THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM IN SPACE

Let O be any point in space and be three lines perpendicular to each other. These lines are known as coordinate axes and O is called origin. The planes XY, YZ, ZX are known as the coordinate planes.

Coordinates of a Point in Space:

Consider a point P in space. The position of the point P is given by triad (x, y, z) where x, y, z are perpendicular distance from YZ-plane, ZX-plane and XY-plane respectively. If We assume i, j, k unit vectors along OX, OY, OZ respectively, then position vector of point P is xi + yj + zk or simply (x, y, z).

x-axis = {( x, y, z) | y = z = 0} y-axis = {(x, y, z) | x = z = 0} z-axis = {(x, y, z) | x = y = 0} xy plane = {(x, y, z) | z = 0} yz plane = {(x, y, z) | x = 0} zx plane = {(x, y, z) | y = 0} 2 2 2 OP = x + y + z

hifting the Origin:

Shifting the origin to another point without changing the directions of the axes is called the translation of axes.

Let the origin O be shifted to another point O' (x', y', z') without changing the direction of axes. Let the new coordinate frame be O'X'Y'Z'. Let P (x, y, z) be a point with respect to the coordinate frame OXYZ.

Then, coordinate of point P w.r.t. new coordinate frame O'X'Y'Z' is (x1, y1, z1), where

x1 = x x', y1 = y y', z1 = z z'

Example -1: If the origin is shifted (1, 2, 3) without changing the directions of the axes then find the new coordinates of the point (0, 4, 5) with respect to new frame. Solution: x' = x x1, where (x1, y1, z1) is the shifted origin y' = y y1 z' = z z1 x' = 0 1 = 1 y' = 4 2 = 2 z' = 5 + 3 = 8 The coordinates of the point w.r.t. to new coordinate frame is (-1, 2, 8). Note: Distance between the points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) is 2 2 2 (x1 x2) + (y1 y2) + (z1 z2) The point dividing the line joining P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) in m : n ratio is (mx2 nx1 / m + n, my2 ny1 / m + n, mz2 nz1 / m + n) where m + n 0 ., The coordinates of centroid of a triangle having vertices A (x 1, y1, z1), B (x2, y2, z2) and C (x3, y3, z3) is G (x1 + x2 + x3 / 3, y1 + y2 + y3 / 3, z1 + z2 + z3 / 3). Example -2: Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line joining points (2, 3, 4) and (3, 4, 7) in ratio 3 : 5. Solution: Let the coordinates of the required point be (x, y, z), then

x = 2(3) + 3(5) / 3 + 5 = 21/8 y = 3(3) 4(5) / 3 + 5 = 11/8 z = 4(3) + 7(5) / 3 + 5 = 47/8 Hence the required point is (21/8, 11/8, 47/8). Example -3: Prove that the three points A (3, 2, 4), B (1, 1, 1) and C (1, 4, 2) are collinear. Solution: The general coordinates of a point R which divides the line joining A (3, 2, 4) and B (1, 1, 1) in the ratio : 1 are ( + 3 / + 1, 2 / + 1, + 4 / + 1) (1) If C (1, 4, 2) lies on the line AB, then for some value of m the coordinates of the point R will be the same as those of C. Let x-coordinate of point R = x-coordinate of point C. Then, + 3 / + 1 = 1 => = 2 Putting = 2 in (1) the coordinates of R are (1, 4, 2) which are also the coordinates of C. Hence the points A, B, C are collinear.

DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE

If , , be the angles which a given directed line makes with the positive directions of the co-ordinate axes, then cos, cos, cos are called the direction cosines of the given line and are generally denoted by l, m, n respectively. Thus, l = cos, m = cos and n = cos By the definition it follows that the direction cosine of the axis of x are respectively cos0, cos90, cos 90 i.e. (1, 0, 0). Similarly direction cosines of the axes of y and z are respectively (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).

Relation between the Direction Cosines:

Let OP be any line through the origin O which has direction cosines l, m, n. Dig: Relation Let P (x, y, z) and OP = r 2 2 2 2 2 cosines Then OP = x + y + z = r . (1) From P draw PA, PB, PC perpendicular on the coordinate axes, so that OA = x, OB = y, OC = z. Also, POA = , POB = and POC = . From triangle AOP, l = cos = x/r => x = lr between direction

Similarly y = mr and z = nr Hence from (1) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 r (l + m + n ) = x + y + z = r => l + m + n = 1 Note: If the coordinates of any point P be (x, y, z) and l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line OP, O being the origin, then (lr, mr, nr) will give us the co-ordinates of a point on the line OP which is at a distance r from (0, 0, 0).

Direction Ratios:
If a, b, c are three numbers proportional to the direction cosine l, m, n of a straight line, then a, b, c are called its direction ratios. They are also called direction numbers or direction components. Hence by definition, we have 1/a = m/b = n/c = k (say) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 => l = ak, m = bk, n = ck => k (a + b + c ) = l + m + n = 1 2 2 2 2 => k = 1 / a + b + c = 1/a l = a/a . Similarly m = b/a and n = n/a
2 2 2

where the same sign either positive or negative is to be chosen throughout. Example: If 2, 3, 6 be the direction ratios, then the actual direction cosines are 2/7, 3/7, 6/7. Note: Direction cosines of a line are unique but direction ratios of a line in no way unique but can be infinite.

Parallel Lines:
Since parallel lines have the same direction, it follows that the direction cosines of two or more parallel straight lines are the same. So in case of lines, which do not pass through the origin, we can draw a parallel line passing through the origin and direction cosines of that line can be found. CXmhaU -4: Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations l5m + 2 2 2 3n = 0 and 7l + 5m 3n = 0. hb : The given relations are l5m + 3n = 0 => l = 5m 3n (1) 2 2 2 and 7l + 5m 3n = 0 (2) Putting the value of l from (1) in (2), we get 2 2 2 7(5m 3n) + 5m 3n = 0 2 2 or, 180m 210mn + 60n = 0 or, (2m n)(3m 2n) = 0 m/n = 1/2 or 2/3 when m/n = 1/2 i.e. n = 2m l = 5m 3n = m or 1/m = 1 thus and = 1 giving 2 2 2 2 2 2 or, 1/1 = m/1 = n/2 = (l + m + n ) / {(1) + l + 2 } = 1/v6 So, direction cosines of one line are 1/v6, 1/v6, 2/v6 Again when m/n = 2/3 or n = 3m/2 l = 5m 3.3m/2 = m/2 or 1/m = 1/2 2 2 2 Thus, m/n = 2/3 and i/m = 1/2 giving i/1 = m/2 = n/3 = 1/v1 + 2 + 3 = 1/v14 The direction cosines of the other line are 1/v14, 2/v14, 3/v14.

Direction Cosine of a Line joining two given Points:

The direction ratios of line PQ joining P (x 1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are x2 x1 = a(say), y2 y1 = b (say) and z2 z1 = c (say). Then direction cosines are 2 l = (x2 x1) / (x2 x1) , m = (y2 y1) / (x2 2 2 x1) , n = (z2 z1) / (x2 x1)

Alt txt: direction cosine of a line CXmhaU -5: Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the line joining the points A(6, 7, 1) and B(2, 3, 1). hb : Direction ratios of AB are (4, 4, 2) = (2, 2, 1) 2 2 2 a +b +c =9 Direction cosines are ( 2/3, 2/3, 1/3).

Angle between two Lines:

Let be the angle between two straight lines AB and AC whose direction cosines are given whose direction cosines are l 1, m1, n1and l2, m2, n2 respectively, is given by cosq = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 If direction ratios of two lines are a 1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are given, then angle between two lines is given by cos = Particular Results: We have, sin = 1 cos 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = (i1 + m1 + n1 )(i2 + m2 + n2 ) (l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2) = (l1m2 l2m1) + (m1n2 m2n1) + (n1l2 n2l1) 2 => sin = (l1m2 l2m1) . Condition of perpendicularity: If the given lines are perpendicular, then = 90 i.e. cos = 0 => l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 or a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 . Condition of parallelism: If the given lines are parallel, then q = 0 i.e. sin = 0 (l1m2 l2m1) + (m1n2 m2n1) + (n1l2 n2l1)
2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2

alt txt: angle between two lines

which is true, only when

l1m2 l2m1 = 0, m1n2 m2n1 = 0 and n1l2 n2l1 = 0 => I1/l2 = m1/m2 = n1/n2

Similarly, a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2.

CXmhaU -6:

Show that two lines having direction ratios 1, 3, 2 and 2, 2, 2 are perpendicular.

hb :

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(2) + (3)(2) + (2)(2) = 2 + 6 4 = 0

lines are perpendicular

Projection of a Line:
Projection of the line joining two point P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) on another line whose direction cosines are l, m, n is AB = l(x2 x1) + m(y2 y1) + n(z2 z1)

Perpendicular Distance of a Point from a Line:

Let AB is straight line passing through point A (a, b, c) and having direction cosines l, m, n. AN = projection of line AP on straight line AB = l(x a) + m(y b) + n(z c) 2 2 2 and AP = (xa) + (yb) + (zc) perpendicular distance of point P 2 2 PN = AP AN

CXmhaU -7: Find out perpendicular distance of point P (0, 1, 3) from straight line passing through A (1, 3, 2) and having direction ratios 1, 2, 2.

hb :

Direction cosines of the line is 1/1 + 2 + 2 , 2/1 + 2 + 2 , 2/1 + 2 + 2

i.e. .1/3, 2/3, 2/3

PN = l(x a) + m(y b) + n(z c)

1/3 = (0 1) + 2/3 (1 + 3) + 2/3 (3 2) = 5/3

AP = (01) + (1 + 3) + (32) = 6

Perpendicular distance PN = AP PN = 625/9 = 29/3.

Area of a Triangle

So, area of ABC is given by the relation = x + y + z

THE

PLANE

Definition: Consider the locus of a point P(x, y, z). If x, y, z are allowed to vary without any
restriction for their different combinations, we have a set of points like P. The surface on which these points lie, is called the locus of P. It may be a plane or any curved surface. If Q be any other point on its locus and all points of the straight line PQ lie on it, it is a plane. In other words if the straight line PQ, however small and in whatever direction it may be, lies completely on the locus, it is a plane, otherwise any curved surface. Equation of Plane in Different Forms: General equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0 Equation of the plane in Normal form is lx + my + nz = p where p is the length of the normal from the origin to the plane and (l, m, n) be the direction cosines of the normal. The equation to the plane passing through P(x1, y1, z1) and having direction ratios (a, b, c) for its normal is a(x x1) + b(y y1) + c (z z1) = 0 The equation of the plane passing through three non-collinear points (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3 , z3) is =0 The equation of the plane whose intercepts are a, b, c on the x, y, z axes respectively is x/a + y/b + z/c = 1 (a b c 0) Equation of YZ plane is x = 0, equation of plane parallel to YZ plane is x = d. Equation of ZX plane is y = 0, equation of plane parallel to ZX plane is y = d. Equation of XY plane is z = 0, equation of plane parallel to XY plane is z = d. Four points namely A (x1, y1, z1), B (x2, y2, z2), C (x3, y3, z3) and D (x4, y4, z4) will be coplanar if one point lies on the plane passing through other three points. CXmhaU -8: Find the equation to the plane passing through the point (2, -1, 3) which is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane. hb : The direction ratios of the normal to the plane are 2, -1, 3.

The equation of required plane is 2(x 2) 1 (y + 1) + 3 (z 3) = 0

=> 2x y + 3z 14 = 0

Angle between the Planes

Angle between the planes is defined as angle between normals of the planes drawn from any point to the planes.

Angle between the planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0

is

Note:

If a1a2 +b1b2 +c1c2 = 0, then the planes are perpendicular to each other.

If a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2 then the planes are parallel to each other.

CXmhaU -9: Find angle between the planes 2x y + z = 11 and x + y + 2z = 3.

hb :

CXmhaU -10: to x-axis.

Find the equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, 4), (1, 1, 3) and parallel

hb :

The equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, 4) is

a(x 2) + b(y 3) + c(z + 4) = 0

(1)

since (1, 1, 3) lie on it, we have

a + 4b 7c = 0

(2)

since required plane is parallel to x-axis i.e. perpendicular to YZ plane i.e.

1.a + 0.b + 0.c = 0 a = 0 4b 7c = 0 => b/7 = c/4

Equation of required plane is 7y + 4z = 5.

Perpendicular Distance:
The length of the perpendicular from the point P(x1, y1, z1) to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is|ax 1 + 2 2 2 by1 + cz1 + d / a + b + c |.

Family of Planes:
Equation of plane passing through the line of intersection of two planes u = 0 and v = 0 is u + v = 0.

Intersection of a Line and Plane:

If equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0, then direction cosines of normal to this plane are a, b, c. So angle between normal to the plane and a straight line having direction cosines l, m ,n is given by 2 2 2 cos = al + bm + cn / a + b + c . Then angle between the plane and the straight line is /2 . Plane and straight line will be parallel if al + bm + cn = 0 Plane and straight line will be perpendicular if a/l = b/m = c/n. CXmhaU -11: Find the equation of plane passing through the intersection of planes 2x 4y + 3z + 5= 0, x + y + z = 6 and parallel to straight line having direction cosines (1, 1, 1). hb : Equation of required plane be (2x 4y + 3z + 5) + (x + y z 6) = 0

i.e. (2 + )x + (4 + )y + z(3 ) + (5 6)

=0

This plane is parallel to a straight line. So, al + bm + cn = 0

1(2 + ) + (1)(4 + ) + (1)(3 ) = 0 i.e. = 3

Equation of required plane is x 7y + 6z + 23 = 0

i.e. x + 7y 6z 23 = 0.

Bisector Planes of Angle between two Planes:

The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between two given planes a 1x +b1y +c1z +d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z +d2 = 0 is

THE STRAIGHT LINE

Straight line in three dimensional geometry is defined as intersection of two planes. So general equation of straight line is stated as the equations of both plane together i.e. general equation of straight line is a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 (1) So, equation (1) represents straight line which is obtained by intersection of two planes.

Equation of Straight Line in Different Forms: Symmetrical

Form:

Equation of straight line passing through point P (x1, y1, z1) and whose direction cosines are l, m, n is xx1 = y y1/m = z z1 / n Equation of straight line passing through two points P (x 1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) is xx1 / x2 x1 = y y1 / y2 y1 = z y1 / z2 z1

Note:

The general coordinates of a point on a line is given by (x 1 + lr, y1 + mr, z1 + nr) where r is distance between point (x1, y1, z1) and point whose coordinates is to be written. CXmhaU 10. Find the equations of the straight lines through the point (a, b, c) which are (a) parallel to z-axis (b) perpendicular to z-axis 0 0 0 10. (i) Equation of straight lines parallel to z-axis have = 90 , = 90 , = 0

=> l = 0, m = 0, n = 1

Therefore equation of straight line is parallel to z-axis and passing through (a, b, c) is x a / 0 =yb/0=zc/1

(ii)

equation of straight lines perpendicular to z-axis

let they make , angle with x and y axes respectively.

Then equation of straight lines perpendicular to z axis and passing through (a, b, c) is xa / cos = y b / sin = z c / 0

=> x a / l = y b / m = z c / 0.

CXmhaU -12: Find the coordinates of the point where the line joining the points (2, 3, 1) and (3, 4, 5) cuts the plane 2x + y + z = 7.

hb :

The direction ratios of the line are 3 2, 4 (3), 5 1 i.e. 1, 1, 6

Hence equation of the line joining the given points is

x2 / 1 = y + 3 / 1 = z 1 / 6 = r (say)

Coordinates of any point on this line are (r + 2, r 3, 6r + 1)

If this point lies on the given plane 2x + y + z = 7, then

2(r + 2) + (r 3) + (6r + 1) = 7 => r = 1

Coordinates of the point are (1 + 2, (1) 3, 6(1) + 1) i.e. (1, 2, 7).

Note:
If equation of straight line is given in general form, it can be changed into symmetrical form. The method is described in following Example.

CXmhaU -13:

Find in symmetrical form the equations of the line

3x + 2y z 4 = 0= 4x + y 2z + 3.

hb :

The equation of the line in general form are

3x + 2y z 4 = 0, 4x + y 2z + 3 = 0

(1)

Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line. Since the line is common to both the planes, it is perpendicular to the normals to both the planes.

Hence 3l + 2m n = 0, 4l + m 2n = 0

Solving these we get,

1/4+1 = m4+6 = n/38 i.e. 1/3 = m/2 = n/5 = 1/(3) + 2 + (5) = 1/38

So, direction cosines of the line are 3/38, 2/38, 5/38

Now to find the coordinates of a point on a line. Let us find out the point where it meets the plane z = 0. Putting z = 0 in the equation given by (1), we have

3x + 2y 4 = 0, 4x + y + 3 = 0

solving these, we get x = 2, y = 5

So, one point of the line is (2, 5, 0)

equation of the line in symmetrical form is

i.e. .

Shortest

Distance

between

two

non

Intersecting

Line:

Two lines are called non intersecting lines if they do not lie in the same plane. The straight line which is perpendicular to each of non-intersecting lines is called the line of shortest distance. And length of shortest distance line intercepted between two lines is called length of shortest distance. Method: Let the equation of two non-intersecting lines be

xx1 / l1 = yy1/m1 = zz1/n1 = r1 (say)

(1)

And xx2 / l2 = yy2/m2 = zz2/n2 = r2 (say)

(2)

Any point on line (1) is P (x1 + l1r1, y1 + m1r1, z1 + n1r1) and on line (2) is

Q (x2 + l2r2, y2 + m2r2, z2 + n2r2).

Let PQ be the line of shortest distance. Its direction ratios will be

[(l1r1 + x1 x2 l2r2), (m1r1 + y1 y2 m2r2), (n1r1 + z1 z2 n2r2)]

This line is perpendicular to both given line. By using condition of perpendicularity we obtain 2 equations in r1 and r2.

So by solving these, values of r1 and r2 can be found. And subsequently point P and Q can be found. The distance PQ is shortest distance.

The shortest distance can be found by PQ =

Note: If any straight line is given in general form then it can be transformed into symmetrical form and we can further proceed.

CXmhaU -14: Find the shortest distance between the lines , x3/3 = y 8/1 = z3/1, x + 3/3 = y+7/2 = z6/4 . Also find the equation of line of shortest distance.

hb :

Given lines are x3/3 = y8/1 = z3/1 = r1 (say)

(1)

= x+3 / 3 = y + 7 / 2 = z 6 / 4 = r2 (say)

(2)

Any point on line (1) is P (3r1 + 3, 8 r1, r1 + 3) and on line (2) is

Q (3 3r2, 2r2 7, 4r2 + 6).

If PQ is line of shortest distance, then direction ratios of PQ

= (3r1 + 3) (3 3r2), (8 r1) (2r2 7), (r1+ 3) (4r2 + 6)

i.e. 3r1 + 3r2 + 6, r1 3r2 + 15, r1 4r2 3

As PQ is perpendicular to liens (1) and (2)

3(3r1 + 3r2 + 6) 1(r1 2r2 + 15) + 1(r1 4r2 + 3) = 0

=> 11r1 + 7r2 = 0

(3)

and 3(3r1 + 3r2 + 6) + 2(r1 2r2 + 15) + 4(r1 4r2 + 3) = 0

i.e. 7r1 + 11r2 = 0

(4)

On solving equations (3) and (4), we get r1 = r2= 0.

So, point P (3, 8,3) and Q (3, 7, 6)

Length of shortest distance PQ = {(33) + (78) + (63) } = 330

Direction ratios of shortest distance line is 2, 5, 1

 Equation of shortest distance line x3/2 = y8/5 = z3/1.

THE

SPHERE

A sphere is a locus of a point which moves in space such that its distance from a fixed point is constant. Fixed point is called centre of sphere and constant distance is called radius of sphere.

Equation of Sphere in Different Forms:

If centre of sphere is (a, b, c) and radius is r, then equation of sphere is 2 2 2 2 (x a) + (y b) + (z c) = r . 2 2 2 2 If centre of sphere is origin and radius is r, then x + y + z = r . 2 2 2 General form: The general equation of a sphere is x + y + z + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 2 2 2 Centre of sphere = (u, v, w), radius = + v + w d. Diameter form: Equation of a sphere whose extremities of diameter are A (x 1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) is (x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) + (z z1) (z z2) = 0. CXmhaU 13. Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the points (1, 3, 4), (1, 5, 2) and (1, 3, 0) and whose centre is on the plane x + y + z = 0. hb : Let equation of the sphere be 2 2 2 x + y + z + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 its centre is (- u, - v, - w) which is on x + y + z = 0 => u + v + w = 0 it passes through (1, - 3, 4) => 2u - 6v + 8w + d = - 26 (1, - 5, 2) => 2 u - 10 v + 4 w + d = - 30 and it passes through (1, - 3, 0) => 2 u - 6 v + d = - 10 solving these four equations we get, u = - 1, v = 3, w = - 2 and d = 10 Therefore required equation of the sphere is 2 2 2 x + y + z -2 x + 6 y-4

(1) (2) (3) (4)

10

0.

CXmhaU -15: Find the equation of the sphere whose centre is (2, 3, 4) and which passes through the point (1, 2, 1). 2 2 hb : Radius of sphere = {(21)2 + (32) + (4+1) } = 51 2 2 2 2 Equation of the sphere is (x 2) + (y + 3) + (z 4) = (51) 2 2 2 i.e. x + y + z 4x + 6y 8z 22 = 0.

1. The angle between two lines whose direction cosines are given by the equation l + m + n = 0, l + 2 2 m + n = 0 is (A) /3 hb : (B) 2/3 (C) /4 (D) None of these Eliminating n between the two relations, we have 2 2 2 l + m (l + m) = 0 or 2lm = 0 => either l = 0 or m = 0 if l = 0, then m + n = 0 i,e. m = n => l/0 = m/1 = n/1, giving the direction ratios of one line. If m = 0, then l + n = 0 i.e. l = n => l/0 = m/1 = n/1, giving direction ratios of the other lines. The angles between these lines is

2. The equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the planes x + y + z 6 = 0 and 2x + 3y + z + 5 = 0 and perpendicular to the xy plane is: (A) x 2y + 11 = 0 (B) x + 2y + 11 = 0 (C) x + 2y 11 = 0 (D) x 2y 11 = 0 Equation of the required plane is (x + y + z 6) + (2x + 3y + z + 5) = 0 i.e. (1 + 2)x + (1 + 3)y + (1 + )z + (6 + 5) = 0 This plane is perpendicular to xy plane whose equation is z = 0 i.e. 0 . x + 0 . y + z = 0 By condition of perpendicularity 0.(1 + 2) + 0. (1 + 3) + (1 + ) .1 = 0 i.e. = 1 Equation of required plane is (1 2)x + (1 3)y + (1 1)z + (6 5) = 0 or x + 2y + 11 = 0. 3. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane 3x + 4y 6z + 1 = 0 are : (A) (3/61, 4/61, 6/61) (B) (3/61, 4/61, 6/61) (C) (3/61, 4/61, 6/61) (D) (3/61, 4/61, 6/61) hb : The equation of the plane is 3x + 4y 6z + 1 = 0 (1) The direction ratios of the normal to the plane (1) are 3, 4, 6. So equation of the line through (0, 0, 0) and perpendicular to the plane (1) are x/3 = y/4 = z/6 = r (say) (2) The coordinates of any point P on (2) are (3r, 4r, 6r). If this point lie on the plane (1), then 3(3r) + 4(4r) 6(6r) + 1 = 0 i.e. r = 1/61 Putting the value of r coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular P are (3/61, 4/61, 6/61). 4. The distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the plane x y + z = 5 measured parallel to the line x/2 = y/3 = z/6 is: (A) 7 unit (B) 4 unit (C) 1 unit (D) 2 unit hb : Here we are not to find perpendicular distance of the point from the plane but distance measured along with the given line. The method is as follow: The equation of the line through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to given line is x1/2 = y+2/ 3 = z3/6 = r (say) The coordinate of any point on it is (2r + 1, 3r 2, 6r + 3). If this point lies in the given plane then 2r + 1 (3r 2) + (6r + 3) = 5 7r = 1 or r = 1/7 point of intersection is (9/7, 11/7, 15/7) The required distance = the distance between the points (1, 2, 3) and (9/7, 11/7, 15/7) 2 2 2 = (19/7) + (2+11/7) + (315/7) = 1/7 = 49 = 1 unit. 5. The image of the point (1, 3, 4) in the plane 2x y + z + 3 = 0 is : (A) (3, 5, 2) (B) (3, 2, 5) (C) (5, 3, 2) (D) (2, 5, 3) hb :

hb : As it is clear from the figure that PQ will be perpendicular to the plane and foot of this perpendicular is mid point of PQ i.e. N So, direction ratios of line PQ is 2, 1, 1 => Equation of line PQ = x 1/2 = y3/1 = z4/1 r (say) Any point on line PQ is (2r + 1, r + 3, r + 4) If this point lies on the plane, then 2(2r + 1) (r + 3) + (r + 4) + 3 = 0=> r = 1 coordinate of foot of perpendicular N = (1, 4, 3) As N is middle point of PQ 1 = 1+x1/2, 4 = 3+y1/2, 3 = 4+z1/2 => x1 = 3, y1 = 5, z1 = 2 Image of point P (1, 3, 4) is the point Q (3, 5, 2). 6. The equation of the sphere which passes through the points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) and has its radius as small as possible is : 2 2 2 (A) 3(x + y + z ) + 2(x + y + z) 1= 0 2 2 2 (B) 3(x + y + z ) 2(x + y + z) 1= 0 2 2 2 (C) (x + y + z ) 2(x + y + z) 1= 0 2 2 2 (D) (x + y + z ) + 2(x + y + z) 1= 0 hb : Let equation of sphere be given by 2 2 2 x + y + z + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 (1) As sphere passes through points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1). So we have 1 + 2u + d = 0, 1 + 2v + d = 0, 1 + 2w + d = 0 On solving u = v = w = 1/2 (d + 1) If r is the radius of the sphere, then 2 2 2 r = u + v + w d 2 2 r = 3/4 (d + 1) d = m (say) for r to be minimum d/dd = 0 => 3/4.2(d + 1) 1 = 0 or d = 1/3 2 Also, d /dd2 = 3/2 positive at d = 1/3 Hence m is minimum at d = 1/3 So, substituting value of d we have u = v = w = 1/3 equation of the sphere 2 2 2 2 2 2 x + y + z (x + y + z) 1/3 = 0 => 3(x + y + z ) 2(x + y + z) 1= 0. 7. A point moves so that the ratio of its distances from two fixed points is constant. Its locus is a:

(A) plane

(B) st. lines

(C) circle

(D) sphere

hb : Let the coordinates of moving point P be (x, y, z). Let A (a, 0, 0) and B (a, 0, 0) be two fixed points. According to given condition AP/BP = constant = k (say) => AP = k BP
2 2 2

or, (x a) + (y 0) + (z 0) = k {(x + a) + (y 0) + (z 0) }

=> (1 k )(x + y + z ) 2ax(1 + k ) + a (1 k ) = 0

required locus is x + y + z 2a(1+k )/(1k ) + a = 0. Which is a sphere.

8.

The ratio in which yzplane divides the line joining (2, 4, 5) and (3, 5, 7)

(A) -2 : 3

(B) 2 : 3

(C) 3 : 2

(D) -3 : 2

hb :

Let the ratio be : 1

x-coordinate is 3+2 / +1 = 0 => = 2/3 .

Hence (A) is the correct answer. 9. A line makes angles , , , with the four diagonals of a cube then cos + 2 2 2 cos + cos + cos =
2

(A) 1

(B) 4/3

(C) 3/4

(D) 4/5

hb (1, 1, 1)

The direction ratios of the diagonal Direction cosine are of

(1/3, 1/3, 1/3) Similarly direction cosine AS are (1/3, 1/3, 1/3) BP are (1/3, 1/3, 1/3) CQ are (1/3, 1/3, 1/3)

Let l, m, n be direction cosines of the line

cos = l+m+n/3, cos = lmn/3, cos = l+mn/3, cos = lm+n/3

cos a + cos + cos + cos = 4(l + m + n ) / 3 = 4/3 ( since l + m + n = 1)

10.

Hence (B) is the correct answer. The points (0, -1, -1), (-4, 4, 4), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4) are

(A) collinear

(B) coplanar

(C) forming a square

(D) none of these

hb :

Equation of the plane passing through the points (0, -1, -1), (-4, 4, 4) and (4, 5, 1)

is

=0

. (1)

The point (3, 9, 4) satisfies the equation (1).

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

11. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c) and meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C. The locus of the point common to plane through A, B, C parallel to coordinate planes is

(A) ayz + bzx + cxy = xyz

(B) axy + byz + czx = xyz

(C) axy + byz + czx = abc

(D) bcx + acy + abz = abc

hb :

Let the equation to the plane be x/ + y/ + z/ = 1

=> x/ + y/ + z/ = 1 (the plane passes through a, b, c)

Now the points of intersection of the plane with the coordinate axes are A(, 0, 0), B(0, , 0) & C(0, 0, )

=> Equation to planes parallel to the coordinate planes and passing through A, B & C are x = , y = and z = .

The locus of the common point is

a/x + b/y + c/z = 1 (by eliminating , , from above equation)

Hence (A) is the correct answer. 12. Consider the following statements:

Assertion (A): the plane y + z + 1 = 0 is parallel to x-axis.

Reason (R): normal to the plane is parallel to x-axis.

Of these statements:

(A) both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(B) both A and R are true and R is not a correct explanation of A

(C) A is true but R is false

(D) A is false but R is true

hb :

Given plane y + z + 1 = 0 is parallel to x-axis as 0.1 + 1.0 + 1.0 = 0

but normal to the plane will be perpendicular to x-axis.

Hence (C) is the correct answer.

13. The equation of the plane containing the line x = /l, y = /m and z = /n is a(x ) + b(y ) + c(z ) = 0, where al + bm + cn is equal to

(A) 1

(B) 1

(C) 2

(D) 0

hb : Since straight line lies in the plane so it will be perpendicular to the normal at the given plane. Since direction cosines of straight line are l, m, n and direction ratios of normal to the plane are a, b, c. So, al + bm + cn = 0.

Hence (D) is the correct answer.

14. The shortest distance between the two straight lines x4/3 / 2 = y+6/5 / 3 = z3/2 / 4 and 5y+6/8 = 2z3/9 = 3x4/5 is

(A) 29

(B) 3

(C) 0

(D) 610

hb :

Since these two lines are intersecting so shortest distance between the lines will be 0.

Hence (C) is the correct answer.

15. A straight line passes through the point (2, 1, 1). It is parallel to the plane 4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and is perpendicular to the line x/1 = y/2 = z5/1. The equations of the straight line are

(A) x2/4 = y+1/1 = z+1/1

(B) x+2/4 = y1/1 = z1/1

(C) x2/1 = y+1/1 = z+1/3

(D) x+2/1 = y1/1 = z1/3

hb :

Let direction cosines of straight line be l, m, n

4l + m + n = 0

l 2m + n = 0

=> l/3 = m/3 = n/9 => l/1 = m/+1 = n/3

Equation of straight line is x2/1 = y+1/1 = z+1/3.

Hence (C) is the correct choice.

16. is

If centre of a sphere is (1, 4, 3) and radius is 3 units, then the equation of the sphere

(A) x + y + z 2x 8y + 6z + 17 = 0 =0

(B) 2(x + y + z ) 2x 8y + 6z + 17

(C) x + y + z 4x + 16y + 12z + 17 = 0 0

(D) x + y + z + 2x + 8y 6z 17 =

hb :

Equation of sphere will be (x 1) + (y 4) + (z + 3) = 9

Hence (A) is the correct answer.

17. If equation of a sphere is 2(x + y + z ) 4x 8y + 12z 7 = 0 and one extremity of its diameter is (2, 1, 1), then the other extremity of diameter of the sphere will be

(A) (2, 9, 13)

(B) (0, 9, 7)

(C) (0, 5, 7)

(D) (2, 5, 13)

hb : then

The centre of the sphere is (1, 2, 3) so if other extremity of diameter is (x1, y1, z1),

x1+2/2 = 1, y11/2 = 2, z1+1/2 = 3

Required point is (0, 5, 7).

Hence (C) is the correct answer.

18. The direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular to the lines with direction cosines proportional to (1, 2, 2), (0, 2, 1) is

(A) (2/3, 1/3, 2/3)

(B) (2/3, 1/3, 2/3)

(C) (2/3, 1/3, 2/3)

(D) (2/3, 1/3, 2/3)

hb :

Let direction ratios of the required line be

Therefore a - 2 b - 2 c = 0

And 2 b + c = 0

=> c = - 2 b

a - 2 b + 4b = 0 => a = - 2 b

Therefore direction ratios of the required line are <- 2b, b, - 2b> = <2, - 1, 2>

direction cosines of the required line

19.

The points (4, 7, 8), (2, 3, 4), (1, 2, 1) and (1, 2, 5) are :

(A) the vertices of a parallelogram

(B) collinear

(C) the vertices of a trapezium

(D) concyclic

hb :

Let A (4, 7, 8), B (2, 3, 4), C (- 1, - 2, 1), D (1, 2, 5)

Direction cosines of AB (2/6, 4/6, 4/6) = (1/3, 2/3, 2/3)

Direction cosines of CD (2/6, 4/6, 4/6)

= (1/3, 2/3, 2/3)

So, AB parallel to CD

Direction cosines of AD (3/43, 5/43, 3/43)

Direction cosines of BC (3/43, 5/43, 3/43)

= (3/43, 5/43, 3/43)

so, AD is parallel to BC.

Therefore ABCD is a parallelogram. 20. The equation of the plane parallel to the plane 4x 3y + 2z + 1 = 0 and passing through the point (5, 1, 6) is :

(A) 4x - 3y + 2z - 5 = 0

(B) 3x - 4y + 2z - 5 = 0

(C) 4x - 3y + 2z + 5 = 0

(D) 3x - 4y + 2z + 5 = 0

hb :

Equation of the plane parallel to the plane 4x - 3y + 2z + 1 = 0 is of the form of

4x 3y + 2z + k = 0 again it passes through (5, 1, - 6)

so, 20 - 3 - 12 + k = 0 k = - 5

Therefore required equation is 4x - 3y + 2z - 5 = 0.

21. A plane is passed through the middle point of the segment A (2, 5, 1), B (6, 1, 5) and is perpendicular to this line. Its equation is :

(A) 2x - y + z = 4

(B) 2x - y + z = 4

(C) x - 3y + z = 5

(D) x - 4y + 2z = 5

hb :

Mid-point of A (- 2, 5, 1) and B (6, 1, 5) is (2, 3, 3)

direction ratios of the line joining A and B is <2, - 1, 1>

Therefore equation of the line perpendicular to AB and passing through (2, 3, 3) is

2(x 2) 1(y 3) + 1(z 3) = 0 => 2x - y + z = 4

22. A plane meets the co-ordinates axes in A, B, C such that the centroid of triangle ABC is (a, b, c). The equation of the plane is :

(A) x/a + y/b + z/c = 3

(B) x/a + y/b + z/c = 1

(C) x/a + y/b + z/c = 2

(D) None of these

hb : b, c)

The plane meets the co-ordinate axes at A, B, C such that centroid of the triangle ABC is (a,

so, the plane cuts X-axis at (3 a, 0, 0)

So, X-intercept = 3 a

The plane cuts Y-axis at (0, 3 b, 0)

=> Y-intercept = 3 b

the plane cuts Z-axis at (0, 0, 3 c)

=> Z-intercept = 3 c

Therefore required equation is x/3a + y/3b + z/3c = 1

=> x/a + y/b + z/c = 3.

23.

The radius of the sphere (x + 1)(x + 3) + (y 2)(y 4) + (z + 1)(z + 3) = 0 is:

(A) 2

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 3

hb :

(x + 1) (x + 3) + (y - 2) (y - 4) + (z + 1)(z + 3) = 0 is the given equation of sphere.

So, end points of the diameter are

(- 1, 2, - 1) and (- 3, 4, - 3)

radius = (2+1) + (32) + (2+1) = 3

24.

The sum of the direction cosines of a straight line is

(A) zero

(B) one

(C) constant

(D) none of these

hb :

cos = l, cos = m, cos = n

sum of direction cosines cos + cos + cos

=l+m+n

which is constant.

25. The angle between straight lines whose direction cosines are (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) and (1/3, 1/3, 1/3) is

(A) cos

(2/3)

(B) cos

(1/6)

(C) cos

(1/6)

(D) none of these

hb :

26. Which one of the following is best condition for the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 to intersect the x and y axes at equal angle

(A) |a| = |b|

(B) a = b

(C) a = b

(D) a + b = 1

hb :

The plane a x + b y + c z + d = 0 intersects x and y axes at equal angles

Therefore |cos | = |cos |

=> |l| = |m|

=> |a| = |b|.

27.

The equation of a straight line parallel to the x-axis is given by

(A) xa/1 = yb/1 = zc/1

(B) xa/0 = yb/1 = zc/1

(C) xa/0 = yb/0 = zc/1

(D) xa/1 = yb/0 = zc/0

hb :

Equation of straight line parallel to x-axis is

xa/1 = yb/0 = zc/0

because l = cos = 1, m = cos = cos /2 = 0, n = cos = 0.

28.

If P (2, 3, 6) and Q (3, 4, 5) are two points, the direction cosines of line PQ are

(A) 1/171, 7/171, 11/171

(B) 1/171, 7/171, 11/171

(C) 1/171, 7/171, 11/171

(D) 7/171, 1/171, 11/171

hb :

P (2, 3, - 6), Q (3, - 4, 5)

direction ratios = <1, - 7, 11>

direction cosines = (1/1+49+121, 7/1+49+121, 11/1+49+121)

= (1/171, 7/171, 11/171)

29.

The ratio in which yzplane divide the line joining the points A(3, 1, 5) and B(1, 4, 6) is

(A) 3 : 1

(B) 3 : 1

(C) 1 : 3

(D) 1 : 3

hb :

A (3, 1, - 5), B (1, 4, - 6)

Therefore 3+/+1 = 0 => = 3

Therefore required ratio is - 3 : 1

30. A straight line is inclined to the axes of x and z at angels 45 and 60 respectively, then the inclination of the line to the y-axis is

(A) 30

(B) 45

(C) 60

(D) 90

hb :

A straight line is inclined to the axes of x and z at an angle 45 and 60

l +m +n =1

=> m = 1/4

=> m = 1/2

31.

=> angle made by 60 The angle between two diagonals of a cube is

(A) cos = 3/2

(B) cos = 1/2

(C) cos = 1/3

(D) none of these

hb :

cos = a + a + a / a + a + a a + a + a of side is a

= 1/3.

32. Given that A (3, 2, 4), B (5, 4, 6) and C (9, 8, 10) are collinear. The ratio in which B divides AC

(A) 1 : 2

(B) 2 : 1

(C) 1 : 2

(D) 2 : 1

hb :

9 + 3/+1 = 5 => 9 - 5 = 2

=> = 1/2.

33. If P1P2 is perpendicular to P2P3, then the value of k is, where P1(k, 1, 1), P2(2k, 0, 2) and P3(2 + 2k, k , 1)

(A) 3

(B) 3

(C) 2

(D) 2

hb :

Direction ratios of P1 P2 = - 1, 3>

direction ratios of P2 P3 = <2, k, - 1>

Therefore 2 k - k - 3 = 0

=> k = 3.

34. A is the point (3, 7, 5) and B is the point (3, 2, 6). The projection of AB on the line which joins the points (7, 9, 4) and (4, 5, 8) is

(A) 26

(B) 2

(C) 13

(D) 4

hb :

Distances of the line joining (7, 9, 4) and (4, 5, - 8) is < 3/13, 4/13, 12/13 >

Therefore required projection is 26/13 = 2 (B)

Exercise # 1

35. The shortest distance of the point from the x-axis is equal to(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.1Q.1)

(A) x1 + y1

(B) x1 + z1

(C) y1 + z1

(D) None of these

Ans.

(C)

hb . Foot of perpendicular drawn from P to x-axis will have its coordinates as (x, 0, 0).

Required distance = y1 + z1

36. The point of intersection of the xy plane and the line passing through the points and is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.1Q.4)

(A)

(13/5, 23/5, 0)

(B)

(13/5, 23/5, 0)

(C)

(13/5, 23/5, 0)

(D)

(13/5, 23/5, 0)

Ans.

(B)

hb . Direction ratios of AB are 2, -3, 5.

Thus equation of AB is, x3/2 = y4/3 = z1/5

For the point of intersection of this line with xyplane, we have

Z=0 => x3/2 = y4/3 = 1/5 => x=3 2/5 = 13/5, y = 4 + 3/5 = 23/5

Hence, the required point is (15/5, 23/5, 0)

37. The projections of the line segment AB on the coordinate axes are 9, 12, -8 respectively. The direction cosines of the line segment AB are:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.1Q.5)

(A) 9/17, 12/17, 8/17

(B) 9/289, 12/289, 8/289

(C) 9/17, 12/17, 8/17

(D) None of these

Ans.

(A)

Length of segment AB = 81 + 144 + 64 = 17

Thus direction cosines of AB are

.9/17, 12/17, 8/17

38. The direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines are l 1,m1,n1 and l2,m2,n2. The direction cosines of the line perpendicular to both the given lines will be:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.1Q.6)

(A)

l1+ l1, m1+m2, n1+n2

(B)

l2 l2, m1 m2, n1+n2

(C)

l1 l2, m1m2, n1n2

(D)

m1n2 m2n1, n1 l2 n2, l1m2 l2m1

Ans.

(D)

Let the direction cosine of the required line be l, m and n.

We must have,

ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0, ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0

We have l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0

Thus

(m1n2n1m2) = (l2) (l2) l1l2 = 1

=> l = m1n2 n1m2, m = n1 l2 n2 l1,

n = l1m2 l2m1

39. A directed line segment angles ,, with the coordinate axes. The value of cos2 is always equal to:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.1Q.7)

(A)

-1

(B)

(C)

-2

(D)

Ans.

(A)

cos2 = (2cos 1)

= 2l 3

= 1

40.

The locus represented by xy + yz = 0 is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.2Q.9)

(A)

A pair of perpendicular lines

(B)

A pair of parallel lines

(C)

A pair of parallel planes

(D)

A pair of perpendicular planes

Ans.

(D)

xy + yz = 0

=> x(y+z) = 0

=> x=0, y+z = 0

Thus it represents a pair of planes

X = 0, y + z = 0

that are clearly mutually perpendicular. 41. The plane 2x 3y + 6z 11 = 0 makes an angle (a) with x-axis. The value of a is equal to:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.2Q.10)

(A)

3/2

(B)

2/3

(C)

2/7

(D)

3/7

Ans.

(C)

If be the angle between the plane and xaxis, then

sin 2/4+9+36 = 2/7

=> = => a = (2/7)

sin1

(2/7)

42. The planes x + y = 0, y + z = 0 and x + z = 0:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.2Q.12)

(A)

meet in a unique point

(B)

meet in a unique line

(C)

are mutually perpendicular

(D)

none of these

Ans.

(B)

Clearly, given planes have a common line of intersection namely the z-axis.

43. The equation of a plane passing through (1, 2, -3), (0, 0, 0) and perpendicular to the plane 3x 5y + 2z = 11, is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.2Q.13)

(A)

3x + y + 5/3 z = 0

(B)

4x + y + 2z = 0

(C)

3x y + z/3

(D)

x+y+z=0

Ans.

(D)

Let the required plane be

Ax + by + cz = 0.

We have 3a 5b + 2c = 0, a + 2b 3c = 0

=> a/154 = b/2+9 = c/6+5

=> a : b : c = 11 : 11 : 11

Thus plan is

x+y+z=0

44. The direction ration of a normal to the plane passing through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and making an angle /4 with the plane x + y = 3 are:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.2Q.15)

(A)

(1, 2, 1)

(B)

(1, 1,2)

(C)

(1,1,2)

(D)

(2, 1, 1)

Ans.

(B)

Let the plane be x/a + y/b + z/c = 1

=> 1/a = 1, 1/b = 1

.=> a = b = 1

Also,

=> c = 1/2

Thus direction rations are

(1,1,2) or

(1,1,2)

45. The equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes x + y + z = 5, 2x y + 3z = 1 and parallel to the line y = z = 0 is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.2Q.16)

(A)

3x z = 9

(B)

3y z = 9

(C)

x 3z = 9

(D)

y 3z = 9

Ans.

(B)

Plane will be in the form

(x + y + z 5) + a(2x y + 3z) 1) = 0 i.e., x(1 + 2a) + y(1 a) + z(1 + 3a) = 5 + a

It is parallel to the line y = z = 0.

Since, (1 + 2a) = 0

a = 1/2

Thus required plane is

3/2y 1/2 z = 9/2

i.e.,

3y z = 9

46. The angle between lines whose direction cosines are given by l + m + n = 0, l + m n = 0, is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.2Q.17)

(A)

/2

(B)

/3

(C)

/6

(D)

None of these

Ans.

(D)

.l + m + n = 0, l + m n = 0

We also have

l +m +n =1

=> 2n = 1

=> n = 1/2, 1/2

Also,

l + m = n = ((l+m))

=> lm = 0 and l + m = 1/2

Hence, direction cosines are lines are

(1/2, 0, 1/2), (1/2, 0, 1/2)

(0, 1/2, 1/2), (0, 1/2, 1/2)

Angle between these lines in both cases is zero.

47. Centroid of the tetrahedron OABC, where , , and O is the origin is (1, 2, 3). The value of is equal to:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.3Q.19)

(A)

75

(B)

80

(C)

121

(D)

None of these

Ans.

(A)

We have

4 = a + 1 + 2 + 0,

=> a = 1,

8=2+b+1+0

=> b = 5,

12 = 3 + 2 + c + 0.

=> c = 7,

a + b + c = 1 + 25 + 49 = 75

48. The equation of the plane passing through the points (2, -1, 0), (3, -4, 5) and parallel to the line 2x = 3y = 4z is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.3Q.20)

(A)

125x 90y 79z = 340

(B)

32x 21y 36z = 85

(C)

73x + 61y 22z = 85

(D)

29x 27y 22z = 85

Ans.

(D)

Give line is 2x = 3y = 4z

i.e.,

x/6 = y/4 = z/3

Let the plane be

Ax + by + cz = 1.

We have

6a + 4b + 3c = 0

2a b = 1

3a 4b + 5c = 1.

=> a = 29/85, b = 27/85, c = 22/85

Thus equation of plane is

29x 27y 22z = 85.

Exercise # 2
49. A plane passes through the point . If the distance of this plane from the origin is maximum, then its equation is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.4Q.1)

(A)

x + 2y 3z + 4 = 0

(B)

x + 2y + 3z = 0

(C)

2y - x + 3z = 0

(D)

x - 2y + 3z = 0

Ans.

(B)

Clearly in this case OA will be a normal to the plane.

Direction cosine of segment OA are

1/14, 2/14, 3/14

and .OA = 1 + 4 = 0 = 14

Thus the equation of plane is

x + 2y + 3z = 14.

50. The shortest distance of the plane 12 + 4y + 3z = 327, from the sphere , is equal to:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.4Q.3)

(A)

39 units

(B)

26 sq. units

(C)

13 units

(D)

None of these

Ans.

(C)

Center and radius of given sphere are (2, 1, 3) and 13 unit respectively.

Now, distance of center of the sphere from the given plane

= |24 + 4 + 9 327| / 12 + 4 + 3 = 26 units

Shortest distance = (26 13) = 13 units.

51. The lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = ay + b, z = cy + d will be mutually perpendicular provided:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.4Q.5)

(A)

(a + a)(b + b)(c + c)

(B)

aa + cc + 1 = 0

(C)

aa + bb + cc + 1 = 0

(D)

(a + a) (b + b) (c + c) + 1 = 0

Ans.

(B)

Give lines are

xb/a = y = z d/c and xb' / a' = y = zd'/c'

These lines will be mutually perpendicular, provided

a.a' + 1.1' + c.c' = 0

.=> a.a' + c.c' + 1= 0

52. The straight lines x2/1 = y3/1 = z4/k and x1/k = y4/2 = z5/1, will intersect provided:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.4Q.6)

(A)

k = {3, -3}

(B)

k = {0, -1}

(C)

k = {-1, 1}

(D)

k = {0, -3}

Ans.

(D)

Any point on the first line can be takes as

P1 = (r1 + 2, r1 + 3, kr1+4)

These lines will intersect if for some r1 and r2 we have

r1 + 2 = kr2 + 1,

r1 + 3 = 2r2 + 1,

kr1 + 4 = r2 + 5,

r1 + kr2 + 1 = 0, r1 = 2r2 + 1,

=> r2 = 2/k2, r1 = k+2 / k2

putting these values in the last condition, we get

k + 3k = 0

.=> k = {3,0}

53. The plane ax + by + cz = d, meets the coordinate axes at the points, A, B and C respectively. Area of triangle ABC is equal to:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.4Q.7)

(A)

d a + b + c / |abc|

(B)

d a + b + c / 2|abc|

(C)

d a + b + c / 4 |abc|

(D)

None of these

Ans.

(B)

A = (d/a, 0, 0), B = (0, d/a, 0), c = (0,0, d/a)

Area of triangle OAB = 1 = 1/2 d /|ab|

Area of triangle OBC = 2 = 1/2 d /|bc|

Area of triangle OAC = 3 = 1/2 d /|ac|

If area of triangle ABC be , then

54. Equation of the plane passing through (-1, 1, 4) and containing the line x1/3 = y2/1 = z/5, is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.4Q.9)

(A)

9x 22y + 2z + 23 = 0

(B)

x + 22y + z = 25

(C)

9x + 22y - 3z = 1

(D)

22y 9x + z = 35

Ans.

(D)

Equation of any plane containing the line x1/3 = y2/1 = z/5 will be

a(x1) + b (yz) + cz = 0

where,

3a + b + 4c = 0

. (i)

It is given that plane passes through (1, 1, 4).

2a b + 4c = 0

. (ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get

a/9 = b/22 = c/1.

Thus the equation of required plane is,

9(x 1) + 22(y 2) + z = 0

i.e.,

22y 9x + z = 35

55. Equation of the plane containing the lines x/1 = y2/3 = z+4/1 and x4/2 = y/3 = z/1is,:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.5Q.10)

(A)

x + y 4z = 6

(B)

x - y + 4z = 6

(C)

x + y + 4z = 6

(D)

None of these

Ans.

(D)

Equation of any plane containing the line x/1 = y2/3 = z+4/1 is ax + b (y2) + c (z+4) = 0

where a + 3b c = 0

This plane will also contain the second line if

2a 3b + c = 0

and

4a b(0 2) + c(0 + 4) = 0

Solving these equation, we get

a = 0, b = 0, c = 0.

That means the given lines are noncoplanar.

56. Equation of the plane such that foot of altitude drawn from (-1, 1, 1) to the plane has the coordinate (3, -2, -1), is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.5Q.11)

(A)

x+y+z=0

(B)

4x - 3y 2z = 20

(C)

3x + y z = 8

(D)

4x + 3y z = 7

Ans.

(B)

Clearly, the direction ratio of the plane are

4, 3, 2

Thus equation of plane will be

4x 3y 2z = d

It will necessarily pass through (3, 2, 1)

i.e,,

d = 12 + 6 + 2 = 20

Thus the equation of plane is

4x 3y 2z = 20.

57. The distance of the point (-1, 2, 6) from the line x2/6 = y3/3 = z+ 4/4, is equal to:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.5Q.13)

(A)

7 units

(B)

9 units

(C)

10 units

(D)

12 units

Ans.

(A)

Any point on the line is

P = (6r1 + 2, 3r1 + 3, 4r1 4).

Direction ration of the line segment PQ, where Q = (1, 2, 6), are

6r1 + 3, 3r1 + 1, 4r, 10.

If P be the foot of altitude drawn from Q to the given line, then

6(6r1 + 3) + 3(3r1 + 1) + 4(4r1 + 10) = 0.

=>

r1 = 1.

Thus, P = (4, 0, 0)

Required distance = 9 + 4 + 36

= 7 units. 58. The point of intersection of the lines x+1 / 3 = y + 3/5 = z + 5 / 7 and x2/1 = y4/3 = z 6/5 is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.5Q.14)

(A)

(1/3, 1/3, 2/3)

(B)

(1/2, 1/2, 3/2)

(C)

(1/2, 1/2, 1/2)

(D)

(1/3, 1/3, 1/3)

Ans.

(B)

Any point on the first line is

(3r1 1, 5r1 3, 7r1 5)

and any point on the second line is

(r2 + 2, 3r2 + 4, 5r2 + 6).

At the point of intersection, we must have

3r1 1 = r2 + 2,

5r1 3 = 3r2 + 4.

7r1 5 = 5r1 + 6.

Thus, r1 = 1/2, r2 = 3/2

Hence required point is i.e. (1/2, 1/2, 3/2) 59. The shortest distance between the line x + y + 2z 3 = 2x + 3y + 4z 4 = 0 and the z-axis is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.5Q.15)

(A)

1 unit

(B)

2 units

(C)

3 units

(D)

4 units

Ans.

(B)

We have,

x + y + 2z 3 = 0, x + 2z 2 + 3/2 y = 0

Solving these equations, we get

Y = 2.

Thus required shortest distance is 2 units.

60. The length of projection, of the line segment joining the points (1, -1, 0) and (-1, 0, 1), to the plane 2x + y + 6z = 1, is equal to:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.5Q.17)

(A)

255/61

(B)

237/61

(C)

137/61

(D)

155/61

Ans.

(B)

Let A = (1, 1, 0), B = (1, 0, 1).

Direction rations of segment AB are

2, 1, 1.

If be the acute angle between segment AB and normal to plane,

Length of projection

= (AB) sin

= 6.19/246 = 237/61 units 61. Reflection of the line x1/1 = y2/3 = z3/1 in the plane x + y + z = 7 is:(Ref.P.K.Sharma_Three Dimen._P.C6.5Q.18)

(A)

x1/3 = y2/1 = z4/1

(B)

x1/3 = y2/1 = z4/1

(C)

x1/3 = y2/1 = z4/1

(D)

x1/3 = y2/1 = z4/1

Ans.

(C)

Given line passes through (1, 2, 4) and this point also lies on the given plane.

Thus required line will be in the form of x1/l = y2/m = z4/n.

Any point on the given line is

(r1 + 1, 3r1 + 2, r1 + 4).

If r1 = 1, this point becomes P = (0, 5, 5).

Let Q = (a, b, c) be the reflection of P in the given plane, then

a/2.1 + b+5/2.1 + 5+c/2.1 = 7

i.e,

a + b + c = 4,

and

a/1 = b5/1 = c5/1 = (say)

=> a = , b = 5 + , c = 5 +

=> 10 + 3 = 4

=> = 2

Thus, Q = (2, 3, 3)

Hence direction rations of reflected line are

3, 1, 1

Thus its equation is

x1/3 = y2/1 = z4/1