Chapter 4 Waveguide Phased Arrays

In this chapter, we derive the magnetic field equation for infinite two-dimensional waveguide phased arrays. The construction of the integral equation is of interest because it involves matching a set of confined waveguide modes to a set of freespace Flaquet modes. Therefore, we merely combine theory from the previous chapters to analyze this structure.

4.1 RECTANGULAR

WAVEGUIDE

PHASED ARRAY

Consider the rectangular waveguide phased array shown in Figure 4. I. The electric field in the central waveguide aperture is given by
)

"V L.J
p.q

ETE,I.TE
pq

w pq

+ ETM,I,TM P'l '+' pq

(4. 1)

where
.I,TE _ ~ '!'pq - X -

q-n

cos b a
SIn

pIT

x+a

a
2 a

SlO-

. qrr b

y+q1T
b
Y

b
2

oe

...p1T - Y a

. p7T

x+-

2
.

cos
Sin

y+-

b 2

(4.?)

= x~P1T cos P7T( x + a IjIpq a a 2

q-rr (

b 2 2

+ .Y

. q-rr
b

Sin

. p-rr

x+-

q7T b cos- y+b

(4.3)

65

66

x=a,/2 x=-a,/2
Z

ljW'/ff4:

W/hW4

a. Or
Fig. 4

Fig. 4.1 Side view of infinite waveguide

array

The incident field at z = 0- in the central waveguide E1nc

I:ln -

is
lII,n,

t/JTE "',II,

or

IjJTM

(4.4)

Hlnc =
Ian

iy

yTE

when

T/I..l

"',II, m,I1,

<pTE min,
cpTM ~
"'rll,

(4.5)

where the values Y and cP are as defined in Chapter 3. The reflected fields at z 0- are

b
m.n

Ill"'+' mn

,I,TM

(4 6)

- L....
m .11

(lmn

yTE..-""TE
nur'mn

+ b m" yn.TM 'mn

'WI

(4.7)

and

The transmitted magnetic field at z alence shown in Figure 4.2.

0'

is found from the right half space equiv-

67

M'
HIr.ns

...

~TM'
-

WWffff/li!

+ ::

"

Htcan.

Hlrans

t ./
t'M'

2M

H"'"

~tM'

I ,
a. Original problem b. First equivalence for waveguide array problem

c. Second equivalence

Fig. 4.2 Right half-space equivalences (a) Original problem (b) First equivalence (c) Second equivalence HtmIlS(x,y):=o+

, '" L..; [K,(a _

m .11
m'

(3)] ?M+(a
Il -

Ill'

(3) e)'a".,+~",
1/

(4.8)

k4) 1.5)

where
M+(a""f3,,)

(4.9)

z
IK,(a",,{3,,)]

-I - CY.",f3n , {3;,

4.6) 47)
U1V-

k]_ -

, {3"

(4. 10)

and
1

M+ (_:ry) e -j(O'no + .
X

i3"-'")

dvdv

(4 1I)

I
1

68

I
In addition, we have
ai' hi
02,

expre
= waveguide

dimensions

in

,'I:.

y directions;

b2

= periodic cell dimensions

in .r, y directions; (4.12a) (4.12b)

TEr,I'

p.,

er~d' cPrad

direction of beam peak. for a"l/! and b'l'" in terms of

wher

Enforcing continuity of E at z = 0- gives expressions the primary unknowns and E;~1:

E;:

(TE",,/I, incidence)

(4.13) (4.14)

(TM
Equations
,

I1II1

"

incidence)

(4.1) and (4.9) yield

1\1I+() .r.y

= -

L Epq
p.,

TE(/JTE pq(x,y)

+ Eq,Hv\ x.y) pq pq

(4.15)

TM"

or lW( am' (3) 11 ,I I,

-2:
p.',

-I
p.,

ETE<pTE( pq pq

am, (3) n

E"'(pTM(. 0:"" (3) PI{ pq II

+
(4. 16)

where the Fourier transformed quantities are again calculated The continuity of H equation becomes
TE"-TE(.) Ypq 'Ppq X,),

as in (4.11)_

Non
. gUIC

?"
_

.L...; [K 2 ( am, (3)] r!

"'TE( 'Ppq

am. (3) e j(om.d~"y) "

<pTE
pq

+ ETMJ pq)
=2

yTM"-TM( pq 'Ppq

"[K 2 (Cl'"" (3)] x,y .) - 2 L.J "

m,n

"-( . "Ppq am, (3) e j(am'+~,,"l. n

y In,!!,

cpTM

m,n,

(4.17)

We now apply the method-of-moments to the H-field equation (4. 17) by dotting both sides with cp;sE, cp~'vl., and integrating over the waveguide aperture to get the

69

expressions to follow.
TE (4.12a) (4.12b) Testing

rJ

p.q

m.n

m.1I

,nTIS

of
where
2 . 2

(4.18)

(4.13) (4 14)

(4. 19)

ru, Testing
(415)

p.q..._
m,n

(4 16)

(4.20)

Note: Equations (4.18) and (4.20) are actually valid for any orthogonal set of waveguide modes. Only (4.19) is specific to rectangular waveguides.
We can evaluate the Fourier transforms indicated in (4.11) as
"'TE( am, (3 ) '<Ypq
11 ~

1 {X p-rb, [.p I. j - "

SIne arnG!

p1T

)/2 - } . p
r

SIne Ct"Pl

+ p1T )/2]

. [jq sinc({3"b, - qrr)/2

(4. 17)

+r

sinc({3"b,
-

+ q-rr)/2]
+
q1T)/2]

. + Y.q7TG, [.q smc ({3 b I ) "

4j

- qrr)/2

sinc({3"b,

dotting get the

. [jP sinc(a",a,

- prr)/2

+ rp

sinc(ama,

+ p7T)/2]

(4.21)

70

,
qtra,
4)
pIT )/? - J'-p' SIne ( Ct:",a] -

I
, -rx

[.p.

SIne

ama]

+ p7T)/?]

.[j' sinc({3oh, - q7T)/2

+ Fq sinc({3"b, + q7T)/21
-

pITb, Iq ({3 b Y 4j J SIne "I - q7T)/2 - prr)/2

Fq

sinc({3"b,

qrr)/2]

.Lr sinc(a",a,
where

+ FP sinc(ao,"'

+ p-rr)/2]

(4.22)

sinc(x) = (sin

xlix

Ii

We have not yet mentioned explicitly that. whenever 0'6 + f36 > 0, we should incorporate into the waveguide mode functions the incident wave phase
(4.23)

I'

In addition, we should test with the conjugate of these functions. Hence, the terms 4J;:Ca",,{3,) and f/>;~I(a",,{3,,) become tP;;(a", - ao,/3" - f3o) and CP;~I(O:m - 0'0, {3" - f3o) The K-matrices will remain unchanged.

I'

4.2 DIELECTRIC-COVERED

WAVEGUIDE

PHASED ARRAYS
Fig. 4.'::

"
I I
I

Consider the waveguide phased array shown in Figure 4.3. As before, the incident fields are given by (4.4) and (4.5) and the reflected fields are given by (4.6) and
(4.7), The positive-a traveling magnetic field in region 2 is given by

and 21
1

m.II

(4.24)

where

Accon

IK ,( a"" {3,,)]

-I

k)_ -

ex;;, ~

'''/~ {3~ v k"j_ -

-1'=:'- Cf.",/3"

., - f3~ ., O:~p

Hence
(4.25)

The f11

7/

.r

"
)

z=O

z=d

t
j

Fig. 4.3 Slab-covered waveguide phased array

and 2M+(a ",B,,) is the spectrum of the equivalent magnetic currents at z The spectrum of the positive-traveling magnetic field at z = d is
l1

H+( am, f31/ ) ~=iI - [K 2 ( (fm,f3 -

11

)].

?M+( a",." e -)\I'" (3)

_

, a;"-{3;, d

(4.26)

According

to Appendix

B, we have
(4.27)

Hence.

(4.28)

The right half-space

equivalence

diagram is shown in Figure 4.4.

~

Ii
I

72

The

H'''(Q' '" ,

:;:
N

:;:
N

,
,

> .U

u
C

"

cr
u

-o
0

Henceforth replacing (

" '"
u

4.3 WAV
Once again in Figure t.

II 1

0'

0::

",

I
0::
,

,"

:;:

\, f ,

1
I

5;1

:";,:,:,:,:" ... ..... ... ,."""""'"'' '''t'''''''''''''

" " >

u
C

" " .u u,
~

" -e
.s:

c-

I
!

,2

"

" " "

eu
u c-

3
u

where the

.,
u o c u
>

" "'\

:1 +

""

'l.) ""

.<":;

:::l ;:: _-ul1)

_(IJ

u
(IJ -

t: 2
c,

:;:

:;:

"
~

=='

c ."" "

0 c,

"

.E;OU:::r}l
':.[)
Cl::

":::-~u
,-.. ::;l ~~

0:

.:::

- ::l

>

The reflect

c.., :'::
:::l

-;oj

-5
0

cr C;)

'" 'Oil ~

0-"'0 '..l C

..-.
..0

~ ~

.,. ._ "
-e

The positi-

"'

rc ,
I
I

73

The total magnetic field at z = 0+ is

H'"'(a",,/3")Fo'
I

~ H+Cam,/3"Lo' + 2H-(am./3,,),~o
[I]

+ 2IR"Cam,/3,,)I e-

j2Y

'l-o: ";d

HK,(a",,/3,,)]'

2M+cam,/3,,)
(4.29)

Henceforth, the solution proceeds as in the preceding section, except with (4.29) replacing (4.8).

4.3 WAVEGUIDE WITH A DIELECTRIC PLUG

Once again the solution proceeds along familiar lines. Consider the Structure sketched in Figure 4.5. The incident fields at z = - dare (4.30)
yTE,l m,n, yTM,1
mill,

<pTE

m,n,

(4.31)

where the 0/1 functions are as defined in (4.2) and (4.3), and as usual, <P~iXo/l The reflected fields in waveguide number 1 at z = -d are
~o '" E[an = L..J
In.n I

(4.32)

0mllo/mn

.I.TE

.I.TM + b milo/mil

(4.33) (4.34)

- L...J
m .n

'"

an",

yTE.I<pTE
mn

mn

bmTiynmn.. m l.I<p

I
I
I

The positive and negative traveling fields in region number 2 are: (4.35)
L...J
m.1I

'"

( +
em"

yTE.l<pTE IIIn mil

a:mn y.2<pTM) IIl1! mn

e -j-Y"'n~

(4.36)

74

where, as alv

! and

[J

z =- d
The primary
,I

Continuity

I
I

I'

I
I

Fig. 4.5 Dielectric plug loaded waveguide array

I,

(4.37)
m.II

where

'" -.L....,; (c- yTE.2.;hTE '",,, ""I ~m"

m.11

+ a: yTM.:! ...... TM) mn mn ' mn

e +j'tmn:

(4.38)

Subscript p

where
y",,, = "\

kl -

f111T

11-rr

--,
(4.39) Substituting

\ a

\ b

The transmitted

fields in region number 3 are

(4.40)
m,n

I
I

75

where, as always,
(4.41)

and

e
z

3 -

[K)(

"m .,il,.)1

-I
2wj.L]

Vk~ -

0:;, - f3; Ve- 3

:,

am

]:

- Ct,,,f31l

cl -,il' no
II

"

-a",f311

V k~- 0:;, -

{3~

Vk~.

k' - ,il'

(4.42)

o? m

{32 n

The primary unknown in this problem is the aperture electric field:

ETE",TE p., TM.I,TM + Epq 'f'pq

pq 0/ pq

(4.43)

Continuity of E and H fields at z ~ -d gives

(4.44) (4.45) (4.37)

(4.38)

I
!
,

where

Subscript p refers to TE/TM

yTE.18
mil

polarization,

and
emil

m,nJJ -

yTM,I8
mil

(4.39)

lIl,n,p

a ",n mil b yTM.l

11m mn

yTE.1

+ yTE.]:../..
mil

"Pmn
'+'mll -

em"

- yTE.2.+.*

mn 't'mn

(4.46) (4.47)

a:

mil

yTM.2,+.
mn

a:nonyTM.2A.* "'" ,+";",,

Substituting for amn, bmn from the first pair of equations into the second pair gives
yTE"8 mil
(4.40)
minI{'

_ =

yTM.18 mn min,p

a:
II!II

emil

<I> mn
mn

rTE
m"

yTM + a: * -TM mn mn /IInYmn

+ emil <1>* rTE - mn mn

(4.48) (4.49)

r
76

I
where

Y",,, = - (Ylnn

+
-

Y~n)
1

(4.50) (4.51)

II I
In addition,

~ YIlI"

1 I 2 (Ylnn

Y,mJ

we have (by continuity of E-fields at z ~ 0) (4.52)

I
E
II",

(4.53)

j
,

Using (4.48), (4.49), (4.52), and (4.53). we can solve for c,:." c""" all in terms of the aperture field coefficients E~~ E~~. get and We

rD* yTE;ETE ,mn m, mn

,

yTElo m,fI,p m"

--

Until no' and peric however pattern 0 the free-: the sums two-dim! because, case, hOI point sin

trornagne

(4.54) (4.55)

yTM 'f'1~" "'II

A.*

'+'mll

A.

y!

"'"

(4.56)

d",n =
\ I! I,

- 'f'mn

_./..yn.1E + In" m"

~

yTM.I

m"

In,n,P

(4.57)

5.1 WA
Consider fleeted f this case

At this point, we know all fields on either side of the z = 0 plane in terms of the (still unknown) aperture electric field. As before, we solve for the aperture electric field by enforcing continuity of tangential H-fields through the aperture.

Suggestions for Additional Reading

I. 2. 3. N. Amitay and V. Galindo. 1972.

Theory and Analysis of Phased Array Antennas. Wiley-Interscience,

or

V. Galindo and C. P. Wu "Dielectric Loaded and Covered Rectangular Waveguide Phased Arrays, ~ Bel/System Technical Journal, Vol. 47. pp. 93-116. January 1968. N. Amitay and V. Galindo. "The Analysis of Circular Waveguide Phased Arrays." Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 47. pp. 1903-1932, November 1968.