Problem 7.42 For the circuit in Fig. P7.

42:
(a) Apply current division to express I
1
and I
2
in terms of I
s
.
(b) With I
s
as reference, generate a relative phasor diagram showing that the vector
sum I
1
+I
2
= I
s
is indeed satised.
(c) Analyze the circuit to determine I
s
and then generate the absolute phasor
diagram for the three currents.
3 4
5
+
_
I
2 I
1
I
s
j3 j4
V
s
= 10 V
0
o
Figure P7.42: Circuit for Problem 7.42.
Solution:
(a)
I
1
=
(3 j3)I
s
(4+ j4) +(3 j3)
=
(3 j3)I
s
7+ j1
= (0.36 j0.48)I
s
= (0.6e
j53.1

)I
s
I
2
=
(4+ j4)I
s
(4+ j4) +(3 j3)
=
4(1+ j1)I
s
7+ j1
= (0.64+ j0.48)I
s
= (0.8e
j36.9

)I
s
.
(b)
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
s
36.9
o
53.1
o
Relative phase diagram
0.48
0.48
(c)
I
s
=
V
s
5+(4+ j4) (3 j3)
=
10
5+
(4+ j4)(3 j3)
(4+ j4) +(3 j3)
= 1.19e
j3.3

A.
I
1
= 0.6e
j53.1

1.19e
j3.3

= 0.71e
j49.8

A,
I
2
= 0.8e
j36.9

1.19e
j3.3

= 0.95e
j40.2

A.
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2009 National Technology and Science Press
I
2
I
1
I
s
40.2
o
3.3
o
49.8
o
Absolute phase diagram
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2009 National Technology and Science Press
Section 7-9: Analysis Techniques
Problem 7.46 Apply nodal analysis in the phasor domain to determine i
x
(t) in the
circuit of Fig. P7.46.
5
5 5
21 cos 10
5
t V 10.5 cos 10
5
t V
+
_
+
_
1 F 1 F
i
x
Figure P7.46: Circuit for Problem 7.46.
Solution:
5
5 5
+
_
+
_
I
x
21 V
0
o
10.5 V
0
o
j10 j10
V
1
V
2
Z
C
=
j
!C
=
j
10
5
10
6
=j10 "
At node V
1
:
V
1
21
5
+
V
1
j10
+
V
1
V
2
5
= 0
At node V
2
:
V
2
V
1
5
+
V
2
j10
+
V
2
+10.5
5
= 0
Simultaneous solution leads to
V
1
= (9.31 j2.95) V, V
2
=(0.91+ j1.25) V.
I
x
=
V
2
j10
= j0.1V
2
=j0.1(0.91+ j1.25) = (0.125 j0.091) A
= 0.154e
j36

A.
Hence,
i
x
(t) = 0.154cos(10
5
t 36

) (A).
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 7.52 Apply mesh analysis to determine I
C
in the circuit of Fig. P7.51.
Solution:
2
6 j1
j3
+
_
+
_
8 V
45
o
2I
C
I
C
I
1
I
2
8e
j45

+2I
1
+ j3I
1
j1(I
1
I
2
) = 0
j1(I
2
I
1
) 2I
C
+6I
2
= 0
Also,
I
C
= I
1
I
2
.
Solution gives
I
1
=
64 j8
19+ j16
e
j45

(A) I
2
=
16 j8
19+ j16
e
j45

(A)
I
C
= I
1
I
2
=
48e
j45

19+ j16
= 1.93e
j4.9

.
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 7.56 Use any analysis technique of your choice to determine i
C
(t) in the
circuit of Fig. P7-56.
i
C
3i
C
5 10
10
1 mH
1 F
6 cos 2.5 10
4
t A
Figure P7.56: Circuit for Problem 7.56.
Solution:
I
C
3I
C
5 10
10
I
1
I
2
I
3
j40
j25
6 A
0
o
Z
L
= j!L = j2.510
4
10
3
= j25 "
Z
C
=
j
!C
=
j
2.510
4
10
6
=j40 "
The mesh-current method gives:
Mesh 1: I
1
= 6 A
Mesh 2: j40(I
2
I
1
) +5(I
2
I
3
) +10I
2
= 0
Mesh 3: I
3
= 3I
C
Auxiliary: I
C
= I
1
I
2
.
Simultaneous solution leads to
I
1
= 6 A, I
2
= (4.92 j1.44) A.
I
C
= I
1
I
2
= 1.8e
j53.13

A.
i
C
(t) = Re[I
C
e
j!t
]
= 1.8cos(2.510
4
t +53.13

) (A).
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 7.58 The input signal in the op-amp circuit of Fig. P7.58 is given by
v
in
(t) =V
0
cost.
Assuming the op amp is operating within its linear range, obtain an expression for
v
out
(t) by applying the phasor-domain technique, and then evaluate it for RC = 1.
R
L
R
C
v
in
(t)
v
out
_
+ +
_
+
_
Figure P7.58: Op-amp circuit for Problem 7.58.
Solution:
R
L
I
C
R
V
in
V
out
_
+
+
+
_
I
R
_
j
C
I
n
= 0
V
n
= V
p
= 0
V
in
=V
0
.
Because V
n
= V
p
= 0,
I
C
=
V
in
Z
C
=
V
in
j/C
= jCV
in
.
I
R
=
V
n
V
out
R
.
Also, V
n
= 0 and I
n
= 0.
Hence
V
out
= RI
R
= RI
C
= jRCV
in
= jRCV
0
=RCV
0
e
j90

.
v
out
(t) = Re[V
out
e
jt
]
= Re[RCV
0
e
j90

e
jt
]
=RCV
0
cos(t 90

)
Problem 7.60 For v
i
(t) = V
0
cost, obtain an expression for v
out
(t) in the circuit
of Fig. P7.60 and then evaluate it for V
0
= 4 V, = 400 rad/s, R = 5 k, and
C = 2.5 F.
v
out
C
R
v
i +
_
Figure P7.60: Circuit for Problem 7.60.
Solution:
V
out
I
V
i
R
+
_
I
n
= 0
V
n
V
p
+
_
j
C
V
i
=V
0

.
At the input side:
V
i
= V
p
.
Since V
n
= V
p
for an op amp,
V
n
= V
i
.
Since I
n
= 0,
I =
V
out
R
j
C
=
jCV
out
1+ jRC
.
But
I =
V
n
R
=
V
i
R
.
Hence,
V
out
=

RC j1
RC

V
in
.
For V
0
= 4 V, = 400 rad/s, R = 5 k, and C = 2.5 F,
V
out
= 4.079e
j11.31

V,
V
out
(t) = 4.079cos(400t 11.31

) V.
=RCV
0
sint.
For RC = 1,
v
out
(t) =V
0
sint.
Problem 7.61 For v
i
(t) =V
0
cost, obtain an expression for v
out
(t) in the circuit of
Fig. P7.61 and then evaluate it for V
0
= 2 V, = 377 rad/s, R
1
= 2 k, R
2
= 10 k,
and C = 0.5 F.
v
out
C
v
i
R
1
R
2
+
_
Figure P7.61: Circuit for Problem 7.61.
Solution:
V
out V
p
R
1
R
2
+
_
V
i
+
_
I
I
n
= 0
I
V
p
= V
n
= 0
j
C
V
i
=V
0

V.
At the input side,
I =
V
i
R
1
.
At the output side,
I =
V
out
R
2

j
C
.
Hence,
V
out
=

R
2
C j1
R
1
C

V
i
For V
0
= 2 V, = 377 rad/s, R
1
= 2 k, R
2
= 10 k, and C = 0.5 F,
V
out
= 11.32e
j152.05

V.
v
out
(t) = 11.32cos(377t +152.05

) V.
CHAPTER 8
Section 8-1: Sinusoidal Signals
Problem 8.1 Determine (a) the average and (b) rms values of the periodic voltage
waveform shown in Fig. P8.1.
3 4 5 6 8 7 2 1 0
1
2
3
4
t (s)
v (V)
Figure P8.1: Waveform for Problem 8.1.
Solution:
(a)
v(t) =
_
2t (V), for 0 t 2 s
82t (V), for 2 t 4 s
T = 4 s.
V
av
=
1
4
_
_
2
0
2t dt +
_
4
2
(82t) dt
_
=
1
4
_
2t
2
2

2
0
+
_
8t
2t
2
2
_

4
2
_
= 2 V.
(b)
V
rms
=
_
1
4
_
4
0
v
2
dt
_
1/2
=
_
1
4
_
_
2
0
4t
2
dt +
_
4
2
(82t)
2
dt
__
1/2
=
_
1
4
_
4t
3
3

2
0
+
_
64t
32t
2
2
+
4t
3
3
_

4
2
__
1/2
= 2.31 V.
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 8.4 Determine (a) the average and (b) rms values of the periodic current
waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.
3 4 5 6 8 7 2 1 0
2
4
6
t (s)
i (A)
Figure P8.4: Waveform for Problem 8.4.
Solution:
(a)
i(t) = 3t (A), for 0 t 2 s
T = 2 s.
I
av
=
1
2

2
0
3t dt =
3t
2
4

2
0
= 3 A.
(b) I
rms
=

1
2

2
0
9t
2
dt

1/2
=

1
2
9t
3
3

2
0

1/2
= 3.46 A.
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Section 8-2 and 8-3: Average and Complex Power
Problem 8.9 Determine the complex power, apparent power, average power
absorbed, reactive power, and power factor (including whether it is leading or
lagging) for a load circuit whose voltage and current at its input terminals are given
by:
(a) v(t) = 100cos(377t 30

) V,
i(t) = 2.5cos(377t 60

) A.
(b) v(t) = 25cos(2 10
3
t +40

) V,
i(t) = 0.2cos(2 10
3
t 10

) A.
(c) V
rms
= 110
60

V, I
rms
= 3
45

A.
(d) V
rms
= 440
0

V, I
rms
= 0.5
75

A.
(e) V
rms
= 12
60

V, I
rms
= 2
30

A.
Solution:
(a)
V
rms
=
100

2
e
j30

V,
I
rms
=
2.5

2
e
j60

V.
S = V
rms
I

rms
=
100

2
e
j30

2.5

2
e
j60

= 125e
j30

(VA)
S = |S| = 125 VA
P
av
= Re[S] = 125cos 30

= 108.25 W
Q = Im[S] = 125sin30

= 62.5 VAR

s
=
v

i
=30

+60

= 30

(hence pf is lagging)
pf = cos 30

= 0.866.
(b)
V
rms
=
25

2
e
j40

V,
I
rms
=
0.2

2
e
j10

A,
S = V
rms
I

rms
= 2.5e
j50

(VA),
S = 2.5 VA,
s
= 50

(lagging)
P
av
= 2.5cos 50

= 1.61 W,
Q = 2.5sin50

= 1.92 VAR,
pf = cos 50

= 0.64 lagging.
(c)
S = V
rms
I

rms
= 110e
j60

3e
j45

= 330e
j15

VA.
S = 330 VA,
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2009 National Technology and Science Press
P
av
= 330cos 15

= 318.76 W,
Q = 330sin15

= 85.41 VAR,
pf = cos 15

= 0.97 (lagging).
(d)
S = V
rms
I

rms
= 4400.5e
j75

= 220e
j75

VA.
S = 220 VA,
P
av
= 220cos(75

) = 56.94 W,
Q = 220sin(75

) = 212.50 VAR,
pf = cos(75

) = 0.26 (leading).
(e)
S = V
rms
I

rms
= 12e
j60

2e
j30

= 24e
j90

VA.
S = 24 VA,
P
av
= 24cos 90

= 0,
Q = 24sin90

= 24 VAR,
pf = cos 90

= 0 (purely inductive with I lagging V by 90

)
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