Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. Tommy Lo
Department of Building & Construction City University of Hong Kong
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
Greenhouse effect
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
China contributes 33% of the global CO2 emissions from Cement Production (Hendrick C A., et al 2004) C. A al.,
Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cement Production
Latin America India 5% Eastern 6% Europe 7% Africa 3% China 33% China Europe OECD-Pacific Rest of Asia Middle East 9% Rest of Asia 9% OECD-Pacific 9% Middle East Europe 12% North America Eastern Europe Latin America India Africa
North America 7%
That means, the cement industry of China is contributing 1.65% of the total global carbon dioxide
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
ROLE OF BUILDING MATERIALS Selection of building materials with low carbon dioxide emissions. emissions
Calculation of total carbon dioxide emissions: V x D x C = Amount of CO2 emission (kg) g
Where as: V = volume of building material used (m3) D =Density of the building material (kg/m3) C = Embodied carbon dioxide emission (kg CO2/ ton)
To assess the impact of using the possible p g p Alternative Materials on reduction of CO2 Emissions in Building Design
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
Ways of possible reduction
[1] Slag Cement Association, 2003. [2] Gill B and Manchanda S 2006 Gill, B. Manchanda, S., 2006. [3] Saint-gobain Group, 2008. [4]The Institute of Structural Engineers, 1999.
10
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
12
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
Comparison of mix proportion used in HK (Apply to a typical building) Overall kg of CO2 (x103) 1795 1653 1608 1203 966 % of reduction -7.9% 7 9% -10.5% -33.0% -46.2% 46 2%
16
100% cement 75% cement+25% PFA t+25% 67% cement+33% PFA 50% cement+50% slag 30% cement+70% slag Think about !!! ACT !!!!
GREENHOUSE EFFECT :
100% cement 75% cement+25% PFA 67% cement+33% PFA 50% cement+50% slag 30% cement+70% slag
e.g Concrete Mix of Same Grade 35 (Grade 35) Mix 1 2 3 4 5 Combination 100% OPC 30% GGBS 50% GGBS 70% GG S GGBS 80% GGBS
Think about !!! ACT !!!!
CO2 equivalent
273 203 172 186
% reduction
-14.6 -36.4 -46.2 46.2 -41.9
17
320 --
18
Influences of UHI:
Increase the discomfort (Hassid et al., 2001) Higher pollution levels (Hassid et al., 2001) Increase electricity demand for cooling (Santamouris, 2001) Decrease the efficiency of air conditioners (Santamouris, 2001)
Causes of UHI:
High population density Increase in number of high-rise buildings Low reflective surfaces of building materials that absorb more heat from the sun Less vegetation which provide shade and cool the air. Street Canyon Situation
19
Street Canyon Situation: A canyon (a deep narrow valley) formed in a street between two rows of buildings which trapped the fumes exhausted by vehicles (Ref: Hongkong
Industrialist, 2007)
Rooflevelwind
Heat release release slowlyfrom building materials
Temp.
TallBuilding
a.UrbanHeatIslandEffect
b.StreetCanyonEffect
c.Highlyunsustainableenvironment
20
Mitigation techniques:
Improve building design to enhance ventilation I b ildi g d ig t h til ti
Green roofs (Hui, S. C. M., 2006; Architectural Services Department, Feb 2007)
21
Our approach :
To assess the contribution of building finishes g materials on UHI To characterise building finishes materials in terms of their total energy released after heat
22
23
24
For simplicity, the heat transfer mechanism can be considered as one-dimensional problem under unsteady heat transfer condition. The surface convection rate is (Maldague, X.P. ,2001. ) : qc= A(Ts-TF)= A(Ts-TF)e(-At/Vc) The equation of transient solid temperature for time-dependent surface heat transfer rate, Ts (t) = TF, + [Ts(t=0)- TF,]e- (-At/Vc)
25
Concrete
Q = Vc[Ts(t=0)- TF,][1-e(-A/Vc)]
26
Q = Vc[Ts(t=0)- TF,][1-e(-A/Vc)]
27
p Surface temperature are recorded by infrared camera with capturing frequency of 1/120 sec sec.
28
29
30
Stage I
Stage II
31
It means that ceramic is more responsive to the change in the surrounding temperature.
It is because the energy inside ceramic/clay is released at stage I, hence the temperature difference is lower between ceramic and the g p , g surrounding temp. Therefore, the cooling rate of ceramic started to slow down and even slower than concrete.
32
Area = 1130.97oC
Area = 1163.74oC
Area = 1194.75oC
33
SUMMARY
Total energy released the four different building finishing materials:
Concrete
Max. cooling rate Total T t l energy -0.0063 1194.75
Marble
-0.0070 1163.74
Clay
-0.0072 1130.97
Ceramic
-0.0089 [ceramic cool fast] 1104.52
34
Concrete g Mean cooling rate of stage I Total energy -0.0063 0 0063 1194.75
Parameters need further study: colour, reflectives ? performance under street environment ?
Heat release slowlyfrom building g materials
Temp.
TallBuilding
TallBuilding
a.UrbanHeatIslandEffect
b.StreetCanyonEffect
c.Highlyunsustainableenvironment
35
Further work
ConstructionofMaterialClassificationIndex andUHImodel
Dr. Tommy Lo
Department of Building & Construction City University of Hong Kong
Thank You Th k Y !!
37