1 The New Perspective on Paul Thomas R.

Schreiner Bible Church was divided over this issue on staff (one pastor had to go) More and more young evangelicals are attracted to this reading. Lutheran View of Judaism Dominated until 1977 Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religions (1977) Krister Stendahl: Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West (1961) o Paul/Augustine/Luther o Justification/Inclusion of Gentiles o Paul was called rather than converted Idea whose time had come: Post-Holocaust World

Sanderss Interpretation Idea that Judaism was legalistic is a myth Lutheran Reading: Via Conflict with Roman Catholicism Pattern of Jewish Religion: Covenantal Nomism (Dead Sea Scrolls, Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Tannaitic Literature) o Entrance into covenant by grace o Stay in by keeping the law o No weighing of merits o No 51% obedience o No works-righteousness o No demand for perfect obedience o Rabbis explained election: For Gods name sake Because of the merit of the fathers Because only Israel received the Torah (shows God isnt arbitrary) Embraced by many: James Dunn/N. T. Wright, though there are differences among them. Responses to Sanders Helps us avoid a caricature Useful to re-evaluate cherished views Does Sanders impose a Protestant View on Jewish Sources? Legalism is bad. Mark Elliott: an obedient remnant is saved Friedrich Avemarie: an unresolved tension between election and works Das: demand for perfect obedience often present in Jewish sources Gathercole: final vindication according to works plays a significant role Justification and Variegated Nomism: vol 1: covenant nomism doesnt fit all the sources Further Observations o Minutiae in the Mishnah o Failure to mention the covenant o Attempts to explain election introduce synergism

2 o o Inspired by the Holocaust? Finally depends upon our reading of NT Jewish writers could have missed their own legalism Judaism could have been legalistic in practice though not in theory A Polemic Against Legalism? Luke 18:9-14 shows legalism existed Parable addressed to those who trusted in themselves that they were righteous and despised others (v. 9) Pharisee praises himself that he is not immoral like others (v. 11). God, I thank you that I am not like other men, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even like this tax collector. The Pharisee is impressed with the good works he has done (v. 12)beyond the call of duty (tithing and fasting). I fast twice a week; I give tithes of all that I get. Jesus commentary: exalted himself (v. 14) The tax collector was justified (v. 14) Works of Law in Paul 8 Times in Paul: Gal 2:16 (3x); 3:2, 5, 10; Rom 3:20-28 o Justification and Receiving the Spirit not by Works of law but faith Dunn/Wright: social function of the law (boundaries, badges, identity markers) o Nationalism not activism, racial not ritual, exclusivism not merit o New Perspective reminds us re: Pauls desire to include Gentiles: A significant theme in Pauls thinking Deeds or actions demanded by the law: Moo/Westerholm/Schreiner o Most likely has this meaning in Jewish literature 4QFlor 1:7 (textually disputed); 2 Apoc. Bar. 4:9; 57:2; 1QS 5:21; 6:18; 4QMMT o Rom 9:11-12: works defined as doing anything good or bad o From works of law to works: Rom 3:27-4:8 Justification not by works of law (3:28) Abraham not justified by works but by believing (4:2) Defined in terms of paying a debt for works accomplished (4:4). Now to the one who works, his wages are not counted as a gift but as his due. God justifies the ungodly, those who dont work (4:5). o Pauls later writings By grace you have been saved through faith . . . not a result of works, so that no one may boast (Eph 2:9) who saved us . . . not because of our works but because of his own purpose and grace (2 Tim 1:9) he saved us, not because of works done by us in righteousness, but according to his own mercy (Tit 3:5) o Argument of Rom 1:18-3:20

3 All without exception have sinned. All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (3:23) Judgment comes for failing to do good works. He will render to each one according to his works: 8 but for those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, there will be wrath and fury. 9 There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil, the Jew first and also the Greek (Rom 2:6, 8-9) Those who have the law will be judged for failing to do the law (2:12-13), not for boundary marker violations or excluding Gentiles Jews criticized for stealing, committing adultery, and robbing temples (not boundary markers): Rom 2:21-23 Makes most sense to understand Rom 3:19-20 to refer to what the law as a whole commands: Now we know that whatever the law says it speaks to those who are under the law, so that every mouth may be stopped, and the whole world may be held accountable to God. For by works of the law no human being will be justified in his sight, since through the law comes knowledge of sin. o Romans 4:6-8 refers to works in general (not boundary markersDavid kept the boundary markers!) Just as David also speaks of the blessing of the one to whom God counts righteousness apart from works: 7 "Blessed are those whose lawless deeds are forgiven, and whose sins are covered; 8 blessed is the man against whom the Lord will not count his sin. o Romans 9:30-10:8 does not breathe a word about boundary markers. 9:31, Israel who pursued a law that would lead to righteousness did not succeed in reaching that law. 32 Why? Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as if it were based on works. They have stumbled over the stumbling stone. 10:2, For I bear them witness that they have a zeal for God, but not according to knowledge. 3 For, being ignorant of the righteousness of God, and seeking to establish their own, they did not submit to God's righteousness. 4 For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes. 5 For Moses writes about the righteousness that is based on the law, that the person who does the commandments shall live by them. 6 But the righteousness based on faith says . . . Gal 3:10 refers to the whole law: For all who rely on works of the law are under a curse; for it is written, "Cursed be everyone who does not abide by all things written in the Book of the Law, and do them." Paul moves easily from works of law to law in Galatians o Righteousness does not come via the law but by Gods grace (2:21). o Believers have died to the law (2:19). o The emphasis is clearly on keeping the whole law (cf. 5:3). I testify again to every man who accepts circumcision that he is obligated to keep the whole law.

4 The law focuses on doing all that is contained in it (3:12; cf. 6:13). The law is described in terms of a covenant given to Moses with all the statutes contained therein (3:17). o The law is closely related to transgressions (Gal. 3:19 o The Galatians desire to be under the law (4:21). Cf. also Philippians 3:2-11 o Sociological dimension: circumcision and membership in Israel o Cf. Eph 2:11-22 o But Paul also focuses on what he does: his obedience as a Pharisee (v. 5) o His zeal in persecuting the church (v. 5) o His reliance on the flesh (vv. 3-4) o His blamelessness in law righteousness (v. 6) (not the same as sinlessness) o The establishing of his own righteousness (v. 9) To sum up, works of law refers to the entire law in Paul, and Pauls use of the related term works shows that he engaged in a polemic against works-righteousness. Justification cannot be merited or earned by works but is given to those who put their faith in Jesus Christ. Why this is important. The heart of the gospel. Christ saves sinners! Martin Luther: Particularly when you hear an immature and unripe saint trumpet that he knows very well that we must be saved by the grace of God, without our own works, and then pretend that this is a snap for him, well, then have no doubt that he has no idea of what he is talking about and probably will never find out. For this is not an art that can be completely learned or of which anyone could boast that he is a master. It is an art that will always have us as pupils while it remains the master. And all those who do understand and practice it do not boast that they can do everything. On the contrary, they sense it like a wonderful taste or odor that they greatly desire and pursue; and they are amazed that they cannot grasp it or comprehend it as they would like. They hunger, thirst, and yearn for it more and more; and they never tire of hearing about or dealing with it, just as St. Paul himself confessed that he has not yet obtained it (Phil. 3:12). And in Matt 5:6 Christ calls those blessed who hunger and thirst after righteousness.1 o o

Justification in Paul
1

Martin Luther, Psalm 117, translated by Edward Sittler in Selected Psalms III from Luthers Works, vol. 14, edited by Jaroslav Pelikan (St. Louis: Concordia, 1958), 37.

5 Not Central: Historical Context o Albert Schweitzer asserted that righteousness is a subsidiary crater within the main crater of being in Christ. Did not think it related to Pauline ethics, life in the Spirit, or resurrection, and so cant be central. Mystical doctrine of dying and rising with Christ is central. Wrede: polemical doctrine. He thought Pauls theology could be explicated without even mentioning the doctrine. o Cant be central because developed only in Romans and Galatianspolemical letters. o Stendahl: justification developed only to defend inclusion of Gentiles. o Strecker points out that it is not mentioned in 1 Thessalonians. o Sanders and Davies: one metaphor among others to describe redemption, only central in polemical contexts. o Wright: Justification is about who is a member of the people of God (ecclesiology) not how one gets saved (soteriology) Responses o Machen says Paul is devoted to justification by faith not because he is devoted to Gentile mission; rather, he is devoted to Gentile mission because justification by faith is true. o Idea is conceptually present in 1 Thess 1:10 (Jesus rescues us from the wrath to come); 5:9 Rescued from Gods wrath o See also 1 Cor 1:30 [Christ] is our righteousness; 6:11; 15:1-4 (forgiveness of sins); 2 Cor 5:21. o It is central in Pauls chief epistles, especially Romans. o It is not merely polemical for it deals with our chief need before God, and is the root of all personal religion (Packer). o Against Wright righteousness language is found fundamentally in soteriological contexts. OT Background o Gods saving activity: Judg 5:11 righteous acts of the Lord through Barak; 1 Sam 12:7 Samuel rehearses the righteous acts of the Lord that he accomplished for the fathers; Dan 9:16 Lord implored to turn away his anger in accord with his righteous acts; Mic 6:5 Righteous acts of the Lord from Shittim to Gilgal o Parallel with salvation: Ps 98:2-3, The LORD has made known his salvation; he has revealed his righteousness in the sight of the nations. 3 He has remembered his steadfast love and faithfulness to the house of Israel. All the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God. o Isa 51:5-8, 5 My righteousness draws near, my salvation has gone out, and my arms will judge the peoples; the coastlands hope for me, and for my arm they wait. 6 Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look at the earth beneath; for the heavens vanish like smoke, the earth will wear out like a garment, and they who dwell in it will die in like manner; but my salvation will be forever, and my

6 righteousness will never be dismayed. 7 "Listen to me, you who know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law; fear not the reproach of man, nor be dismayed at their revilings. 8 For the moth will eat them up like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool; but my righteousness will be forever, and my salvation to all generations." o Ps 31:1; 36:10; 40:10; 71:2; 88:10-12; 143:1; Isa 46:13. Righteousness and the covenant: Against Wright and Dunn, Gods righteousness fulfills the covenant, but it should not be defined as covenantal faithfulness (cf. Seifrid). Parallels dont lead to the conclusion that they mean the same things. o Against Piper: righteousness brings God glory but it should not be defined as an unswerving allegiance for his glory. Arguments for forensic righteousness o OT I will not justify the wicked: Exod 23:7 Judges are to justify the righteous and condemn the wicked: Deut 25:1; cf. Isa 5:23; 2 Sam 15:4; 1 Kings 8:31-32; Prov 17:15; 2 Chron 6:23 Court vindication: Isa 46:9, 26 No one is righteous before God: Ps 143:2 Job and vindication in the law court: Job 4:17; 9:2, 14-15, 20; 13:18; cf. 40:8 o NT Doers of the law will be justified: Rom 2:13 No one will be justified by works of law: Rom 3:20, 28; Gal 2:16 No one is justified by law: Gal 3:11; cf. 3:24; 5:4 Cf. justified freely by his grace: Rom 3:24, cf. 3:26, 30 Justified by faith: Rom 5:1; Gal 2:17 Linked with forgiveness of sins: Rom 4:1-8, 25 The verb count (logizomai): Rom 3:28; 4:3, 4, 5; 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 24; 9:8; cf. Gal 3:6 Gift of righteousness: Rom 5:17 Declaration suggested by collocation of righteousness with faith: Rom 1:17; 3:22, 26; 4:3, 5, 9, 13; 9:30; 10:4, 6, 10; Gal 3:6; 5:5; Phil 3:9 Cf. 2 Cor 3:9: ministry of condemnation and ministry of righteousness Rom 8:33, Who will bring a charge against Gods elect? God is the one who justifies. Righteousness of God o Gift character of righteousness: righteousness from God1 Cor 1:30 o Not having my own righteousness from the lawPhil 3:9 o The parallels between Philippians 3 and Romans 10 indicates Gods righteousness is the same in both. Israel had a zeal for God (Rom. 10:2), and Paul expressed his zeal in persecuting the church (Phil. 3:6). Paul contrasts righteousness by law and righteousness by faith (Rom. 10:4-8; Phil. 3:9).

7 Israels quest to establish its own righteousness (Rom. 10:3), which is a righteousness that is based on the law and Pauls focus on a righteousness of my own that comes from the law (Phil. 3:9. The remarkable similarities in subject matter which tie Romans 10 and Philippians 3 together strongly suggest that righteousness in Romans 10 does not have a different definition from what we see in Philippians 3. In the latter text, righteousness clearly is a gift given to sinnersa declaration that those who have failed to keep the law but who have trusted in Jesus Christ stand in the right before God. In other words, Philippians emphasizes that righteousness is a gift from God. The same gift character of righteousness is also in view in Romans 10, but the Romans 10 also suggests that the righteousness given by God also belongs to God. It is likely that Rom 3:21-22 Gods righteousness by faith has the same meaning. So also, Rom 1:17 the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith, for the righteous will live by faith. Finally, 2 Cor 5:21, God made him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of God in him.

Rejection of Imputation and Final Justification by Works o Wright rejects the idea that we receive Christs righteousness, that his righteousness is imputed to us. o Doesnt think a judge in a courtroom can give his righteousness to the defendant. That doesnt happen in courtrooms. o Gas of righteousness cant be passed from one person to another. o We are forgiven of our sins when we believe, but our final justification depends upon our obedience. o Our good works conceived of as the final basis of our justification. Imputation o o

Imputation is taught in Romans 5:12-19: Adam and Christ as Covenant Heads 2 Corinthians 5:21, God made him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf that we might become the righteousness of God in him. o Romans 4:3 and Galatians 3:6 faith is counted as righteousness because it unites us to Christ (Romans 3:21-26; Galatians 2:21; 3:10-14). o Christ was vindicated at resurrection (1 Tim. 3:16), and we are vindicated because we are united with him in his death and resurrection (Rom. 4:25). o Good works necessary for justification, but not as the foundation since God demands perfect obedience (like a test) o Foundation is Christs righteousness. o Our obedience as necessary evidence and fruit. Reformation Preserved

8 o o o o o o An alien righteousness Cannot prepare oneself to receive it A gift Not merited Difference between justification and sanctification can be overdone and underdone. Christs righteousness is ours since we are united to Christ.

Pauline Parenesis W. Schrage, Die konkreten Einzelgebote im paulinischen Parnese and T. Deidun, New Covenant Morality. 1. Law as temporary: Gal. 3:15ff; 2 Cor. 3:7ff Sabbath: Col 2:16, shadow of things to come/same word used of OT sacrifices/Heb. 10:1; Rom. 14:5-6, one person considers one day above another and another considers every day to be alike. Food laws: Rom. 14:14 (nothing is unclean in itself), 20 (everything indeed is clean); Col 2:16ff (foods) 1 Tim. 4:3-5, forbid marriage and enjoin abstinence from certain foods. Circumcision not required: Gal. 2:3-5; 5:2-6, 11-12; 6:12-13 Wall of partition removed: Eph. 2:11-22 Law abolished: Eph. 2:15 2. So if the law is passed away, what is the ethic for believers? 3. Danger of a Mishnah: Rule for every situation 4. Spirit alone? With no need for any written word or exhortations? 5. Spiritual people need exhortations Gal. 6:1, You who are spiritual restore those who are overtaken in a trespass with a spirit of gentleness. 1 Cor. 6:12-20: those with the Spirit (v 19) need exhortations re: sexual purity. 1 Thess. 4:1-2, 9those doing well need exhortations. Again re: sexual purity (1 Thess. 4:3-8). 1 Cor. 4:17: remind them of my ways in Christ. 6. Threat to sin remains: Dont let sin reign: Rom. 6:12-14 Beware lest you fall: 1 Cor. 10:12 Perfection not yet: Phil. 3:12-16 7. Specific prohibitions needed Against divorce: 1 Cor. 7:10-11 Against : 1 Cor. 6:12-20 8. Note Eph. 5:18 and Col 3:16: word and Spirit 9. Fulfilling law: Rom. 8:1-4; Gal. 5:13ff; Rom. 13:8ff. Note reference to the Spirit and role of exhortations. The law of Christ is normative (Gal. 6:2), which contains admonitions against stealing, adultery, murder, etc.

9 Jesus sums up the law of Christ. Love and knowledge: Phil. 1:9ff; Col 1:9ff: cannot be confined to feelings of what is right. Renewed in mind: Rom. 12:2 (to discern what Gods will is); Eph. 4:23; Rom. 8:5 (those of the Spirit set their minds on the things of the Spirit). Role of understanding, knowledge, and discernment. Testing to determine what is pleasing to the Lord: Eph. 5:10 Must remember situation addressed: libertines or legalists Some exhortations appear to be general. E.g. Rom. 12:9ff; 13:8ff; Col 3:5ff; 1 Thess. 4:3ff Vice and virtue lists: Rom. 1:29-31; 13:13; 1 Cor. 5:10-11; 6:9-11; 2 Cor. 6:6; 12:20; Gal. 5:19-23; Eph. 4:31-32 5:3-5; Phil. 4:8-9; Col 3:5, 8, 12; 1 Tim. 1:9-10; 4:12; 6:4-5, 11; 2 Tim. 2:22; 3:2-4; Tit. 3:3 (though some may be angled by situation addressed). External commands do not necessarily quench the Spirit: Eph. 5:22ff. Centrality of love: 1 Cor. 13; Eph. 5:2; Gal. 5:22; 1 Cor. 8:1ff; Col 1:3, 8 Love without affections and right motives is worthless for Paul: 1 Cor. 13:3 Love as bond of unity: Col 3:14 Love fulfills OT law: Gal. 5:14; Rom. 13:8-10 1.16..1 Love cannot be exhausted by commands, but neither does it transgress them. Not a casuistic ethic Food issues in 1 Cor. 8-10 and Rom. 14-15. No keeping of law apart from work of the Spirit Faith expresses itself in love: Gal. 5:6 Obedience is the fruit of the Spirit Gal. 5:22, and the result of being filled with the Spirit Eph. 5:18ff, and comes when one walks in the Spirit and not according to the flesh (Gal. 5:13ff; Rom. 8:5-17). Walk in the Spirit (Gal 5:16); be led by the Spirit (5:18); march in step with the Spirit (5:25); sow to the Spirit (6:8). Unbelievers possess a moral sense Conscience: Rom. 2:14-15 Know Gods ordinance: Rom. 1:32 Phil. 4:8 similar to Stoicism But humility despised in Greco-Roman world Newness of Christian ethics is not so much the norms, but the fulfillment, realization, foundation, and motivation.

10. 11.

12. 13. 14.

15. 16.

17. 18.

19.