Introduction To Embedded Linux

FreeElectrons
Introduction toembedded Linux

MichaelOpdenacker ThomasPetazzoni FreeElectrons
Copyright2009,FreeElectrons. CreativeCommonsBYSA3.0license Latestupdate:May26,2010, Documentsources,updatesandtranslations: http://freeelectrons.com/docs/embeddedlinuxintro Corrections,suggestions,contributionsandtranslationsarewelcome!
FreeElectrons.Kernel,driversandembeddedLinuxdevelopment,consulting,trainingandsupport.http//freeelectrons.com
Embeddedsystem?
An embedded system is a specialpurpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with realtime computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embeddedsystemscontrolmanyofthecommondevices inusetoday.
Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
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Manydifferentsystems
Averygenericdefinition Coversverydifferenttypesofsystems Fuzzyborderwithstandardsystems. Consumerelectronics(CE)products Homerouters,DVDplayers,TVsets,digitalcameras,GPS, camcorders,mobilephones,microwaveovens... Industrialproducts Machinecontrol,alarms,surveillancesystems,automotive, rail,aircraft,satellite...
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Manydifferentproducts
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EmbeddedLinux
TheFreeSoftwareandOpenSourceworldoffersabroad rangeoftoolstodevelopembeddedsystems. Advantages
Reuseofexistingcomponentsforthebasesystem. Allowstofocusontheaddedvalueoftheproduct. Highquality,provencomponents(Linuxkernel,Clibraries...) Completecontrolonthechoiceofcomponents. Modificationspossiblewithoutexternalconstraints. Communitysupport:tutorials,mailinglists... Lowcost,inparticularnoperunitroyalties. Potentiallylesslegalissues. Easieraccesstosoftwareandtools.
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Deviceexamples
GPS:TomTomandGarmin Homenetworkrouters:Linksys,Netgear PDA:Zaurus,NokiaN8x0 TVs,camcorders,DVDplayers:Sony,Philips Mobilephones:Motorola,Android,OpenMoko Industrialmachinery Andmanyotherproductsyoudon'tevenimagine...
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Quiz
ItworkswithLinux,butwhatisitfor?
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Answer
Tomilkcows!
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Globalarchitecture
Application Application
Tools
Library
Library
Library
StandardClibrary Linuxkernel Bootloader Hardware

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Embeddedhardware
Hardwareforembeddedsystemsisoftendifferentfrom hardwareforclassicalsystems.
OftenadifferentCPUarchitecture: oftenARM,MIPSorPowerPC.x86isalsoused. Storageonflashstorage,NORorNANDtype,oftenwith limitedcapacity(fromafewMBtohundredsofMB) LimitedRAMcapacity(fromafewMBtoseveraltensofMB) Manyinterconnectbusnotoftenfoundonthedesktop:I2C, SPI,SSP,CAN,etc.
Developmentboardsstarting fromafewhundredsofEUR/USD
Oftenusedasabasisforthefinalboarddesign.
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Examples
Picotux100 ARM755MHz,Netsilicon NS7520 2MBofflash 8MBofRAM Ethernet 5GPIOs Serial OpenMoko ARM920T400MHz, Samsung2442B 2MBofNORflash 128MBofRAM 256MBofNANDflash 640x480touchscreen, Bluetooth,GSM,serial, GPS,sound,2buttons, Wifi,USB,etc.
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Minimumrequirements
ACPUsupportedbygccandtheLinuxkernel
32bitCPU MMUlessCPUsarealsosupported,throughtheuClinuxproject.
AfewMBofRAM,from4MB. 8MBareneededtodoreallydosomething. AfewMBofstorage,from2MB. 4MBtoreallydosomething. Linuxisn'tdesignedforsmallmicrocontrollersthatjusthavea fewtensorhundredsofKBofflashandRAM.

Basemetal,noOS Reducedsystems,suchasFreeRTOS
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Softwarecomponents
Crosscompilationtoolchain
Compilerthatrunsonthedevelopmentmachine,butgenerates codeforthetarget
Bootloader
Startedbythehardware,responsibleforbasicinitialization,loading andexecutingthekernel
LinuxKernel
Containstheprocessandmemorymanagement,networkstack, devicedriversandprovidesservicestouserspaceapplications
Clibrary
Theinterfacebetweenthekernelandtheuserspaceapplications
Librariesandapplications
Thirdpartyorinhouse
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EmbeddedLinuxwork
Severaldistincttasksareneededwhendeploying embeddedLinuxinaproduct BoardSupportPackagedevelopment
ABSPcontainsabootloaderandkernelwiththesuitabledevice driversforthetargetedhardware PurposeofourKernelDevelopmenttraining
Systemintegration
Integrateallthecomponents,bootloader,kernel,thirdpartylibraries andapplicationsandinhouseapplicationsintoaworkingsystem Purposeofthistraining
Developmentofapplications
NormalLinuxapplications,butusingspecificallychosenlibraries
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Rootfilesystem
InaLinuxsystem,several filesystemsaremountedandcreatea globalhierarchyoffilesand directories Aparticularfilesystem,theroot filesystem,ismountedas/ Onembeddedsystems,thisroot filesystemcontainsallthelibraries, applicationsanddataofthesystem Therefore,buildingtheroot filesystemisoneofthemaintasksof integratingembeddedLinux componentsintoadevice Thekernelisusuallykeptseparate
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Flashcontents
Bootloader Kernel
Root filesystem
Developmentenvironment
TwowaystoswitchtoembeddedLinux
UsesolutionsprovidedandsupportedbyvendorslikeMontaVista, WindRiverorTimeSys.Thesesolutionscomewiththeirown developmenttoolsandenvironment Usecommunitysolutions
InFreeElectronstrainings,wedonotpromoteaparticular vendor,andthereforeusecommunitysolutions
However,knowingtheconcepts,switchingtovendorsolutionswill beeasy
DoingembeddedLinuxdevelopmentrequiresLinuxonthe desktop
ThecommunitysolutionsusuallyonlyexistonLinux UnderstandingLinuxonthedesktopallowsyoutobetter understandLinuxonthedevice
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Relateddocuments
Allourtechnicalpresentations onhttp://freeelectrons.com/docs Linuxkernel Devicedrivers Architecturespecifics EmbeddedLinuxsystemdevelopment

Howtohelp
Youcanhelpustoimproveandmaintainthisdocument... Bysendingcorrections,suggestions,contributionsand translations Byaskingyourorganizationtoorderdevelopment,consulting andtrainingservicesperformedbytheauthorsofthese documents(seehttp://freeelectrons.com/). Bysharingthisdocumentwithyourfriends,colleagues andwiththelocalFreeSoftwarecommunity. Byaddinglinksonyourwebsitetoouronlinematerials, toincreasetheirvisibilityinsearchengineresults.
Linuxkernel Linuxdevicedrivers Boardsupportcode Mainstreamingkernelcode Kerneldebugging EmbeddedLinuxTraining Allmaterialsreleasedwithafreelicense! UnixandGNU/Linuxbasics Linuxkernelanddriversdevelopment RealtimeLinux,uClinux Developmentandprofilingtools Lightweighttoolsforembeddedsystems Rootfilesystemcreation Audioandmultimedia Systemoptimization
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CustomDevelopment Systemintegration EmbeddedLinuxdemosandprototypes Systemoptimization Applicationandinterfacedevelopment Consultingandtechnicalsupport Helpindecisionmaking Systemarchitecture Systemdesignandperformancereview Developmenttoolandapplicationsupport Investigatingissuesandfixingtoolbugs

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FreeElectrons

Introduction toembedded Linux

Copyright2009,FreeElectrons. CreativeCommonsBYSA3.0license Latestupdate:May26,2010, Documentsources,updatesandtranslations: http://freeelectrons.com/docs/embeddedlinuxintro Corrections,suggestions,contributionsandtranslationsarewelcome!

StandardClibrary Linuxkernel Bootloader Hardware

AfewMBofRAM,from4MB. 8MBareneededtodoreallydosomething. AfewMBofstorage,from2MB. 4MBtoreallydosomething. Linuxisn'tdesignedforsmallmicrocontrollersthatjusthavea fewtensorhundredsofKBofflashandRAM.

Allourtechnicalpresentations onhttp://freeelectrons.com/docs Linuxkernel Devicedrivers Architecturespecifics EmbeddedLinuxsystemdevelopment

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