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Bark: all tissues external to the vascular cambium (penderm layers and secondary phloem).

Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation produce the plant body Leaves develops from nodes Epidermis forms an exterior of the leaf Vascular tissue forms on the interior of the leaf Morphogenesis: the development of body from and organization Asymmetrical division: one daughter cell gets move cytoplasm than the other in mitosis. Common in plants Signals key events in development Preprophase band: microtubules concentrated into a ring. Disappears before metaphase Predicts future plane of cell division Animal cells grow by producing protein- rich cytoplasm. Plant cells expand by water uptake Microtubules play a key role in regulating the plane of cell expansion Plant formation: the development of specific structures in specific location Positional information: molecular signals that control pattern formation in an animal/plant embryos structure by indicating a cells location relative to the body axes. Each cell responds to positional information from neighboring cells. Polarity: the condition of having structural or chemical differences of opposite poles of an organism. Phase changes: the morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity. Flower formation = vegetative growth reproductive growth Meristem identity genes: plant genes that promote the switch from vegetative growth reproductive growth (flowering). Plant homeotic genes aka organ identity genes: genes that regulate the development of a characteristic floral pattern ABC Model: a model of flower formation indentifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the 4 types of floral organs. BASIC FLOWER STRUCTURE Floral organs develop in 4 concentric circles (whorls) Sepals from the 4th whorl (outermost) A gene Petals from 3rd A + B gene Stamens form 2nd B + C gene Carpels form first C gene When genes A or c is missing, others take its place Where gene A is present it inhibits C Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants Ch.36 Land plants acquire resources both above and below ground. Phyllotaxy: the arrangements of leaves on a stem. When the leaves respire more than they photosynthesize, the plant undergoes selfpruning

Phyllotaxy is determined by the shoot apical meristem and is specific to each species Transport occurs by short distance diffusion or active transport and long distance bulk flow Transport begins with absorption of resources by plant cells Plants cells use energy in H+ gradient and membrane. Cotransport: a transport protein that couples diffusion of one solute with active transport of another Free water moves from regions of high water potential to region of lower water potential Water potential: the combined effects of solute concentration and physical pressure Water potential = solute potential + pressure potential Adding solutes always lowers water potential Solute potential = negative ALWAYS Pressure potential can be either positive or negative Turgor pressure: force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. Aquaporins: transport proteins that facilitate the diffusion of water molecules Apoplast: a continuum formed by cell walls, extracellular spaces, and dead interior of tracheids and vessels. Symplast: the cytosol of cells Plasmodesmata: cytoplasmic channels that connects the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. In apoplastic route, water and solutes move along the continuum of cell walls and extracellular space Symplastic route water and solutes move along a continuum of the cytosol within the plant tissue. Diffusion and active transport are effective at short distances. Bulk flow: movement of a fluid driven by pressure Long distance transport Made possible by the xylem and phloem Water and minerals are transported from roots to shoots. Water and mineral absorption occurs mostly in the cells near the tips of roots Soil solution has low mineral concentration. Endodermis: innermost cells in the root cortex. Functions as last checkpoint for selective passage of mineral (cortex vascular tissue). Mineralsendodermisendodermal plasmodesmata stele symplast Casparian strip: a barrier located in the transverse and radial walls of each endodermal cell Made of suberin Dead end in apoplast Forces water and minerals that are passively moving through apoplast to cross the plasma membrane of endodermal cell and enter stele through symplast Endodermis prevents accumulated solutes in the xylem from going back to the soil solution Water and soil minerals epidermis of roots root cortex stele

Xylem sap: water and dissolved minerals in the xylem. Transpiration: loss of water vapor from leaves. Flow of xylem sap brings mineral nutrients to the shoot system At night, root cells pump mineral ions into the xylem of the stele. Root pressure: the upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots. Guttation: exudation of water droplets Forcing excess water out of plant NOT DEW Many plants dont generate root pressure Xylem sap is usually pulled by leaves. **Transpiration Cohesion- Tension mechanism pulls xylem sap. Negative pressure potential in transpiration lowers water potential Transpirational pull depends on cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension Negative potential in leaves pull of transpirational pull Transpirational pull: leaves root tips soil solution Facilitated by cohesion and adhesion Exiting water molecules in the xylem, in the leaf tug on other water molecules Tension produced by transpiration pull lower the potential in root xylem so that water flows into the root soil, across the cortex stele Cautation: formation of water vapor pocket which breaks chain of water molecules. Occurs during drought/ stress Common in wide vessels Ascent of xylem sap = solar powered Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration. Large SAV increase photosynthesis, but increase water loss 95% water loss because of stomata Guard cells control the diameters of the stoma Turgid guard cells = open stomata Flaccid guard cells = closed stomata Changes in turgor pressure can result from absorption/ loss of water Aquaporins help regulate osmotic swelling and shrinking of guard cells ** Stomatal opening: light CO2 depletion Internal clock Xerophytes: plants that are adapted to the desert and other regions with little moisture Turgor is necessary for cell elongation

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