This document provides an analysis of the impact of working capital on the profitability of Maruti Suzuki India Limited. It begins with an introduction to the company, its vision, facilities, and production details. The document then presents an analysis of the company's working capital trends, including inventory turnover ratio, debtors turnover ratio, and current liabilities. It finds that inventory and debtors turnover ratios are increasing, showing improved efficiency, but that current liabilities are growing rapidly and may need to be focused on. Overall, the analysis finds that the company's profit margin has been decreasing in recent years. The document aims to examine the relationship between working capital management and profitability at Maruti Suzuki.
This document provides an analysis of the impact of working capital on the profitability of Maruti Suzuki India Limited. It begins with an introduction to the company, its vision, facilities, and production details. The document then presents an analysis of the company's working capital trends, including inventory turnover ratio, debtors turnover ratio, and current liabilities. It finds that inventory and debtors turnover ratios are increasing, showing improved efficiency, but that current liabilities are growing rapidly and may need to be focused on. Overall, the analysis finds that the company's profit margin has been decreasing in recent years. The document aims to examine the relationship between working capital management and profitability at Maruti Suzuki.
This document provides an analysis of the impact of working capital on the profitability of Maruti Suzuki India Limited. It begins with an introduction to the company, its vision, facilities, and production details. The document then presents an analysis of the company's working capital trends, including inventory turnover ratio, debtors turnover ratio, and current liabilities. It finds that inventory and debtors turnover ratios are increasing, showing improved efficiency, but that current liabilities are growing rapidly and may need to be focused on. Overall, the analysis finds that the company's profit margin has been decreasing in recent years. The document aims to examine the relationship between working capital management and profitability at Maruti Suzuki.
It is a matter of great satisfaction and pleasure to present this report on Impact of Working Capital on the Profitability of firm: Maruti Suzuki India Limited.. I take this opportunity to owe my thanks to all those involved in my training.
This project report could not have been completed without the guidance of our director, Dr. D. Das & project guide Prof. S. Srinivasan. Their timely help & encouragement helped me to complete this project successfully.
I thank Maruti Suzuki India Limited for providing me data to study.
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Executive Summary
Maruti Suzuki India Limited is top car manufacturing company of India started its business in the year 1909 as Suzuki Loom Works and then was incorporated as Suzuki Motor Corporation in the year 1920. Suzuki today offers its customers a wide range of motorcycles, automobiles, outboard motors and related products such as generators and motorized wheelchairs. Suzuki's trademark is recognized throughout the world as a brand that offers high quality, reliable and genuine products. Suzuki stands behind this global symbol with a determination to maintain this confidence in the future as well, never stopping in creating such advanced 'value-packed' products.
My Project is the study of the impact of working capital on the profitability of the firm. Objective of my study is to find out: The relationship between profitability and working capital. Trend of working capital
During the project I collected the data from their website, www.moneycontrol.com, & also made use of company annual reports. The data collected were then compiled, tabulated and analyzed.
By studying about the company s different areas I came to know certain things like: Inventory turnover ratio and Debtors turnover ratio is continuously increasing that shows the increasing efficiency and better recovery. Current liabilities of company are increasing very rapidly, so company has to focus on this area. Profit margin is going down as compared to earlier years.
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Company Profile: Vision : The Leader in the Indian Automobile Industry, Creating Customer Delight and Shareholders Wealth; A pride of India. Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL, formerly known as Maruti Udyog Limited) is a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation, Japan. MSIL has been the leader of the Indian car market for over two and a half decades. The company has two manufacturing facilities located at Gurgaon (going to be shifted to Gujrat very soon) and Manesar, south of New Delhi, India. Both the facilities have a combined capability to produce over a 1.2 million (1,200,000) vehicles annually. The company plans to expand its manufacturing capacity to 1.75 million by 2013. The company offers a wide range of cars across different segments. It offers 15 brands and over 150 variants - Maruti 800, people movers, Omni and Eeco, international brands Alto, Alto-K10, A-star, WagonR, Swift, Ritz and Estilo, off-roader Gypsy, SUV Grand Vitara, sedans SX4, Swift DZire and Kizashi. In an environment friendly initiative, in August 2010 Maruti Suzuki introduced factory fitted CNG option on 5 models across vehicle segments. These include Eeco, Alto, Estilo, Wagon R and Sx4. In fiscal 2009-10 Maruti Suzuki became the only Indian company to manufacture and sell One Million cars in a year. Maruti Suzuki has employee strength over 8,500 (as at end March 2011) In 2010-11, the company sold over 1.27 Mnvehicles including 1,38,266units of exports. With this, at the end of March 2011, Maruti Suzuki had a market share of 44.9 per cent of the Indian passenger car market.
Maruti Suzuki's revenue has grown consistently over the years.
(Rs. in Million) Year Net Sales Year Net Sales 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 1,20,034 1,78,603 3,01,198 2006-07 2008-09 2010-11 1,45,922 2,03,583 3,61,282
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Production Management System (PMS) is the next step towards moving ahead to sustain the momentum. It is a strategy to achieve Manufacturing Excellence evolved through participative approach. The system is people driven and ensures involvement of all levels (Managers, Executives, and Supervisors).
The concept ensures participation and error free communication. The result is clarity of content, better understanding and openness towards feedback. These values make PMS a sustainable system. Having achieved the target of selling a million cars in the financial year 2009 - 2010, PMS has lead the production team towards greater enhanced productivity with perfection. PMS is derived from the basic Japanese principles of 5S, 3G and 3K
In order to bring an improvement in overall processes and systems in Production Division through involvement of all levels, PMS was launched in Maruti Suzuki. Through various phases of PMS the company embarked on its journey of bring in a) Clarity of Role, Non- duplication of work, Ownership, Commitment and Standardization in all our process and systems across the production division.
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Gurgaon Facility
Maruti Suzuki has two state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities in India. The first facility is at Gurgaon spread over 300 acres and the other facility is at Manesar, spread over 600 acres in North India.
Maruti Suzuki's facility in Gurgaon houses three fully integrated plants. Together the three plant have an installed capacity of around 700,000 units.
K- series Plant
The Gurgaon facilities also houses the 'K' Engine Plant. Commissioned in 2008, the K-series engine plant has an installed capacity of 500,000 units.
K-series engines are available in 1 litre and 1.2 litre capacities. The highly fuel efficient, technologically advanced K series engines have been very well appreciated by our customers for their performance.
Several Maruti Suzuki cars such as the A-star, Estilo, Swift, Swift Dzire, Ritz and WagonR sport the K-series engines.
Company has announced an investment of around Rs. 1250 crores to expand engine capacity by 250,000 units by 2010.
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Manesar Facility
The state of the art Manesar facility was inaugurated in February 2007.
At present the Manesar plant rolls out World Strategic Models Swift, A-star, SX4 and swift DZire.
There is a high degree of automation and robotic control in the press shop, weld shop and paint shop to help manufacture with acute precision, high quality and speed.
The Manesar plant is designed to be flexible: diverse car models can be made here conveniently
owing to automatic tool changers, centralized weld control system and numerical control machines that ensure high Quality.
The plant at Manesar is the company's fourth car assembly plant and has a capacity of 300,000 cars per year.
Company has announced an investment of Rs.1700 crores to expand its capacity by 250,000 units. The new facility is expected to be ready by 2011-12.
Suzuki Powertrain
Suzuki Powertrain India Limited is a joint venture of Maruti Suzuki with Suzuki Motor Corporation, Japan.at Manesar. It manufactures world class diesel engines and transmissions for cars.
SMC holds 70 per cent equity in SPIL the
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rest is held by Maruti Suzuki.
This diesel engine plant has a capacity to manufacture 300,000 diesel engines a year.
The company follows a partnership approach with its various stakeholders, and believes that the prosperity and wellbeing of the stakeholders will fuel the growth of the company in the future.
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Introduction: Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via, 1) Fixed Capital 2) Working Capital Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day- to-day operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as plant and machinery, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of firms capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called fixed capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other day to- day expenses etc. Every running business needs working capital. Even a business which is fully equipped with all types of fixed assets required is bound to collapse without (i) adequate supply of raw materials for processing; (ii) cash to pay for wages, power and other costs; (iii) creating a stock of finished goods to feed the market demand regularly; (iv) the ability to grant credit to its customers. All these require working capital. Working capital is thus like the lifeblood of a business. The business will not be able to carry on day-to-day activities without the availability of adequate working capital. Working Capital is a measure of a company's short term liquidity or its ability to cover short term liabilities. Working capital is defined as the difference between a company's current assets and current liabilities. That is, Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Currents assets are the assets which can be converted into cash within an accounting year and include cash (in hand and at bank), short-term securities, debtors (accounts receivables or book debts), bills receivable, and stocks (inventory).
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Current liabilities are those claims of outsiders which are expected to mature for payment within an accounting year and include creditors (accounts payable), bills payable and outstanding expenses. Working Capital can broadly divided into two parts on the basis of following: On the basis of concept On the basis of periodicity
On the basis of concept working capital can further be divided into two categories: Gross Working Capital Net Working Capital Gross Working Capital refers to the firms investment in current assets. The concept of Gross Working Capital focuses attention on two aspects of Current Assets' management. They are: Way of optimizing investment in Current Assets. Way of financing current assets. Optimizing investment in Current Assets: Investment in Current Assets should be just adequate i.e., neither in excess nor deficit because excess investment increases liquidity but reduces profitability as idle investment earns nothing and inadequate amount of working capital can threaten the solvency of the firm because of its inability to meet its obligation. It is
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taken into consideration that the Working Capital needs of the firm may be fluctuating with changing business activities which may cause excess or shortage of Working Capital frequently and prompt management can control the imbalances. Way of financing Current Assets: This aspect points to the need of arranging funds to finance Country Assets. It says whenever a need for working Capital arises; financing arrangement should be made quickly. The financial manager should have the knowledge of sources of the working Capital funds as wheel as investment avenues where idle funds can be temporarily invested.
Net Working Capital refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Concept of Net Working Capital is a qualitative concept. It indicates the liquidity position of and suggests the extent to which working Capital needs may be financed by permanent sources of funds. Current Assets should be optimally more than Courtney Liabilities. It also covers the point of right combination of long term and short-term funds for financing court Assents. For every firm a particular amount of net Working Capital in permanent. Therefore it can be financed with long-term funds. Thus both concepts, Gross and Net Working Capital, are equally important for the efficient management of Working Capital. There are no specific rules to determine a firm's Gross and Net Working Capital but it depends on the business activity of the firm. On the basis of periodicity working capital can be classified into two parts: Permanent Working Capital Variable Working Capital
PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to ensure effective utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets.
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Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of raw material, work- in-process, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level of current assets is called permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital also increases due to increase in current assets. TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can further be classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital required to meet the seasonal need of the enterprise is called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting research, etc. Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is required for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.
IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in maintaining the solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted of production. Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make prompt payments and makes and maintain the goodwill. Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favourable terms. Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the purchases and hence reduces cost. Regular Supply of Raw Material: Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw material and continuous production. Regular Payment Of Salaries, Wages And Other Day TO Day Commitments: It leads to the satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastage and costs and enhances production and profits.
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Exploitation Of Favourable Market Conditions: If a firm is having adequate working capital then it can exploit the favourable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower and holdings its inventories for higher prices. Ability To Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression. Quick And Regular Return On Investments: Sufficient working capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular of dividends to its investors and gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds in future. High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities, confidence, high morale which results in overall efficiency in a business. EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its business operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor inadequate nor shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as short working capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the inadequate working capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm. DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm and business cannot earn the required rate of return on its investments. Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and accumulation of inventories. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which causes higher incidence of bad debts. It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business. If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and other financial institution may not be maintained. Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also fall. The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions
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Operating Cycle is the time duration required to convert sales, after the conversion of resources into inventories, into cash. Investment in current assets such as inventories and debtors is realized during the firm's operating cycle, which is usually less than a year. The operating cycle of a manufacturing company involves three phases: - Acquisition of resources such as raw material, labour, power and fuel etc. Manufacture of the product which includes conversion into work-in-progress into finished goods. Sale of the product either for cash or on credit. These phases affect cash flows because sometimes sale is done on credit and it takes sometimes to realize. Length or Duration of the Operating Cycle of a manufacturing firm in the sum of the following: Inventory Conversion period (ICP) Debtors (Receivable) Conversion periods (DCP) The total of Debtors Conversion Period and Inventory Conversion Period is referred to as Gross Operating Cycle (GOC). GOC = ICP + DCP Inventory Conversions Period: The Inventory Conversion Period is the total time needed for Producing and selling the product. It includes: Raw Material Conversion Period (RMCP) Work-in-progress Conversion Period (WIPCP) Finished Goods Conversion Period (FGCP) ICP= RMCP + WIPCP + FGCP Debtors Conversion Period: It is the time required to collect the outstanding amount from the customers.
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Net Operating Cycle: Generally, a firm may acquire resources (raw materials) on credit and temporarily postpones payment of certain expenses. Payables, which the firm can defer, are spontaneous sources of capital to finance investment in Courtney Assets. The length of the time in which the firm is able to defer payments on various resource purchases is Creditors (Payables) Deferral period (CDP). The deference between Gross Operating Cycle and payables Deferral Period is called Net Operating Cycle. If depreciation is excluded from Net Operating Cycle, the computation repercussion represents Cash Conversion Cycle. It is net time interval between cash outflow. NOC = GOC - CDP Operating Cycle also represent the time interval over which additional funds, called Working Capital, should be obtained in order to carry out the firm's operations. The firm has to negotiate Working Capital from sources such as banks. The negotiated sources of Working Capital financing are called non-spontaneous sources. If net Operating Cycle of a firm increases it means further need for negotiated Working Capital.
Estimating Working Capital Needs: Working Capital needs can be estimated by three different methods, which have been successfully applied in practice. They are follows: Current Assets Holding Period: To estimate Working Capital requirements on the basis of average holding period of Current Assets and relating them to costs based on the company's experience in the previous years. This method is based on the operating cycle concept. Ratio of Sales: To estimate Working Capital requirements as a ratio of sales on assumption that Current Assets change with sales. Ratio of fixed Investment: To estimate Working Capital requirements as a percentage of fixed investment. The most appropriate method of calculating the Working Capital needs of firm is the concept of operating cycle. There are some limitations with all the three approaches therefore some factors govern the choice of method of Working Capital.
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Factors considered are seasonal variations in operations, accuracy sales forecasts, investment cost and variability in sales price would generally be considered. The production cycle and credit and collection policy of the firm would have an impact on Working Capital requirements. Current Assets (Gross Working Capital) Financing A firm can adopt different financing policies for Current Assets Three types of financing used can be: Long-term financing such as shares, debentures etc. Short-term financing such as public deposits, commercial papers etc. Spontaneous financing refers to the automatic sources of short-term funds arising in the normal course of a business such as trade credit (suppliers) and outstanding expenses etc. The real choice of financing Current Assets is between the long term and short-term sources of finances. The three approaches based on the mix of long and short-term mix are: Matching Approach: When the firm follows matching approach (also known as hedging approach), long term financing will be used to finance Fixed Assets and permanent Current Assets and short-term financing to finance temporary or variable Current Assets. The justification for the exact matching is that, since the purpose of financing is to pay for assets, the source of financing and the assets should be relinquished simultaneously so that financing becomes less expensive and inconvenient. However, exact matching is not possible because of the uncertainty about the expected lives of assets. Conservative Approach: The financing policy of the firm is said to be a conservative when it depends more on long-term funds for financing needs. Under a conservative plan, the firm finances its permanent assets and also a part of temporary Current Assets with long term financing. In the periods when the firm has no need for temporary Current Assets, the idle long-term funds can be invested in the tradable securities to conserve liquidity. Thus, the firm has less risk of shortage of funds. Aggressive Approach: An aggressive approach is said to be followed by the firm when it uses more short term financing than warranted by the matching approach.
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Under an aggressive approach, the firm finances a part of its permanent current assets with short term financing. Some firms even finance a part of their fixed assets with short term financing which makes the firm more risky.
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Objective
The study covers mainly the following aspects of working capital analysis (i) Introduction of Working Capital, (ii) Financing of Working Capital, (iii) Trends of Working Capital and (iv) Working Capital Impact on Profitability.
Research methodology This research is conducted on secondary data. All the information is collected from the website of Maruti Suzuki India Limited and balance sheets. Statistical techniques namely coefficient of correlation and financial ratios are used for analyzing the data. MS-Excel is used for all the calculations.
Limitation
Some of the data is not available because of confidentiality. There may be some limitation to this study because this study is based on publicly available data and duration is very short. So it is not possible to observe every aspect. Additionally, I wanted to calculate gross operating cycle and net operating cycle but due to non-availability of data couldnt calculate.
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Data Analysis I have included following analysis tools in this section: Ratio Analysis Current Ratio Quick Ratio/ Liquidity Ratio Inventory Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Gross Profit Margin Net Profit Margin Calculation of Gross Working Capital and Net Working Capital Relationship among Gross Working Capital, Net working capital and Gross Profit through Correlation Analysis.
Ratio Analysis: 1. Current Ratio Current ratio may be defined as the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. This ratio is also known as "working capital ratio". It is a measure of general liquidity and is most widely used to make the analysis for short term financial position or liquidity of a firm. It is calculated as follow: Current Ratio = Cucnt Asscsts Cucnt LubItcs
The current ratio is thus a measure of the firms short term solvency. It indicates the availability of the current assets in rupees for every one rupees of current liability. A ratio of greater than one means that the firm has more current assets than current claims against it. Ideal current ratio is 2:1 under normal conditions. Current ratio of the company in year from March 2002 to March 20011 is as follow:
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This ratio is a general and quick measure of liquidity of a firm. It represents the margin of safety or cushion available to the creditors. It is an index of the firms financial stability. It is also an index of technical solvency and an index of the strength of working capital. An decrease in the current ratio from March 2002 to March 2011 represents decrease in the liquidity position of the firm.
Ye ar 20 02 20 0 3 2 00 4 2 00 5 2 0 06 20 07 20 0 8 2 00 9 2 01 0 2 0 11 Aver age Cur r ent Asset s (in Rs. Cr. ) 2100.6 2064.5 1944.4 2147.4 2520.7 2648 3190.5 3870 3856 4030.1 2837.22 Curr ent Liabilit ie s(I n Rs. Cr . ) 1455.8 1917.4 1840.6 1843.4 2184.8 2779.1 3088.4 3631.6 3788.4 4331 2686.05 Curr ent Rat io 1.44 1.08 1.06 1.16 1.15 0.95 1.03 1.07 1.02 0.93 1.09 Curr ent Rat io 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Current Rat io Cur r ent Rat i o
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2. Quick Ratio/Liquidity Ratio Liquid ratio is also termed as Liquidity Ratio / Acid Test Ratio / Quick Ratio. It is the ratio of liquid assets to current liabilities. The true liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to pay its short term obligations as and when they become due. It is calculated as follow: Quick Ratio = ( Currcnt Asscts Invcntory) Currcnt LIabIIItIcs
The quick ratio of the firm for the study period ranges in between .098:1 to 0.60:1. Normally 1:1 is considered to be the standard Quick Ratio. Quick assets are current assets minus inventory. It is very important to analyze the composition of quick assets. The quick ratio has been decreased due to the increase in amount of current liability and inventory levels.
Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Current Asset s (in Rs. Cr. ) 2100.6 2064.5 1944.4 2147.4 2520.7 2648 3190.5 3870 3856 4030.1 2837.22 Current Liabilit ies(I n Rs. Cr.) 1455.8 1917.4 1840.6 1843.4 2184.8 2779.1 3088.4 3631.6 3788.4 4331 2686.05 I nvet ory (I n Rs. Cr.) 681.1 487 439.8 666.6 881.2 713.2 1,038.00 902.3 1,208.80 1,415.00 843.3 Quick Rat io 0.98 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.82 0.70 0.60 0.77 Quick Rat io/ Liquidit y Rat io/ Acid Test Rat io 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Quick Rat io Qui ck Rat i o
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3. Inventory Turnover Ratio Stock turnover ratio and inventory turnover ratio are the same. It can be interpreted as measuring the speed with which the firm turns the inventory into sales. This ratio is expressed in terms of the number of days outstanding. This ratio is relationship between the cost of goods sold during a particular period of time and the cost of average inventory during a particular period and calculated as follow:
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost o] goods soId Acugc Incnto
It is continuously increasing. A high inventory turnover/stock velocity indicates efficient management of inventory because more frequently the stocks are sold; the lesser amount of money is required to finance the inventory.
Year 2 00 2 2 00 3 2 00 4 2 00 5 2 00 6 2 00 7 2 00 8 2 00 9 2 01 0 2 01 1 Aver age I nvent ory Tur nover Rat io 10.8 15.52 21.94 16. 9 14.15 21.27 22.93 30.46 30.47 33.33 21.777 I nvent or y Tur nover Rat io(I TR) Dat a not avail avable 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 A x i s
T i t l e I nvent ory Turnover Rat io Invent or y Tur nover Rat i o
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4. Debtors (Accounts receivable) Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover ratio or Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio indicates the velocity of debt collection of a firm. It indicates the number of times average debtors (receivable) are turned over during a year. Debtors/account receivable turnover ratio indicates number of times the accounts receivable amount is collected throughout the year or number of times the debtors are converted into cash. It is calculates as follow: Debtors Turnover Ratio = CrcdIt SaIcs Avcragc Dcbtors
To an outsider it is difficult to access this data, so it can be calculated as follow: Debtors Turnover Ratio = SuIcs cbtos
High debtors turnover ratio indicates a tight credit policy and an efficient collection system which getting better year by year for Maruti Suzuki India Limited.
Year 2 0 02 2 00 3 20 0 4 2 0 05 2 00 6 2 0 07 2 00 8 20 0 9 2 0 10 2 01 1 Aver age Sales 7,067.70 7,140.14 9, 345.58 10,962.41 12,052.24 14, 653. 89 17,860.28 20,852.52 29,623.01 36,299.74 Debt or s 839.3 671.1 689.4 599.5 654.8 747.4 655.5 918.9 809.9 893.3 De bt ors Turnover Rat i o 8 . 42 1 0 . 64 1 3. 5 6 18 . 29 1 8. 4 1 19 . 6 1 2 7 . 25 2 2. 6 9 36 . 58 4 0. 6 4 2 1. 6 1 De bt ors Turnover Rat io 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Debt ors Turnover Rat io Debt or s Tur nover Rat i o
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5. Gross Profit Margin Gross profit margin is calculated by dividing the gross profit by sales: 0ross Proit Horgin = 0ross Proit Solcs
For Maruti Suzuki India Limited, it is as follow:
This ratio reflects the efficiency with which management produces each unit of product. This ratio shows profits relative to sales after the deduction of production costs, and indicates the relation between production costs and selling price. A high Gross Profit Margin implies that the firm is able to produce at relatively lower cost. Here Maruti Suzuki India Limited achieved greater efficiency in 2007 and 2008 but could not maintain for later years.
Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Gross Profit 537.60 656.02 1308.18 1797.73 2055.80 2588.82 3130.84 2433.40 4451.05 4684.46 Sales 7067.70 7140.14 9345.58 10962.41 12052.24 14653.89 17860.28 20852.52 29623.01 36299.74 Gross Prof it M argin Rat io 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.14 Gross Prof it M argin Rat io 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gross Prof it M argin Rat io Gr oss Pr of i t M ar gi n Rat i o
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6. Net Profit Margin Net profit margin is obtained when operating expenses, interest and taxes are subtracted from the gross profit. The net profit margin ratio is measured by dividing profit after tax by sales: Nct Proit Horgin = Proit Atcr Iox Solcs
Net Profit Margin ratio establishes a relationship between net profit and sales and indicated a managements efficiency in manufacturing, administering and selling the products. This ratio is overall measure of the firms ability to turn each rupee sales into net profit. Here Maruti Suzuki India Limited achieved greater efficiency in manufacturing, administering and selling the products in 2007 but could not maintain it for later years.
Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average PAT 104.5 159.04 542.18 858.4 1,189.05 1,561.98 1,739.73 1,218.74 2,497.62 2,288.64 Sales 7067.70 7140.14 9345.58 10962.41 12052.24 14653.89 17860.28 20852.52 29623.01 36299.74 Net Prof it M argin Rat io 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.07 Net Prof it M argin Rat io 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Net Prof it M argin Rat io Net Pr of i t M ar gi n Rat i o
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Gross Woking Capital and Net Working Capital: From the balance sheets of Maruti Suzuki India Limited Gross Working Capital and Net Working Capital have been calculated as follow: Currcnt Asscsts = In:cntory + cbtors + Bonk Boloncc & Cos + Ioon & AJ:onccs Gross Working Capital = Current Assets Currcnrt Iiobilitics = Pro:isions + Currcnt Iioblilty Nct woking Copitol = Currcnt Asscts Currcnt Iiobilitics
From the above table we can see the trend of working capital for Maruti Suzuki India Limited which is shown in the following graph: Part iculars 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Current Asset s Invent or y 681.1 487 439.8 666.6 881.2 713.2 1,038.00 902.3 1,208.80 1,415.00 Debt or s 839.3 671.1 689.4 599.5 654.8 747.4 655.5 918.9 809.9 893.3 Bank Bal ance & Cash 71.9 39.4 40.2 79.4 51.6 114.8 324 239 98.2 95.5 Loan & Advances 508.3 867 775 801.9 933.1 1,072.60 1,173.00 1,809.80 1,739.10 1,626.30 Gross W orking Capit al 2,100.60 2,064. 50 1,944. 40 2,147.40 2,520. 70 2,648. 00 3,190.50 3,870.00 3,856. 00 4,030. 10 Current Liabilit ies Pr ovi si ons 298.3 342.7 317.4 389.2 480 490.5 369.5 380.7 628.4 525.8 Cur r ent Li abi li t y 1,157.50 1,574.70 1,523.20 1,454.20 1,704.80 2,288.60 2,718.90 3,250.90 3,160.00 3,805.20 Tot al 1,455.80 1,917. 40 1,840. 60 1,843.40 2,184. 80 2,779. 10 3,088.40 3,631.60 3,788. 40 4,331. 00 Net W orking Capit al 644.80 147. 10 103. 80 304.00 335. 90 -131. 10 102.10 238.40 67. 60 -300. 90 I n Cr. Rs.
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Here we can see that Gross working capital is increasing regularly, but Net Working Capital is going up and down. This shows that the company has increased its current assets but current liabilities increased more rapidly than current assets. Here company should focus on decreasing their liabilities and if it not possible then they should increase their current assets.
Profits:
-1,000.00 -500.00 0.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 2,500.00 3,000.00 3,500.00 4,000.00 4,500.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Net Wor ki ng Capi t al Gr oss Wor ki ng Capi t al Prof it 2,00 2 2,0 03 2, 004 2 ,005 2,0 06 2,0 07 2, 008 2 ,00 9 2,0 10 2, 011 Gross Prof it 537.6 656.02 1,308.18 1,797.73 2,055.80 2,588.82 3,130.84 2,433.40 4,451.05 4,684.46 Net Prof it 104.5 159.04 542.18 858.4 1,189.05 1,561.98 1,739.73 1,218.74 2,497.62 2,288.64 I n Cr. Rs.
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Relationship between Working Capital and Profit: To show the relationship among Gross Working Capital, Net Working Capital and Gross profit statistical tool correlation is used. I selected these three components because Gross Working Capital and Net Working Capital are not fluctuating in similar fashion and reason for selecting gross profit is that gross profit and net profit increase/decrease in similar way. Correlation Analysis
Here we can see that relationship between gross working capital & net working capital and net working capital & gross profit is negative. While relationship between gross working capital and gross profit is positive.
Gross W orking Ca pit al Net W orking Ca pit al Gross Prof it Gross W orking Capit al 1.00 Net W or king Capit al -0.51 1.00 Gross Prof it 0.88 -0.70 1. 00
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Findings From the study I came to know the followings: Companys investment in current assets is continuously increasing, but current liabilities are increasing more rapidly than then current assets. Inventory is increasing even after practicing Just-In-Time (JIT). Reason behind this increase may be related to strike by the trade unions at Manesar. Company is rotating its inventory more efficiently. They have increased inventory turnover by more than 300 % during last decade. Companys performance is getting better every year in converting their debtors into cash quickly. They have increased debtor turnover by 450 % (approximately) in last 10 years. Their current debtor turnover ratio is more than double of average. Gross profit margin decreased due to higher cost of production. Reason behind this may be inefficient utilization of plant and machinery or over-investment in plant and machinery. Gross working capital has positive relationship with gross profit. Net working capital has negative relationship with gross profit. Main reason behind this is sharp increase in current liabilities.
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Recommendations Suggestions for Maruti Suzuki India Limited are as follow: Company has too many current liabilities are compared to current assets. So it should be reduced or current assets should increase for better results. Efficient management of working capital is not related to finance only but includes production as well. Company should check its investment in plant and machinery for better profit margin because inadequate or excess both investment affect the profitability negatively.
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Reference Marc Deloofs research on Does Working Capital Management Affect Profitability of Belgian Firms? Financial Management Eighth edition by Prasanna Chandra Financial Management Tenth edition by I. M. Pandey. Annual reports of Maruti Suzuki India Limited. www.moneycontrol.com
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Annexure 1: Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 12 mt hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs 12 m t hs Sources Of Funds Tot al Share Capit al 132.3 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 Equit y Share Capit al 132.3 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 Share Applicat ion M oney 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pref erence Share Capit al 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reserves 2,575.00 2,953.50 3,446.70 4,234.30 5,308.10 6,709.40 8,270.90 9,200.40 11,690.60 13,723.00 Revaluat ion Reserves 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Net w ort h 2, 707.30 3, 098. 00 3, 591.20 4, 378. 80 5, 452.60 6, 853. 90 8,415.40 9, 344. 90 11, 835. 10 13, 867.50 Secured Loans 395.1 300 311.9 307.6 71.7 63.5 0.1 0.1 26.5 31.2 Unsecured Loans 260.9 156 0 0 0 567.3 900.1 698.8 794.9 278.1 Tot al Debt 656 456 311. 9 307.6 71. 7 630.8 900. 2 698.9 821. 4 309.3 Tot al Liabilit ies 3, 363.30 3, 554. 00 3, 903.10 4, 686. 40 5, 524.30 7, 484. 70 9,315.60 10, 043.80 12, 656. 50 14, 176.80 Applicat ion Of Funds Gross Block 4,384.70 4,513.80 4,566.70 5,053.10 4,954.60 6,146.80 7,285.30 8,720.60 10,406.70 11,737.70 Less: Accum . Depreciat ion 1,954.60 2,258.10 2,735.90 3,179.40 3,259.40 3,487.10 3,988.80 4,649.80 5,382.00 6,208.30 Net Block 2, 430.10 2, 255. 70 1, 830.80 1, 873. 70 1, 695.20 2, 659. 70 3,296.50 4, 070. 80 5,024.70 5, 529. 40 Capit al W ork in Progress 72.4 9.3 74.9 42.1 92 238.9 736.3 861.3 387.6 1,428.60 I nvest ment s 96. 8 103. 2 1, 677.30 1, 516. 60 2, 051.20 3, 409. 20 5,180.70 3, 173. 30 7,176.60 5, 106. 70 I nvent ories 681.1 487 439.8 666.6 881.2 713.2 1,038.00 902.3 1,208.80 1,415.00 Sundry Debt ors 839.3 671.1 689.4 599.5 654.8 747.4 655.5 918.9 809.9 893.3 Cash and Bank Balance 71.9 39.4 40.2 79.4 51.6 114.8 324 239 98.2 95.5 Tot al Current Asset s 1,592.30 1,197.50 1,169.40 1,345.50 1,587.60 1,575.40 2,017.50 2,060.20 2,116.90 2,403.80 Loans and Advances 508.3 867 775 801.9 933.1 1,072.60 1,173.00 1,809.80 1,739.10 1,626.30 Fixed Deposit s 0 950 200 950 1,350.00 1,308.00 0 1,700.00 0 2,413.00 Tot al CA, Loans & Advances 2,100.60 3,014.50 2,144.40 3,097.40 3,870.70 3,956.00 3,190.50 5,570.00 3,856.00 6,443.10 Def f ered Credit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Current Liabilit ies 1,157.50 1,574.70 1,523.20 1,454.20 1,704.80 2,288.60 2,718.90 3,250.90 3,160.00 3,805.20 Provisions 298.3 342.7 317.4 389.2 480 490.5 369.5 380.7 628.4 525.8 Tot al CL & Provisions 1,455.80 1,917.40 1,840.60 1,843.40 2,184.80 2,779.10 3,088.40 3,631.60 3,788.40 4,331.00 Net Current Asset s 644. 8 1, 097. 10 303. 8 1, 254. 00 1, 685.90 1, 176. 90 102. 1 1, 938. 40 67. 6 2, 112. 10 M iscellaneous Expenses 119.2 88.7 16.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tot al Asset s 3, 363.30 3, 554. 00 3, 903.10 4, 686. 40 5, 524.30 7, 484. 70 9,315.60 10, 043.80 12, 656. 50 14, 176.80 Cont ingent Liabilit ies 1,801.40 1,276.40 1,119.80 893.6 1,289.70 2,094.60 2,734.20 1,901.70 3,657.20 5,450.60 Book Value (Rs) 2,046.46 107.23 124.3 151.56 188.73 237.23 291.28 323.45 409.65 479.99 -- ------ ------ ----- in Rs. Cr. ---- ------ ------ ---
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Annexure 2: Profit & Loss Account
Yearly Result s 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sales Turnover 7,067.70 7, 140. 14 9, 345. 58 10, 962. 41 12, 052. 24 14, 653. 89 17, 860. 28 20, 852. 52 29, 623. 01 36, 299.74 Ot her Incom e 318 276.41 405.44 391.46 429.19 598.41 963.47 601.34 496.76 482.31 Tot al I ncom e 7,385.70 7, 416. 55 9, 751. 02 11, 353. 87 12, 481. 43 15, 252. 30 18, 823. 75 21, 453. 86 30, 119. 77 36, 782.05 Tot al Expenses 6,848.10 6, 760. 53 8, 442. 84 9, 556. 14 10, 425. 63 12, 663. 48 15, 692. 91 19, 020. 46 25, 668. 72 32, 097.59 Operat ing Prof it 219. 6 379. 61 902.74 1, 406. 27 1, 626. 61 1, 990. 41 2, 167. 37 1, 832.06 3,954.29 4,202.15 Pr of i t On Sal e Of Asset s -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Pr of i t On Sal e Of Invest m ent s -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Gai n/ Loss On Forei gn Exchange -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- VRS Adj ust m ent -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Ot her Ext r aor di nar y Incom e/ Expenses -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Tot al Ext raor di nary Incom e/ Expenses -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Tax On Ext raordi nar y It em s -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Net Ext ra Ordi nar y Incom e/ Expenses -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Gross Prof it 537. 6 656. 02 1, 308. 18 1, 797. 73 2, 055. 80 2, 588. 82 3, 130. 84 2, 433.40 4,451.05 4,684.46 Int er est 76.4 51.82 43.39 36.01 20.39 37.63 59.62 50.98 33.5 24.41 PBDT 461.2 604.2 1,264.79 1,761.72 2,035.41 2,551.19 3,071.22 2,382.42 4,417.55 4,122.25 Depr eci at i on 342.9 322.08 494.92 456.83 285.42 271.36 568.17 706.54 825.02 1,013.50 Depr eci at i on On Reval uat i on Of Asset s -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- PBT 118.3 282.12 769.87 1,304.89 1,749.99 2,279.83 2,503.05 1,675.88 3,592.53 3,108.75 Tax 13.8 123.08 227.69 446.49 560.94 717.85 763.32 457.14 1,094.91 820.11 Net Prof it 104. 5 159. 04 542.18 858.4 1, 189. 05 1, 561. 98 1, 739. 73 1, 218.74 2,497.62 2,288.64 Pr i or Years Income/ Expenses -- -12.6 -- -4.77 -- -- -8.91 -- -- -- Depr eci at i on f or Previ ous Years W ri t t en Back/ Provi ded -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Di vi dend -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Di vi dend Tax -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Di vi dend (%) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Earnings Per Share 72.33 5.5 18. 77 29. 71 41. 15 54. 06 60. 21 42. 18 86.45 79.21 Book Val ue -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Equi t y 144.46 144.46 144.46 144.46 144.46 144.46 144.46 144.46 144.46 144.46 Reser ves -- 2,953.64 3,446.73 4,234.34 5,308.11 6,709.39 8,270.94 9,200.37 11,690.60 13,723.02 Face Val ue 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 --- ----- ----- ----- - in Rs. Cr. --- ---- ----- ----- --
Operations Management in Automotive Industries: From Industrial Strategies to Production Resources Management, Through the Industrialization Process and Supply Chain to Pursue Value Creation