EARTHQUAKE PRESSURES ON FLUID CONTAINERS by

G W HO . . USNER

E H HT C N A R P R IG T E H IC L E O T

under O FFICE OF N AVA RESEARCH L

Cn a tN o r o tr c 6 n

2'.4

T O ask rder Z 5 PROJECT DESIGNATIO NR-081-095 N

C L R IA A IFO N

IN T U EO T C N L G S IT T F E H O O Y

PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. August 1.954

TA BLE O CO TEN F N TS Page

1 I t o uto . nr d ci n

2 I p ls ePe s r s Rc n u r T n . mu iv r s ue . e ta g la a k

3 R c g la T n . O illa g F id . e tan u r a k sc tin lu 4 C u r T k Im u e P . irc la an . p lsiv ressu re

5, C u r T n . Oc tin F id irc la a k s illa g lu

9 13
15 21 22 22 25 28 32

6 E tic l T n . llip a a k 7 Cmo T k . o p site an s 8 C lar C lin er S rro n ed b F id . ircu y d u u d y lu 9 Rc n u rDm . e ta g la a 1 . T ezo al D 0 rap id am 1 .S p D 1 tep ed am 1 . S g e ta 2 e mn l 1 , F ib W 3 lex le all
Dm a

. 31 1

36

1 .

In d c n tro u tio

. T ed n m flu p s u sd v lo e d rin a h y a ic id re s re e e p d u g n

earth u e are o im o ce in th d n o stru tu su h as d s, q ak f p rtan e esig f c res c am

` " n--I - s C T L e

s t

o1 L e o1lu d

ad n

Cal S - 1i c lb O . 1

The

u s tl f iSr o

i oo n

o f so lu c h

c ay U I 1 1 ii .C UC 1

w as

I.Ila

L. bythat by

W esterg aard (1 3 ) w o d 9 3 h eterm ed th p in e ressu o a rectan u res n g lar,

v rtic l d m h nit wss b c dtoh r o ta a c le a n J c b e e a a we a u je te oiz n l c e r tio . a o s n

(1 4 ) 99

s lv dth c rre p n in p b mfo ac lin ric l ta kc n in gflu o e e o s o d g ro le r y d a n o ta in id

a dfo ac lin ric l p r s r u d db flu . Wrn r a dS n q is n r y d a ie u ro n e y id e e n udu t

(1 4 ) ex d Jaco sen w rk to in d a rectan u flu co tain 9 9 ten ed b 's o clu e g lar id n er,
as m ir u r tr u h atr n u rtr u ha dah m p e e Ga a e ic c la o g , ia g la o g n e is h r . r h m

an R d uez (1 5 ) g e a v co p d o rig 9 2 av ery m lete an sis o th im ulsiv an aly f e p e d c n e tiv pe s r s o v c e r s ue r c nu r e ta g la Hs in ok s (1 3 ) m red im ulsiv flu p 9 4 easu p e id ressures an Jaco sen an A re (1 5 ) d b d y 91
i a n c nan r o t i e.

A
a

T ll u+.+ , .

c o

+ 'i , Y

g v th r s ltso s ila ma ue e ts Z n a ( 9 3 pe e te th a e e e u f im r e s r mn . a g r 1 5 ) r s n d e

p ssu s o d mfa e a m asu d o a e c al a a g re re n a c s s e re n n le tric n lo .

T ef re o ga a s swrea c rr do t inth s m fa h n h o g in n ly e e ll a ie u e a e s io ,

w ich req ires fin in a so tio o L lace's eq atio th satisfies th h u d g lu n f ap u n at e

b u d ryc n itio s W th s k o ns lu n a c e k o a c ra y o n a o d n. ith e e n w o tio s s h c s n c u c

it is p ssib to d e so tio s b an ap ro im m o w ich av id o le eriv lu n y p x ate eth d h o s

Jl( a L L rn a G 6 1 a . . L Le l l l' 1 1 LL L e i V0 a

..._.4-_ .,1

.a . ]t . t

..1 4.

..

aQ l l '

. 7

A
3 ..L 7 0 1 1j J 10.14 . 1 J . . a 1. 1 7

.+ .e

st s on lo u i

v+ ..a I

f wa e
11 V

an.

n m er o cases in sim le clo fo . T e ap ro im m o ap eals u b f p sed rm h p x ate eth d p p y a in itio a d m k s it e sy to se h wth p ssu s a . It h sic l tu n n a e a e o e re re rise seem to b p s e articu larly su le fo en in itab r g eerin ap lic n g p atio s.
T i t o u e t e mt o t e po l m f t e r ca g l r t n i o nr d c h eh d h r be o h e t n ua a k s

to th s u

treated in so e d m etail. A p p licatio s to o er ty e o c n ers are n th p s f o tain

t r e a{ t.1" `t a i
a .' 4. 1
r a ov

o f

11 V r . +

"

o f

1 111 V . 1. 7 i 0 . y

l .e.

T he

T he
11 1

e1 0. 0 .

11 1..

+..

o fV

th mth d e e o

ist1 i

4a

to h

V Y va a a e. a a e

va +Y Y . a . a

s '' t 'i

a sim le ty e o flo w ic is sim r to th ac al flu m v en an p p f w h h ila e tu id o em t d

th s p f w u e tod te m eth pe s r s T emth dis is imle lo is s d e r in e r s ue . h e o

an g u to th R leig -R m o u in th th ry o elasticity alo o s e ay h itz eth d sed e eo f ,

a dit a a so e s a sth foc s T emth disc p b o s lv g n lwy v re timte e r e . h e o a a le f o in

a w e v rie o p b m b t if it is re u d th th so tio s b in id a ty f ro le s u q ire at e lu n e

sml f r , wi ht e s o l t b pa t c l yueu,t en me o i pe om hc h y h ud o e r ci al s f l h u b r f

p b m th t c nb h n le sa c rily a lim d ju a inth ro le s a a e a d d tisfa to re ite , st s e

c s o th R y ig -R mth d Ak o le g mn is d eC MC e g a e f e a le h itz e o . c n w d e e t u . . h n

2..

f rc r yn o tt ec l uai n i t i r p r. o ar i g u h ac l to s n hs e ot

2 .

I p ls ePe s r s Rc n u rT n mu iv r s ue . e ta g la a k

. C n id r ar c n u r o s e e ta g la

c n in r a sh w inF u 1 an a th in n u d r c n e tio o ta e s o n ig re , d t e sta t n e o sid ra n

le th s r a eo th flu b h r o ta a dle th wllso th c n in r t e uf c f e id e oiz n l n t e a f e o ta e

h v a h riz n l a e a e o o ta cc leratio n

u in th x d c n L t it b re o . e ire tio . e e

q ir d f d th pe s r s o th wlls o th c n in r d e to th u e 'to in e r s ue n e a f e o ta e u e acl ce

e tio ra n

(,(o . L th flu h e a d th 'h a len th '2 ' a d a u it et e id av ep ', g .Q n n

th k e ic n ss. It is se n th t th a tio o th flu is sim r to th t w ic e a e c n f e id ila a h h w u b o tain if th h riz n l c m o e t o flu v lo ity a w re o ld e b ed e o o ta o p n n f id e c , , e

i ll G1 l l : J

e e dn o dp e
1 L G1 L 1 L 1

of

theL11 f

lo o

ia a l LLl LG;rdn t th t .
cl

` i. o
L1 L 1Q 11 0, 11 1

a g

11 1G

G J I the fluffhei1LL1LLL U t%L t

stra e b th , m ssle v rtic l m m ra e fre tom v inth x in d y in a ss, e a e b n s e oe e

d c n a dle th mmr n sb o in llys a e ad ta c d ire tio , n t e e ba e e rig a p c d is n e x

ap art. W en th w o th co tain are g en an acceleratio th h e alls f e n er iv n e

mmr n swlb a c l r t dwht efuda dt efudwlas b e ba e i e c eeae i h l i n h l i i l o e l t l

sq eezed v u ertically w resp to th m b es. A sh w in F u ith ect e em ran s o n ig re

2 sn et efudi r sr i e bt e nt oa j c n mmr n s t e , i c h l i s et and ewe w da e t e ba e, h

v rtical v city v is d en en o th h rizo tal v lo e elo ep d t n e o n e city A acco in rd g

to

(h y)

dx

T isisa e u tio s e ify gth c n tra t o th flu flo . A th h n q a n p c in e o s in n e id w s e

flu is c n ered in m ressib it fo w th th a id o sid co p le llo s at e cceleratio L is n p p rtio a to th v lo ro o n l e e city v a d th a c le n e c e ratio t: is p p rtio a to n ro o n l th v city e , an th p e elo ! d e ressu in th flu b een tw m b es is re e id etw o em ran g en b the stand hyd iv y ard rody nam eq ation: ical u

(2)

w here

is th d sity o th flu . T e to h rizo tal fo o o e e en f e id h tal o n rce n n

m b e is em ran

P fp d y
0

(3)

3,

l 11i--TlTiTTI

F l URE I

dx

z,e

FIG UR E 2.

FlC,URE 4

1
is

FIG UR E 3

4.

T e eth ee u tio smyb w na fo w: h s re q a n a e ritte s llo s

'? ? l<
0

-? )dx ? ?

-? h'(h

dx
(4)

i 1 i )d x??

T ep b mis th s s lv dw e th v lo ityIt is k o n h ro le u o e hn e e c n w.

T ev h elocity G w first be determ ed fo ally for pu C ill in rm rposes illustration and w then be d ill educed in a less form but som hat al ew m anner.
T ek e e e yo th flu . is h in tic n rg f e id

of sim pler

a dt ep t ni le eg o t efudi z r . Hmt n Pi cpesae n h oe t a n r y f h l i s eo a i o 's rn i l t t s l

th t a

tx

S fcT-vf d
wi hf rt i po l ms hc o hs r be i

rPh
2 Y 'C ")

t,
,p

o in ga gw r s e t to y r, te r tin ith e p c , tot-p

C rry go t th v ria n w o ta a in u e a tio , e b in tzY?P

5.

I te r t n t eo c n t r b p r oa dt e e u t n t e n gai g h e o d em y at n h n q ai g h

c ef i n o o f ice t f

Su

) to ze g es th d ro iv e ifferen eq a n fo U tial u tio r

zllz

hu=0

(5)

If th e u tio d e n t g eas ffic n a c ra s lu na is q a n o s o iv u ie tly c u te o tio n im ro e e t c nb a h v db s b iv in th flu in th ere io s p v mn a e c ie e y u d id g e id to re g n

as sh n in F ure 3 Instead o eq ation (1) there w n be the fo ow ig . f u ill ow llow in e u tio s: g qa n

vl

= (h I -- L t h 3-? G h ) ?

2
V3

= t? ? ?x 3- l
= (4-241 du' t hzJ
? x! dx

(6)

d ? 1 %
dx

A p in H m n P c lele d toth es u n o se u tio sin p ly g a ilto 's rin ip a s re im lta e u q a n

,y , ,

, 'l3 .

T us in d cin ad itio al d rees o freed mlead h tro u g d n eg f o s

tom re c m lic te mth mtic b t w im ro eth a c ra y fo it o o p a d a e a s u ill p v e c u c , r

is c a th t in th lim a th su d isio s a p a 'd ' th a cu cy le r a e it s e b iv n p ro ch y e c ra b ecom perfect. es L u n d et s ow erive eq uation (5 in a m straightforw fashion ) ore ard . T e slice o flu sh w in F u 2 w b accelerated in th x d h f id o n ig re ill e e irectio if n th p e ressures o th tw faces d n e o iffer. T e eq atio o m tio is h u n f o n
-.o

,/r

/)

U sing th v e alue of P fromequ n (4) g atio ives

(7)

T es lu no th e u tio myb w n h o tio f is q a n a e ritte

C ,

P y fC 5 z T 2 G f7

(8)

T eb u d ryc n itio s a h o n a o d n re

G C f-G ,
wic g e h h iv s

a r t

'`

Gf = G
Fromequation (4) w obtain e

Goy-

h 1? 3 3

(9)

_.L ( Jj) BaP r

(10)

T acceleration G he 4

thu produ an increase of pressu on o w s ces re ne all

a dad c a eo p s u o th o e wll o n e re s f re s re n e th r a f

(12)
a dp d c sap s u o th b tto o th ta k n ro u e re s re n e o m f e n

7y -

h'

Y-"-"z4 v3

T eto l fo ea tin o o ew ll is h ta rc c g n n a

(1 ) 4

a di a t a adaa c a o ct eb t o n t cs t i t n c b v h ot m

A=
ek (15)

7. It is seen th th ov at e erall effect of th flu o the w is the e id n all

s m a if afra tio a e s c n 2. P

Z J/t P t o

, o th to l ms o th flu f e ta a s f e id 3 ha o e /8 b v Mw h v e ae

wrefa te e rig lytoth wlls o th c n in r a ah ig t e s n d id e a f e o ta e t e h th b tto . C llin th e u a n ms e o m a g is q iv le t a s

r1o = Nt
w e Mis th to l ms o th flu . h re e ta a s f e id

v3 h
(16)

T eto l m m n e e do th b tto o th ta kis h ta o e t x rte n e o m f e n

In lu in th w fin th t top d c th c rre t to l m mn o th ta kth c d g is e d a ro u e e o c ta o e t n e n e ms M m s b a a e v tio a s o u t e t n le a n

h (

(151)

A th ta kb c ms ta a dn rro th fo w gc rre tio s e n e o e ll n a w e llo in o c n s o ldb md . C n id r th ta ks o ninF u 4w ic h s arig hu e ae os e e n hw ig re h h a id h riz n l mm ra e a a d ta c h b lo th wte s rfa e T e m o o ta e b n t is n e e w e a r u c. h o mn e e d o th mm ra e b th flu a o e is g e b th p c d e t x rte n is e b n y e id b v iv n y e re e in e u tio . T em mn e e do th mm ra eb th flu b lo is g q a n h o e t x rte n e e b n y e id e w 3

t,

-e3

E u tin th s fo q a g ee r

s a w o ta m ll e b in

1.6 T is . h

m a s th t th p c d ge u tio h s o ldb u e o lyfo ta k w o e e n a e re e in q a n s h u e s d n r ns hs

p po n are ro rtio s h

<

1 , an if th tan is taller it sh u b treated as .6 d e k o ld e

show in F n igure 4 w here the low portion of the fluid m er oves as a rigid
b d e e gap s u o th w llso o y x rtin re s re n e a f

T accuracy of the preceding equation can be checked by he com p rin w th v lu s c m u db G h man R d u z(1 5 ). In a g ith e a e o p te y ra a d o rig e 9 2
p c o e u tio (1 ) th yo ta e la e f q a n 6 e b in d

0.9

0.4

oz ai
e 2_ /,e 3 4

FI UR

6 I i i I

I
U .S
0.8 0,7

0.2
0.!
J_
It :3

FnC;uRF- 5

9.

me

=M

CO

8 fan%[(2n? ) ?

Tr

(17)

E u tio s(1 ) a d(1 ) a c m a dinF u 5w th q a n 6 n 7 re o p re ig re ith e

1 cr .6 o-

rectio in d . It is seen th th d n clu ed at e iscrepan b een th tw is v cy etw e o ery sm all. F ho G or rahamand R odriguez obtained

7l

, r' f ytl Z ? r ? ?

{:r try

I32 l (n

t lJ T
j ii E

T is is com h pared w the v e o ho g en by equ ith alu f iv ation (1 in F ure 6 5') ig w here it is seen that the ag reem is v close. ent ery

3 R . ectan u T k O g lar an . scillatin F g luid

. T e effect o th im ulsiv h f e p e

p ressu is to ex th flu in o res cite e id to scillatio s. T ex in th fu d n o am e e n amn l m d o v ra nc n id r th flu tob c n tra e b tw e e ta o e f ib tio o s e e id e o s in d e e n rig mm ra e th t a fre toro tea s o ninF u 7 T e id e b n s a re e ta s h w ig re . h

co nstraint is d escribed by the follow eq ing uations.

(19)

(2 0 )
T pressu in th flu is g he re e id iven b y

a _Y _-p
,? f'3/ x i x a G B

10.

T ee u ti no .iii tio o asic o th f i is h q a o f o n f l e f e lud

f

o r
'7

d3Z z

(22)

T e so h lutio o th eq atio , w th b un ary co d n ap ro riate to n f is u n ith e o d n itio s p p

th p b m isf r s u o a o c tio s e ro le , o in s id l s illa n B=B -s'U'y ?1 z =e

,Si ? cry t 'i

(23)

T is s e ifie th o c tio o th flu . T d te in th h p c s e s illa n f e id o e rm e e

n t r lf e u n yo vbai nt emxmm i ei e eg , T i aua r q e c f i r t o h a i u kn t c n r y , s

equated to the m axim potential energy, V um . h T

v '? ; r )

f f /

i ( t 1 z Ll Z U /" /

L J

dO 1 l/

t_e
V
2

f o

x x

S i r

G J

Z '

T is g e h iv s

(24)
T eth md isf u da s o ninF u 8a ds ila f r th o e h ird o e o n s h w ig re n im rly o e th r
_. . L Lds Moe. T. L . .. 1 , 1. .
1 Cccl rl" L G LG 1 1 i u iGU L15 r a L:

a arr e e

4 .. L.

L iC1 L 1

1... l ro
r

4 ,. ..,.t L .

L1. L11

.. 1 U. VC

(25) T e exact expression as giv by G amand R drig is h en rah o uez i z

=

in
=

22 g "
1 8 .5 th r isg o a re mn e e o d g e e t.

S ce in

1 7 .5

an d

/Y 2

if.

1e
A

F IG U R E 7
2,P 3 I _ 2"? P3

NN

Ali

14

2,e

FIG U R E 8

h5
hq

a [ik URE

12.

T ep s u o th wll o th c n in r isfro (L ) h re s re n e a f e o ta e m l

s,

_ I n1 3 4

( ( 3G Z

sh

w V ./ i w. o ]v r c

? 24

r . '

T e to fo ex h tal rce erted o th w is n e all

(27)

A e u l f r ei e et do t eo p st wl . T et t l f r eo n q a oc s x re n h p oi e al h oa oc f

2P

m be con ay sidered to be pro ced by an eq du uivalent m ass, M w ich is l, h

a rn mi n r is a n ninF neq T ems M w o c t a d ni a ni tei ii w ia r _ h a s < i s illae n ll

p d c ah riz n l fo ea fo w: ro u e o o ta rc s llo s Xi = A sinwt .l

F l T

-M l w sin IA 2

a-u

ZM A 2 w sin wt 1 1 2 2

C paring th equ om ese ations w tho for th flu w find ith se e id, e

(28)

M = 1

" z

f
ra 6 that givenoyG hamand

(Z9)

T is v lu o h a e f Rd uz o rig e .

Me c e sb le s th n2 l xed y s a /

T e e v tio o M h le a n f

a o eth b tto o th ta kis d te in d bv e o m f e n e rm e

soth t M e e th sa e m m n a th flu . If w c n e o lyth a I x rts e m o e t s e id e o sid r n e

mmn e et db t efudo t e wl s( e l ci gt efudpe s r s o e t x re y h l i n h al n ge t n h l i r s ue

on the tank bottom w obtain ) e

(30)

13.

I th pe s r se e do th b tto a ea ota e in a c u t w f e r s ue x rte n e o m r ls k n to c o n e

obtain:

h(/_

-z -Z
?

(31)

.p

T e co h rresp n in q tities fo th h h m d are g en b su stio d g uan r e ig er o es iv y b ) fo r noting that only the m odes having n = n n o th tan . exert m e om ts n e k tu g ( tin 1 3 5 ................ , , ,

W the tank is subjected to an earthquake the v hen arious m odes of v ibration w be excited T d ree o excitation can be com ted b ill . he eg f pu y rep lacing th flu b th set o m e id y e f asses. M , M , 0 1 ................. as sh w in o n a

F re 9 w ich th s reduces the problem to solv fo th resp se of igu h u ing r e on n m er o sim le o u b f p scillato rs. A elev n ated w ater tan can b treated in a k e sim fash n, th fluid m ilar io e erely in d ces so e ad itio al d ree tro u m d n eg
o fre d m f eo .

4 .

C c la T n . I p ls eP s u s ir u r a k mu iv re s re

. C n id r ac lin ric l ta k os e y d a n

as sh n in F re 1 an let the fluid be constrained betw fixed ow igu 0 d een m em b n p ra es arallel to th x is, th each slice o u it th n m b e -ax en f n ick ess ay e treated a if it w a n rro rec g lar tan an th e u n o th s ere a w tan u k d e q atio s f e
pe e i gs ci n wla py Tepe s r e et da antt ewl o r c dn e t o s i p l . h r s ue x re g i s h al f l

th tan is, fro eq atio (1 ) e k m u n 2

r = r

; /CIC ( L! ? J

V 4 GB I ),/ b ' h C )

(32)

T ep s u o th b tto o th ta kis h re s re n e o m f e n

h
we h re

(33)

zR xi L
R 1 th flu .6 e id

F r tall n wtan s, as sh w in F u 1 , w en o arro k o n ig re 1 h

b lo d p h s o ldb c n e dtom v w th ta ka arig e w e th h u e o sid re o e ith e n s id

body.

. z

-f

FIGURE ICi

FIG U RE1 1

15. T ep h reced g ex ressio s are n t co v ien fo calcu in p n o n en t r latin th g e

to l fo ee e db th f id T efo w gm d a ng e v ry ta rc x rte y e lu . h llo in o ific tio iv s e

accu rate v lu fo a es r
fo r hl r e ag.

sm ll an so ew at o erestim th p a d m h v ates e ressu re

4 F mth ex re n th to fo ex rted o th w is ro is p ssio e tal rce e n e alls

y 1T/"

h ?

Y) eo5 49

(32')

-IO W 17 ? R4
av

Z
/,

(33')

fro w ich it is seen th th fo e ex m h at e rc erted is th sam as if a eq iv t e e n u alen

ms s M 0 a wrem v gw th ta k w e e o in ith e n , h re

M0

(34)

T i e pe so i c mae i Fg r 1 wht a c mue b J c be hs x r s i n s o p r d n i ue 2 i h t o p t d y a o s n t

(1 4 ) a dit iss e th t th a re mn isv r c s . 99 n e n a e g e e t e y lo e

T ex a m m eq al to th o th flu p o ert o ent u at f e id ressu o th w re n e all th eq iv e u alent m M ass ? = i, lc 8

I th mmn d etoth pe s re e e te o th b tto o th ta ka e f e o et u e r su s xr d n e o m f e n r in lu e th e u a n ms c d d e q iv le t a s M ms b a ah ig t 0 ut e t e h

sh uld b at a h h ab v th b tto ( o e eig t o e e o m

-1 ) .6 (35)

(36)
to p d ce th p p to m m t o th tan . T is ag ro u e ro er tal o en n e k h rees w w ell ith
t a c mue b J c be a s o ni Fg r 1 . h t o p t d y a o s n s h w n i ue 3

5 .

C u r Tn . irc la a k

Oc tin F id s illa g lu

T e a in th firs m d o o xm e e t oe f

v ra no th flu c n id r c n tra ts tob p v e b h riz n l ib tio f e id o s e o s in e ro id d y o o ta

Fx
Q

Cylin r,

Pier

ctz

.a1

h R 3

FIG U R E . 3 1
u

.9

act

lyr

''

Pier
,cast

) ,6
!5 /

13 QZ of

17.

mmra e f e tor ta , a s o ninF ue1 . L t e b n s r e o te s h w ig r 4 e

u ,v w . , ,

b th e e flow

x y z co p n ts o v city an d , , m o en f elo d escrib th co strain o th e e n ts n e

b th fo w ge u tio s y e llo in q a n

a(ub)

-b a -Lr
dlj

(37)

(38)

C7 Z

(39)

T e e e u tio s s te th t a th flu a a g e x y m v s w th s m h s q a n ta a ll e id t iv n , o e ith e a e v lo ity v a dth flu a ag e x m v sw au ifo e c , n e id t iv n o e ith n rm th s e u tio s w h v ee q a n e a e a F m ro

wee hr

T e to k etic en y is th s h tal in erg u

4Aq ,Z

a -R -6

w ere Iz h

K =
-R

tR
-/?

z b a >it6 x fb ? x ? )d ? x

5,

AB
lX AA

FIC,URE 1 4

J I

L is

I i

L d J1 I

= t1 C 1 U R 1 7 [

19.
T ep te tia e e yo th flu is h o n l n rg f e id

V_

- aP Fez / XZ dx 64 h
V) j

z G

! a o A 7Z

! 4" Z

B H m n P c le y a ilto 's rin ip

S /(T-V)dt
t'
//

= o

r
a

1 7 x 1 d?

, 2,r) ? ,t

o r

ff?tl b
t
o

2) a c/xdt f e
t

? > ?? o (K ( a ? I Q ' ?=
?

T gives the tw equations his o

a e

r-. o =a
K

(40)

? ? aa) 1?

at

? 0y -rz

= o

(41)

F mw ic w o ta fo fre v ra n ro h h e b in r e ib tio s

s.? s''f7

s? de-11 .T
h

(42)

(43 )

It w b o serv th th an sis is q ite g eral an ap lies to an ill e b ed at is aly u en d p y

c lin ric l c n in r fo w ic th x y a e a a e o s m e . y d a o ta e r h h e , x s re x s f y mtry th c c la ta k e ir u r n Fr o

20.

IZ _
z

Ire
ff

I:
Zr
z7

R
(44)

4
/t' !! 8

T ee a t s lu na g e inL m 's" y ro y a ic "is h x c o tio s iv n a b Hd d n m s

w2 =

0 B Fz .5 6 2

?o 5 - 8 6 l l ?1

w ic a re s w in1 w th a p x a s lu n h h g e ith % ith e p ro imte o tio .

T ep h ressu in th flu is g en b re e id iv y

-,o

d x?

(4 i)

F r th c c la ta kth i,, o e ir u r n is

G r r y i z z l R w
a

s? h

tw

(46)

.Z4 A 7
Tepcs r o t ewl i h r s uc n h al s

7 l

A/

1
-

R
J

2( !

--

//

) r6 ?

(47)

Ter s l a th rz na f r ee et do t ewl i h eut n oi o t l oc x re n h al s

21.
T is fo e my b c n id re to b p d c d b a e u a n ms M h rc a e o s e d e ro u e y n q iv le t a s l (s eF u 9 o c tin inah riz n l p n w m tio e ig re ) s illa g o o ta la e ith o n

X, = q, sin A) t

Z y eR

(49)

f?,

l??Z '

(50)

I o e th t Me e t th s m mmn a th f idpe s r so th n rd r a , x r e a e o e t s e lu r s ue n e wll, it s o ldb a a e v tio a o eth b tto o a h u e t n le a n b v e o m f

h = / /
8R BA! ({ U! ? Y

(51)

T ep h ressure ex erted o th b tto o th tan is n e o m f e k r Z4-- /

T ise e am mn a o t th z a ise u l to h x rts o e t b u e - x q a

V 2t52)

1118 `8 Sil y AEI 4

61 R In lu in th , th c rre t to l m mn o th ta kisp d c dw e c d g is e o c ta o e t n e n ro u e h n

17RPC )

., _. ? 1r4 _ 3/

(53)

6 .

E tic l T n . llip a a k

F r th e tic l ta k a s o ninF ue o e llip a n , s h w ig r

1 , th 5 e

im u iv p s u o th wll isg e b e u tio (1 ) p ls e re s re n e a iv n y q a n 2

t

? ?

(ou h(h

y )r )Z

? 4e a 3

(54)

22.

w as ila e pe s nf r a c le a ninth d e tio o th ya is ith im r x r s io o c e r tio e ir c n f e - x . F r o c tio so th flu , e u tio s(3 ) th u h(4 ) a p o s illa n f e id q a n 7 ro g 3 p ly w o ta fo th firs m d , a o t th y x e b in r e t o e b u e -a is ad n

.st( a 1 1 ? 12%//_ h Z a `
F r h s a th r d c sto o mll is e u e
tz ; - 1? r7n / 9

(55)

a d c m a g w th e a t s lu n (J ffre , n o p rin ith e x c o tio e y a o ta e re b in d

1 2 ) th fo w gv e 9 4 e llo in alu s

b
a

A.
(A p x p ro .)

A
(E ac x t)

1
0 .6

1.84
1 8 .8

1.84
17 .8

1.90

1.89

7. C posite T om anks
s c a th t s o ni F ue u h s a h w n ig r

.S m ym etrical tanks form of com ed posite shapes

1 wl h v i p l i epe s r sgv nb 6 i a e musv r s ue i e y l

e u tio (1 ) a do c tio s a d s rib db e u tio s (3 ) a d 3 T e q a n 2 n s illa n s e c e y q a n 7 n .(4 ). h

t n s o ni Fg r 1 h s a k h w n i ue 6 a

3
Z? =

z?
R so 2-73 -P

f 7R

zq

3r 7/

Ky

.6 ( ?7 d 7 /J i6 (-F / f 0 z 7 l t/.7 7 ) a 9 ( ,i /- a /3 i o J ?

(56)

8 .

C u r C lin e S rro n e b F id irc la y d r u u d d y lu

. C n id r th rig c lin e o s e e id y d r

sh w inF u 1 w flo c n in db ra ia m m ra e a db o n ig re 7 ith w o stra e y d l e b n s n y v rtic l mmr n sa r a d r +d f m ec n r T ev rtic l e a e ba e t n r ro th e te . h e a v lo ityis g e b e c iv n y

v = 1? ? r t ? (fra

(5 ) 7

23.

T ek e e e yo flu inafila e t o w th rodg h in tic n rg f id m n f id *

A p in H m n P c ley ld th e u tio p ly g a ilto 's rin ip ie s e q a n

arz
T solution is he

r2

(58)

Z1
( h

4? yr
r ? L

(59)

T e pressu in the fluid is g en by h re iv

(60)

If th cy d is g en an acceleratio e lin er iv n

U inth x- d c n th n e ire tio e

a dth pe s r o th c lin e is n e r s ue n e y d r

(61)
T resultant force on th cylin in th x direction is he e der e

4:A
a

(62)

? ? '? OU ro

Al
`o tm

A s e inF u 1 , th im o e as e ia c n tra t o th flo . If s en ig re 7 is p s s p c l o s in n e w

th artifice is n t u is o sed o e o tains a B n b essel fu nctio o th first o er, n f e rd im aginary argum (K , instead of E ent 1) quation (59), w hich is a very good
a p x a ntoK . p ro im tio 1

24.
T em mn e e do th c lin e a h ig t y is h o e t x rte n e y d r t e h ,

M . om

2 P U rr`t
P J 7

(63)

F m(6 ) an (6 ) it is se th t th a n o th flu is th sam as if ro 1 d 2 en a e ctio f e id e e an e u alen m q iv t ass M w re rig ly fasten to th cy d at h , . e id ed e lin er o w here

P'To 2h

/y o

% t v3

(64)

ha =

Bh

(65)

T ep h reced g fo ulas sh uld b u o ly fo h in rm o e sed n r /ro

h0 /r e c e s th th flu b lo th le e y = x e d is e id e w e v l /ro 1. 6

1 W .6. hen
sh u b c n o ld e o -

sid ered to h e th reg lar tw -d en n flo p th cy d fo av e u o im sio al w ast e lin er r

w ich h

(66)
a dth fo efo u it le g o c lin e is n e rc r n n th f y d r Pp r f e t F r th ra g , o is n e

-to

U rrr4

( ?1 ) .6)

l'= P r r - Ur

f ?-U3 i / ?z
/ ; 6 - G

?
(67)

"1 3 /p? ,0 ,( 2

Ac m a o o th fo g in a p x a v lu s fo M o p ris n f e re o g p ro imte a e r

Jacobsen (1949) are show in F n igures 12 and 13.

adh n

w ith

25.

9 R c n u r Dm . e ta g la a

. F r th re ta g la d mw s p gfa e a o e c n u r a ith lo in c , s

s o ninF u 1 , th im u iv p s u sa g e b th fo w g hw ig re 8 e p ls e re s re re iv n y e llo in

equations:
V =

(h-ij ? ?t u u?

u = uo e
PN1

- PT 314
(68)

a,, h=? rl

4 hAh -z ? ? ? 1 -Y Y
Z _L

The resu t h rizo tal fo o th face o th d is ltan o n rce n e f e am

4ff = 0U i i
sligh larger than the 0. 5 tly 43

f;; I

ri3 - z
ii = 0. 577 (O6,H2 which is

0 (69)

W en th face o th d is v h e f e am ertical F

P u H2 given by Westergaard (1933 ).

E u tio s (6 ) a d(6 ) a su b o lyw e q a n 8 n 9 re ita le n h n > F r ! !I ' o 4 0ad re t a p x a nm s b u e , a g e b lo . 5 iffe n p ro imtio u t e s d s iv n e w

4 ( e F u 2 ) 5 s e ig re 0 .

We 0 hn
F u ig re

45 the flu shou b divided into tw reg 0 id ld e o ions as ar1 1 mmra elie a n th da g u e b n s lo g e x
d
is

s o nin hw

1 , we e 7 hr

ad n

h s ah riz n l a c le tio a o o ta c e ra n

4 ,

s c th t th p s u fo eo e c u h a e re s re rc n a h

s eo th mm ra eisth s m. Inth re io toth le o th x x id f e e b n ea e e g n e ft f e -a is

the follow equations describe the flow ing .

(70)

A p in Hm n P c le to th to l k e e e y in th re io p ly g a ilto 's rin ip e ta in tic n rg is g n le d toth e u tio as e qa n

x2 ? `{

3 x

OIXu

-3 f

? O

u=

3 Ue r/ C a

(71)

F I C S U R F1. 9

27.

T e ap ro h p priate so tio is lu n

S iy

s? yr

CSI-

3 ta. ff ?

T ep h ressu in th flu is re e id z
r df -

00

(72)

T e to p h tal ressu fo o th m b e alo g th x is is re rce n e em ran n e -ax

M? N

7z In th reg n to th rig t o th x is e io e h f e -ax

? ?C ca 0(J1 fl73 ) `
a

le Gtr ? ?

T ee u tio o m tio is h qa n f o n

01 a
d2 x

g2 Zs

=u (7`l)

T en r a f r ea x= h oml oc t

0is

E u tin th toe u tio (7 ) a ds lv gfo C g e q a g is q a n 3 n o in r , iv s

d Of
94
03

as

ly

H a

46

0.0

/.o

of

D,Z

0.?

0.4

0 5

0-6

FIC,URE 20

?? A o N

o"9
Exat

16-

/11

11)F.._

1.

9-9

C = 2Pt ,Z 4
?

/- 41-19I -

I (
T ep s u o th in lin df c isth s h re s re n e c e a e u

tlY r

V_

, ")

w here

4 is the horizontal acceleration of the inclined face.

T he

resu t ho ltan rizontal force exerted ag ainst the in clined face is

(76)
E u tio s (7 ) a d(7 ) a c m a dinF u s 2 a d2 w q a n 5 n 6 re o p re ig re 0 n 1 ith

th co e rresp n in q an o d g u tities calcu lated b th relax n m o . It is y e atio eth d see th th ag n at e reem n is g o ex t th th p et o d cep at e ressu res a re o eresti v m ated at the to e.

1 0. T rapezoidal D am

. F a trapezoidal shape as- show in F or n igure 2 2

th e

fo ulas o th p rm f e reced g sectio (w v in n ith ariab h m b u fo th le ) ay e sed r e p ressu at v u sectio s acro th w th o th d . T is w res ario s n ss e id f e am h ill
s mw a o e s a th fo eo th d m F r n rro wd e h p d o e h t v re timte e rc n e a . o a w e g -s a e

fo s th e r in rm e rro creases a d b n etter re lts are o tain b th fo w g su b ed y e llo in

po e ue Cni e t ec nt anso t efo t b a s o ni Fg r r c d r . o sd r h o sr i t n h l wo e s h w n i ue

2 a da d s rib db th fo w ge u tio s: 3 n s e c e y e llo in q a n

30.

F k c ,U R ff Z z

fl(,URE Z3

Eqs. 78

0 .3 e4AH
0,2

0.1

30-

600

f G R a4 ) U Vertical triangular dam

31.

v =

WI/ fc l '? ? 6 , x Z f
o !x

(77)

Apyn Hmt n Pi cpet t ekn t ce eg gv s p l i g a i o 's rn i l o h i ei n r y i e ! l

G /U

A. = area of d face am '4 K = 2 U V f? ?

ye

-q 1x

T epe s reo th fa eis h r su n e c

6 o% i

A- /I /e

T e resu t h rizo tal fo ex h ltan o n rce erted o th d is n e am

(79)

F r th tria g o e n le

th is is ,

F u 2 sh w th fo o a v ig re 4 o s e rce n ertical trian u face as d g lar eterm ed b in y (79) and by the application of (69), together w the value given by the ith ex so tio . F mth o e can estim th erro in o ed in ap act lu n ro is n ate e r v lv ply
in th e u tio stotra e o a s c n . E u tio s(7 ) a d(7 ) a g e qa n p z id l e tio s q a n 8 n 9 re

applicable only for

>4 5

32.
1. 1 S p e Dm te p d a . As p e d ma s o ninF u 2 myb tre te te p d a s h w ig re 5 a e a d b y

a p in e u tio ss ila toe u tio s(1 to(4 I th c s th rea p ly g q a n im r q a n ) ). n is a e e re th ere io so th flu a dth flo isd s rib db re g n f e id n e w e c e y

? f

(J, mil) dx

. ? = ? : fit) ?

a
/ i=
/ 01 ?` i L
/

T e ele dtoth fo w ge u tio s o m tio . hs a e llo in q a n f o n 3

3 3

c/` e v
,? W

--

xZ

d 'a, ?f. AL `ii 2

G/ ?Z
/

k 3

?? x

G1 z ?

? Xz (81)

G 1 , =G /

x =G a z4

T ep s u sa dfo e o th fa e o th d ma g e b h re s re n rc s n e c s f e a re iv n y

in A

? 1x

33

$X
A B

4
4, a-,II

i t i

I,

0.6 h

F 1(URE Z6
Stepped dam

? , z /2 ?N j

z d x

? y

inB
p, / y

o1x

inC
I f

2 4 y// 7 Au /4 ' L

Inth p rtic la c s w e h e a u r a e h re

l
Q

=h =h w o ta 2 e b in

_ x y
_
Gr
-S ai z

Z r P
z 'F T 2 fe ie c . z

? ?
- 2$X . /

D" A . 3

,W
Z

^ 2(

40 - . . z g
i

-4? -Z /Q ,8

A 21 S'f,1

(" Ie

35

T efo w gn mric l v lu sa o ta e fo th h riz n l fo e : h llo in u e a a e re b in d r e o o ta rc s

a h

P1 pM 0h2

P2 (lvl0h2

P + 2 1 P

c40(2h)2

0
0 .2

0.805
0 5 .7 2

1.449
1 1 ..3 2

0. 564
0 52 . 1

0 .4
0 .6

0.707
0 8 .6 1

1.186
1 6 .1

0.478
0 6 .4 0

0,, ,8

0. 6 57 0.577

1.12 0.936

0.445

Ag h o th p rap f e ressu is sh w in F u 2 . res o n ig re 6

1. 2

S m tal D eg en am

. If th d face is step e am ped as sh w in F u 2 , o n ig re 9

and the angle

0 is not less than450satisfactoryresults are obtained by

th fo w gp c d re e llo in ro e u .

Jz

? f?? ? Z

z y?

f ? ? /s i, s r

X? J

T e ele dtoth fo w ge u tio s o m tio hs a e llo in q a n f o n

z
GP q

le'k

36.

f/ti6 )

T ese are satisfied b so h y .1x

lu n o tio s z

the corm
Lr K

,?

G/, = k
2 ^
A V

Zvi-Bob

7-cf'

We th ses lu n a c m a dw th s o ta e e p rim n lly h n e o tio s re o p re ith o e b in d x e e ta Z n a th reis ad c p n yn t q itea la ea th t g e b a g r, e is re a c o u s rg s a iv n y (6 ). 8

b y eq a n u tio

13. F lexible W all

. T foregoing analysis m also be used to estim he ay ate

re in d ta e

th e c o w ll fle ib e ffe t f a x ilityo th w te p s u s S p o ew te is n e a r re s re . u p s a r

b av rtic l c n v r w ll w ic iss ffic n s s th t y e a a tile e a h h u ie tly tiff o a

w v p p g tio in th w ll m y b n g c d Uin th s m m th d o a e ro a a n e a a e e le te . s g e a e e o f a a s a d th n ta n a s o n in F u 2 th fo w g e u tio s a p n ly is n e o tio s h w ig re 7 e llo in q a n p ly fo as u o a v ra n r in s id l ib tio . H riz n l d la e e t o o ta isp c mn h =

'2

37. A plying H ilto P p am n's rinciple w o e btain ;? X I- f / =o

T ep h ressu o th w is re n e all

a dth re u n f rc o th wll is n e s lta t o e n e a

F r a w o u ifo c ss-se n if w ap ro im th o all f n rm ro ctio , e p x ate e

a tu l pe s r b c a r s ue y

fi

siH -E ! 5 f

w o ta fo f( e b in r

9-

pT

(rd -T ' ? ?

P = total force on w all.. T ep h ressu an fo are co p ted to b re d rce mu e

38.

? ?

- 4Lro Gvz !

2,513 Q/.1 t 3: ? ,

T isla t e u tio myb w n h s q a n a e ritte

2,sZ5/f/

?? , Zhs

F ragvnwl a dh s a c l r to , t a i , agvn o i e al n a. c eeai n ht s ie

}(,

this equ ation g ives the ap propriate v alue of

ga ho j v, rp f < s p

a das s o sh wh t t l f r eo t ewl i n l o h w o t e oa oc n h al s

g, F u 2 g e a ig re 8 iv s

reduced by w flexibility. all

35
ZI Zo

F'

it

lb
15

du
-U

13 12

IC 3

FIGURE 2.7
p t1

11
to

/ ( '

9
Gf

--

f
4

u
z

l0

FI CURE Z9

of

1 0 .2

0.1;

0.4

n.T

0.6

A l

a R

o q

L A

F 4 BUR

40.
RFRNE EE E CS
1
1.

L r
i i .

'A A
1V 1

1 WT..........4.., . .
Lal Gr a p gr e

.. .,

., ...1

(1 93 We 3 ) a r t v
? %e 1 J , J .
l .

Ps rs n D s Dn r se D a eu m ug r i
i i.o aa oi i . a

D. Dams

E r q a e , Ta s A e . S c C . E g , v l. a th u k s r n . mr o . iv n . o

98, 1933.

2 L M H sk s a d L S Ja o sen (1 3 ), Wte P ssu ina . . . o in n . . c b 94 a r re re

T n C u e b aS u te E rth u k , B ll. S is . S c a k a s d y im la d a q a e u e m o .

A e v l. m r., o

24,

1934.

3 L S J c b e (1 4 ), Im u iv H d d n m s o F idIn id . . . aosn 99 p ls e y ro y a ic f lu s e aC lin ric l T n a do F idS rro n in aC lin ric l y d a a k n f lu u u d g y d a

Pe, Bl . Si m S c A e. , v l i r ul es . o . mr n. 3, 9

1949.

4 P W Wrn r a dK J S n q ist (1 4 ), O H d d n m . . . e e n . . udu 9 9 n y ro y a ic E rth u k Ef c . T n . A e . Go h s a U io , a q a e f e ts ra s mr e p y ic l n n v l. o

30,

1949.

5 L S J c b e a dR S A re(1 5 ). H d d n m E p rimn . . . aosn n . . y 9 1 y ro y a ic x e e ts

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F M uel otion W hich A ffect A irplane D ynam Journal of ics, A pplied M echanics, v ol. 3, 1952. 1 ,n . 9 o
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12. 94