Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur

Statistical quality control

Sayed ibn rashid

Question 1. What do you mean by Quality and Quality control ?

Answer: Quality : By quality we mean an attribute of the product that determines its fitness for use. The range of these attributes is pretty wide physical , chemical , aesthetic etc. Quality control: Quality control is a powerful productivity technique for effective diagnosis of lack of quality in any of the materials, processes, machines or end- products.

Question 2. What do you mean by statistical quality control?

Answer: Statistical quality control: statistical quality control means planned collection and effective use of data for studying uses of variations in quality either as between processes, procedures, materials, machines etc, or over periods of time . A production process is said to be in state of statistical control, if it is governed by chance causes alone, in the absence of assignable causes of variation.

Question 3. Describe the factors of Quality control.

Answer: There are four main factors of quality control and process of production which may be discuss briefly as follow: (i) Quality of materials: Material of good quality will result in smooth processing thereby reducing the waste and increasing the output. It also give better finish to end products. Quality of manpower: Trained and qualified person that will give increased efficiency due to the better quality production through the application of skill and also reduce production cost and waste. Quality of machines : Better quality equipment will result in efficiency work due to lack or scarcity of breakdowns and thus reduce the cost defectives. Quality of management: A good management is imperative for increase in efficiency, harmony in relations, growth of business and markets.

(ii)

(iii) (iv)

Question 4. What are the causes of variation? Describe them.

Answer: The variations are broadly classified as being due to two causes. (i) (ii) Chance causes or Random causes. Assignable causes.

(i)

(ii)

Chance causes: Some stable pattern of variation or a constant cause system is inherent in any particular scheme of production and inspection . this pattern results from many minor causes that behave in a random manner. The variation due to these causes is beyond the control of human hand can not be prevented or eliminated under any circumstances. One has got to allow for variation within this stable pattern, usually termed as allowable variation. Assignable causes: Which variation has no effect of chance only depends on reduce able causes of variation is known as assignable causes .The assignable causes may creep in at any stage of the process, right from the arrival of the raw materials to the final delivery of goods. Some of the important factors of assignable causes of variation are sub standard or defective raw material, new techniques or operation, negligence of the operators, wrong or improper handling of machines, faulty equipment, unskilled or inexperienced technical staff and so on. These causes can be identified and eliminated and are to be discovered in a production process before it goes wrong. i.e., before the production becomes defective.

S.Q.C:
Statistical quality control a means planned collection and effective use of data for studying causes of variations in quality either as between processes, procedures, materials, machines etc., or over periods of time. Statistical quality control is a branch of quality control where statistical

techniques are applied to control the quality of a product or service. By statistical quality control we mean the identification and removal of assignable causes of variation from the production process by some

statistical method. So as to allow the full specification to the consumer. That is the collection, analysis and interpretation of data for studying the causes of variation . In other words , statistical quality control is a productivity enhancing and regulatory technique (PERT) with three factors management, methods and mathematics

Question 5. Distinguish between chance causes and assignable causes. Answer:

The distinguish between chance causes and assignable causes are given below: Chance causes Assignable causes

1. Chance causes is a random 1. Assignable causes is a non manner causes. random causes. 2. Chance causes cannot be 2. Assignable causes can be prevented or eliminated under any eliminated under any circumstances. circumstances. 3. Chance causes is allowable 3. Assignable causes is not variation. allowable causes. 4. this type of variation have no any 4. Assignable causes has some importance factors. of the importance factors.

5. The variation due to this causes is 5.The elimination of assignable beyond the control of human hand. causes of erratic fluctuations is describe as bringing a process under control.

Question 6.What are the function of SQC? Answer:

An statistical quality control department is, thus an essential part of a modern plant and its important functions are as follows: (i) Evaluation of quality standards of incoming materials, products in process and of finished goods. (ii) Judging the conformity of the process to established standards and taking suitable action when deviation are noted. (iii) Evaluation of optimum quality obtainable under given conditions.

(iv)

Improvement of quality and productivity by process control and experimentation.

Question 7. What do you mean by process and product control? Answer: Process control:
we want to ensure that the proportion of defective items in the manufactured product is not too large. This is called process control. And is achieved through the technique of control charts pioneered by W.A Shewhart. The main objective in any production process is to control and maintain the quality of the manufactured product so that it conforms to specified quality standards.

Product control: By product control we mean controlling the quality of the

product by critical examination at strategic points and this is achieved through sampling inspection plans pioneered by Dodge and Romig. Product control aims at guaranteeing a certain quality level is being maintained by the producer. In other words , it attempts to ensure that the product marketed by sale department does not contain a large number of defective (unsatisfactory) items.

Question 8. What do you mean by control chart? Answer:

Control chart: Control chart is a simple pictorial device for detecting unnatural
patterns of variations in data resulting from the repetitive processes. Control chart was developed by W.A Shewharts.

U.C.L 3-sigma 3-sigma AVERAGE L.C.L

Control chart
A typical control chart consists of the following three horizontal lines: (i) A central line (CL) to indicate the desired or the level of the process. (ii) Upper control limit( UCL) and (iii) Lower control limit( LCL).

Question 9. What are the uses of control chart?

Answer: The uses of the control chart describing below: Control chart provide a powerful tool of discovering and correction the assignable causes of variation outside the state pattern of chance causes , thus enabling us to stabilize and control our processes at desired performances and thus bring the process under statistical control. Control chart provide criteria for detecting lack of statistical control . Any sample point going outside the 3-sigma control limits is an indication of the lack of statistical control .i.e., presence of some assignable causes of variation which must be traced, identified and eliminated.

Question 10. What are the uses of S.Q.C?

Answer: We use the statistical quality control because it is good process. The advantage of SQC is given below: (i) The most important advantage of SQC is that helps in the detection and correction of many production troubles and brings about a substantial improvement in the product quality and reduction of spoilage. (ii) It tells us when to leave a process along and when to take action to correct troubles, thus preventing frequent and unwarranted adjustments. (iii) If a process in control is not good enough. We shall have to make more or less radical change in the process just meddling with it wont help. (iv) A process in control is predictable we know what it is going to do and thus we can more safely guarantee the product. (v) If testing is destructive, a process in control gives confidence in the quality of untested product which is not the case otherwise. (vi) It provides better quality assurance at lower inspection cost.

(vii) Quality control finds its application not only in the sphere of production, but also in other areas like packaging , scrap and spoilage reconvening advertising etc. (viii) The every presence of a quality control scheme in a plant improve and alerts the personnel. (ix) SQC reduce waste of time and material the absolute minimum by giving and early warning about the occurrence of defects.

Quality control approach and benefits:

Planned collection of data , analysis and interpretation. Improvement in product quality and design. Reduction in operating costs and losses. Reduction in scrap. Saving in excess use of materials. Removing production bottlenecks. Reduction in inspection. Evaluation of scientific tolerances. Improvement of employee morale. Maintenance of operating efficiency. Quality consciousness. Greater customer satisfaction