PartII:SPSSIDescriptivestatistics,ttests,normalityandANOVA PopcornLab EcologyMethods2009 Objectives: 1) ToperformattestinSPSS; 2) Tolearnhowtodetermineifyourdatameetstheparametricassumptionsof normality; 3) ToimportdataintoSPSSandconductdescriptivestatistics; 4) Toconducta1wayANOVAfollowedbyaTukeysmultiplecomparisontest. Populations: Forttest:OrvilleRedenbacherSmartPopButterandORSPKK For1wayANOVA:ORSP,ABandPSS Questions: 1) Istheyieldofthepopcorndataevenlydistributed? 2) DoORSPandORKKhavedifferentyields?

ds? 3) Whatistherangeofyieldforeachbrandofpopcorn? 4) Doestheyieldsignificantlydifferacrossbrandsofpopcorn? 5) Ifso,whichbrandhasasignificantlyhigheryieldthantheothers? Whatwewilldo(numberscorrespondtothequestions): 1) 1samplenonparametricKSTest 2) Ttest(N=5) 3) DescriptiveStatistics 4) 1wayANOVA 5) TukeysMCT VariablesRemainingConstant: PopTime(1.5minutes)andMicrowave(Burks) MovingDatafromExceltoSPSS: TherearetwomainwaystomovedatafromExceltoSPSS.Wewillusefocusonthe1st buttherearedirectionsforpart2. 1) Cutandpaste(Ttest) 2) ImportorOpennewData(Descriptivesand1wayANOVA) Tokeepmattersalittlesimpler,thisexercisewillhaveitsownspecificSPSSdatafile thatwillonlycontainthedatarelevanttoeachpartoftheexercise.Afterimportingour wholedatafile(popcornalldataNAME.xls),wewilldeletetheunnecessarydataforthe 1wayANOVA.

Objectives1&2Directions: 1) OpenSPSS 2) ChooseTypeinData 3) ClickontheBottomTabmarkedVariableView 4) Enterthewordtypeinthefirstboxand yieldinthe2ndbox 5) ThenclickonValuesinthefirstrowandabox willpopup 6) Putin1andthedescriptor(ORSP)andthen add 7) Putin2andthedescriptor(ORKK)andthen add 8) HitOK 9) Toseethemonthedatasheet,ClickontheBottomTab markedDataView:typeandyieldshouldbeatthetopof thecolumns 10) Inthetypecolumn,enterthenumber1fivetimesand thenumber2fivetimes.Whenyouenterthese numbers,thedescriptorsshouldappearintheboxes.If youeverwanttoturnthisfeatureoff,selectViewData anduncheckthebuttonmarkeddatalabels. 11) FromyourpopcornalldataNAME.xlsspreadsheet,cutand pastetheYIELDdataforthesetwopopulations. 12) SaveSPSSfileasTTESTNAME.sav Objective1CheckforNormality First,checkforNORMALITY i) ChooseAnalyze ii) NonparametricTest iii) OnesampleKS iv) AddYIELDtolist v) Normalbuttonchecked vi) OK ThenullhypothesisforaKStestISthatyourdataarenormallydistributedsoyoudonot wanttorejectthenullhypothesis(thisistheoppositethatoccursformoststatisticaltests exceptthoseofassumptions). ForaKStest,thepvalueinthiscaseshouldbegreaterthan0.05toassurethatyoudata arenormallydistributed.Ifthisisnotthecase,thenyouwillneedtoattempttotransformthe datatomeettheassumptions(gobacktothedatasheetandusetheTransformandthen ComputeOptions).Ifyoucannotmeettheassumptionsofattest,thenyouwillwanttodoa testofKIndependentSampleswhereYIELDisthetestvariableandTYPEisthegrouping variable.

Nowyouwillgetoutput. First,usetheInsertTexttoadd adescriptionofhowyou interpretthestatistics. TOGETCREDITFORYOUR OUTPUT,YOUWILLNEEDTO ANNOTATEIT! Second,savetheoutputas SPSS1NAME.spo. Inthiscase,thedataisnormally distributedandwecangoonto attest.Ifthedatadidnotmeet assumptions,thenyouwould needtotransformit.Themost commontransformations=log,squareandsquareroot. Objective2ttest: 1) ChooseAnalyze 2) CompareMeans 3) Independentttests 4) AddyieldtoTestVariables 5) AddtypetoGrouping Variable 6) DefineGroupsas1and2 7) HITOK 8) Aftertheoutputgenerates, HITSAVE. SAVEasSPSS1OUTNAME.spoYouroutputshouldlooksomethinglikethis:

Thecircledvalueisyourpvalue,dependingonwhetherornotequalvariancesareassumed.In thiscase,thenullhypothesisisthatequalvariancesareassumed(similartotheKStest).Thep valueforequalvariance(0.547)isgreaterthan0.05,soyoucannotrejectthenullhypothesis thatthevariancesareequal.Therefore,youusethetopvalue. Again,eachofyouroutputboxesshouldbeannotated.Theexampleabove:

Thisfirstboxgivesmedescriptivestatisticsforthetwogroups.Thenextboxshowstheresultsofthet test.Thepvalueisfoundunderthecolumn"sig.(2tailed).Thenullhypothesisisthatthetwomeans areequal.Thepvalueindicatesthatyoufailtorejectthenullhypothesisb/cpvalueisgreaterthan0.05 (0.136).

Objective3DescriptiveStatisticsDirections: NowwewillimportinyourdatafromExcel. Onthedatawindow: 1.ChooseOpenData(MakesureyourExcelfileis closed) 2.Atthebottom,changethefiletypetoExcel FindyourpopcornalldataNAME.xlsfile 3.Makesurethattheboxthatsaysreadvariable namesfromthe1strowischecked. 4.HitOK 5.YoushouldhaveanewSPSSfilewithallyourdata fromExcel. 6.SAVEasSPSS1DATANAME.sav Youcanusethesameoutputfile.Nowyoudontneedallofthisdatatobegin.Wewantto MINIMIZETHISDATASET.Youonlywantthebrands(ORB,PSSandAB),thecorrectedvalues forcontent(burned,poppedandkernels),theaveragepopcornsize,poppedamountandthe yield.Youcaneliminatetheunnecessarydatausingaclearfunction. Afteryoudothisinthevariableview,proceedtoenter51sthen52sandfinally53s. Yourdatafordescriptivestatisticsand1wayANOVAanalysesshouldlooklikethis:

Therearetwowaystocalculatedescriptivestatistics.YoucouldjustchooseAnalyze, DescriptiveStatistics,DescriptivesandaddyourDependentVariablesintothecolumn. However,thiswaydoesnotsortyourdescriptivestatisticsintocategories(suchasbrandof popcorn). However,wewanttosortourmeans,sowewilluseadifferentwaytogeneratedescriptive statistics. 1) ChooseAnalyze 2) ChooseCompareMeans 3) ChooseMeans 4) AddVariables(CorrBurn,CorrPopp,CorrKern,AveSize,Yield)toDependentList 5) AddBrandtoIndependentList 6) ChooseOptions 7) AddSEoftheMean,MinimumandMaximumbyclicking 8) HitContinue 9) HitOK

AlloftheformatsinSPSSaresubjecttochange.In somecases,youwillneedtoadjusttheoutputsothatit looksasyouwantit. SPSSgeneratedthetablebelow: 1) Rightclickonobject 2) ChooseSPSSPivotTableObject 3) ChooseEdit 4) Highlightallofthevaluesinthecells(YIELD) 5) Atthetopofthepage,FormalCellProperties 6) ChooseValue 7) ChooseNumber 8) Input4decimals.

Youroutputshouldlooklikethis: Objective41wayANOVA First,checkforNORMALITY 1) ChooseAnalyze 2) NonparametricTest 3) OnesampleKS 4) Add(CorrBurn,CorrPopp, CorrKern,AveSize,Yield)to list(Normalbuttonchecked) 5) OK 6) Rememberthatyoudonot wanttorejecttheNull Hypothesis. Inthiscase,allthedataare normallydistributedexceptthenumberburned(failtorejectnullhypothesiswhenp>0.05). This1variablewouldneedtobetransformed.

Question:Doesthenumberofpoppedpiecesdifferbetweenbrands? 1wayAnalysisofVariance: 1) CompareMeans 2) 1wayANOVA 3) AddCorrPopptoDependentList 4) AddBRANDtoFactor 5) ChoosePosthocTests&ClickTukeysOK 6) UnderOptions,DescriptivesOK 7) PrintOutput

Youroutputshouldlooklikethis:

Next,wecanexaminetheTukeysmultiplecomparisontests.Thenullhypothesishereisthat eachpairdoesnotdiffersignificantlyfromeachother(A=B=C).

Youonlyneedtoaddposthoccomparisonswhenyouhave3ormorelevelsforasinglefactor. Otherwise,thepvaluepresentedintheANOVAtablefor2levelswithinafactorwouldbethe actualcomparison. Foryourdata,conducta1wayANOVAfor3variables(yourchoiceofburned,popped, kernels,averagesizeandyield).Remembertotransformanynonnormaldistributions. QuestionSet2: 1. Ttests: a. DidORSPyieldsignificantlymorekernelsthanORKK? i. Remember:Nullhypothesis:sizeofORB=sizeofORSP b. DoesthisagreewithyourExceland/orhandcalculatedefforts? 2. Descriptivestatistics:fromyouroutput,identifythemaximumyieldandsizeofpopped cornacrossallyourvalues.Aretheyfromthesamebag? 3. 1wayANOVA:Becarefulofyouruseofthewordsignificantandusepvaluestojustify youranswers. a. Foreachofthedependentvariablesthatyouinvestigated,wastherea significantdifferencebetweenbrands? b. Ifso,wheredidthedifferenceoccur? 4. Application:Comeupwithsomebiologicaland/orcreativeexplanationsthatmight explainyoursignificantresults. ThisconcludesPartIIofPopcornStatistics.Congratulations.Youhavesuccessfully completedwhatisprobablythehardestofthefourpartsbecauseitintroducesSPSSand manynuancesofbasicstatistics.Nowyoucantakethisknowledgeandapplyittomore complexdesigns. Withthisportion,youshouldturninthefollowing: 1) TtestinSPSS(usingORSP/ORBdata) 2) Descriptivestatistics 3) Testfornormalityfor5dependentvariables 4) 1wayANOVAoutputandposthocoutputfor3dependentvariables 5) AnswertoQuestionsSet2;doublespaced.

NotethatallSPSSoutputneedstobeannotated.YoucanexportyoursSPSSoutputto aWordDocument(FILEthenExportthenfiletype.doc,browse(choosewhereyou wantthefileandthename)andthenOK). Formattheworddocumentforlandscapeandthenprint2pagesperpage.