutants exists in colloidal form are separated by biological processes. The main purpose of secondary treatment is removal of BOD & removal of Pathogenic bacterias. Three processes are involved in secondary treatment. a) Trickling Filter b) Activated sludge processes c) Oxidation pond, method. Trickling filter: It is a filter, of circular or rectangular of 2 (M) deep. It is made up of anthracite coal or the slag obtains from blast furnace. The waste water percolates through the filter with a Rotatory distributor. Here bacterias, fungies, Protozoas & algaes are deposited in 0.2 2 m.m thickness in that filter. This processes of separation of Micro organisms called Sloughing. Fig 03.

Activated sludge processes: This is more efficient to remove, BOD than Trickling Filter. In this process Waste water containing Organic waste is taken in Aeration tank (where oxidation of organic mater occur by DO). Organic mater + [DO] = CO2 + H2O. Some organic maters develop some new cells. Flow Diagram of Activated sludge processes Fig 04 Aeration Tank: It is circular or rectangular Shaped; Where the Suspended particles are flocculated into small gelatinous mass. Then undergo Oxidation to form CO2 & H2O. This gelatinous mass is oxidized by Aerobic micro organisms. (This is called Activated sludge). In the fig 04, the chamber 02 is called 1st settling tank, or primary sedimentation tank. The chamber 03 is called oxidation tank where oxidation of organic mater occurs in presence of aerobic bacterias. The secondary settling tank is called clarifier. The organic maters are converted to low energy mater i.e. Nitrates, sulphates, carbon dioxide, H2O.The organic substances left reback to the oxidation chamber. In this process 90% removal of BOD takes place. Oxidation pond method: Removal of BOD by decomposition of organic maters by aerobic & anaerobic method takes place by oxidation pond method. Since both aerobic & anaerobic oxidation takes place in this pond. So it is other wisely called Facultative pond. It is a large pond, shallow about 1 2 M deep. Where aerobic decomposition takes place at upper surface & anaerobic decomposition takes place at the bottom part of the pond. Oxygen require for oxidation by aerobic process obtained from air. This conversion of conversion of air oxygen to dissolved oxygen called Algal photosynthesis. Fig 05

28) Explain tertiary treatment of waste water. ANS: After primary & secondary treatment of water some nutrients, dissolved solids, tracing elements, chemicals, heavy metals & other contaminants still present in water. Some substances like nitrates, sulphates, orthophosphates used as nutrients for the development of micro organisms. Removal of P : When waste water is treated with (P) to form calcium phosphate & precipitated. Removal of Nitrates: Nitrates ions are removed by denitrification (conversion of nitrates to ammonia). Removal of ammonium ion Ammonium ion + hydroxide = ammonia + water. Removal of ammonia Ammonia + HOCl = N2 + water + HCl. Removal of pathogenic bacterias The waste water is treated with ozone as an oxidizing agent to convert bacterias to carbon dioxide & water. 29) Explain the processes involved sewage treatment with flow diagram. ANS: It is a liquid waste containing domestic, ground waste, Industrial waste, street waste. Generally sewage contains both inorganic & organic maters. Before disposal of sewage in land, it should be treated to protect public health. Aim of sewage treatment a) To evaluate types of impurities present. b) Detection of harmful effects of sewage. c) To prevent pollution of Natural water. The sewage treatment is done artificially, which is called (SEWARAGE). Processes involved in Sewage treatment, a) Preliminary processes b) Primary processes c) Secondary or biological processes. Preliminary Processes Here the sewage water is passed through a porous screen bar to separate the large solids & gravels. This is called screening. Primary treatment : Here the sewage water is taken into a sedimentation tank. Where coagulation & flocculation takes place. FeSO4, Al2(SO4)3 are taken as coagulants & polyacrylamide taken as Flocculator. By this process colloidal & suspended particles are settling down. Secondary treatment In this processes removal of BOD by aerobic oxidation takes place. After primary treatment The water is passed to trickling filter or Activated sludge, where organic maters like proteins, fats, carbohydrates are oxidized in present of sun light & oxygen gas by aerobic bacterias to form CO2 & H2O.

Flow diagram of Sewage treatment

[Raw sewage], [Screening], [Coagulation & flocculation],[ Sedimentation], [Activated sludge or Trickling filter], [Sprinkling filter], [Disinfection], [Disposal]. Sprinkling filter After the Activated sludge the sewage is transferred to sprinkling filter. In this filter some dissolved bases like urea, ammonia, nitric acid are separated. The bases are converted to ammonium nitrate & ammonium nitrite. Reaction: NH2CONH2 =========== CO2 + 2NH3 NH3 + H2O ====== HNO3 + HNO2 HNO3 + HNO2 ====== NH4NO3 + NH4NO2.