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Assembly & Maintenance of Pneumatic & Hydraulic System (SED 23103) Basic Automation System (SRD 23403)
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Hydraulic System
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Hydraulic System
signal input
signal processing
output
pushbutton
valve
cylinder
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signal input
signal processing
output
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Hydraulic System
Content of Module
CHAPTER X INTRODUCTION TO DIDACTIC UNIT
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General safety
High pressures, temperatures and forces occur in Hydraulic System. Energy is also stored, sometimes in large quantities. A whole series of safety measures is necessary to rule out the possibility of danger to personnel and equipment during the operation of hydraulic systems. In particular, the valid safety regulations for hydraulic systems are to be OBSERVED.
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2.
3.
Regulations on pressure vessels, pressurized gas vessels and filling systems (pressure vessel regulations),
DIN standards, VDI directives, VDMA standard sheets and technical rules for pressure vessels, containing in particular, notes and regulations on dimensions, design, calculations, materials and permissible loads as well as conditions on functions and requirements. Electro-hydraulic systems must comply not only with the regulations on hydraulic systems but also with the regulations on electrical systems and components (e.g. DIN VDE 0100).
4.
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Safety Recommendations
Install the EMERGENCY STOP push-button in a place where it can be easily reached. Use standardized parts only. Enter all alterations in the circuit diagram immediately. The rated pressure must be clearly visible. Check whether the installed equipment can be used at the maximum operating pressure. The design of suction lines should ensure that no air can be drawn in. Check the oil temperature in the suction line to the pump. It must not exceed 60 C.
The piston rods of the cylinders must not be subjected to bending loads or lateral forces. Protect piston rods from dirt and damage.
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Vent system and cylinders. In particular, the hydraulic lines to the reservoir are to be carefully vented. It is generally possible to effect venting at the safety and shut-off block of the reservoir. Special care is needed when handling hydraulic reservoirs. Before the reservoirs are started up, the regulations determined by the manufacturer are to be studied carefully.
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2.
6.
Never place any part of your body in an area that is considered a crush point.
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
Electro-Pneumatic System
Hydraulic means the generation of forces and motion using hydraulic fluids. Hydraulic fluids represent the medium for power transmission. Advantage of hydraulic system
Great power intensity Precise positioning Start-up under heavy load Independent of load
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Mobile Hydraulic
(bulldozers, backhoes, shovels, loaders, fork lifts, cranes and etc).
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Control section
Power section
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Working Principle
Retract position
Extend position
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1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
Pressure Pressure Transmission Power Transmission Displacement Transmission Pressure Transfer Flowrate
7. Pressure Measurement 8. Type of Flow 9. Friction, heat & pressure drop 10. Energy & Power 11. Power 12. Cavitations & Throttle point 13. Hydraulic Fluid
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1. Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p) is the force per unit area acting on a surface in a direction perpendicular to that surface. Mathematically:
where:
= (d/2)
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example
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2. Pressure Transmission
If a force F1 acts at area A1 on an enclosed liquid, a pressure p is produced which extends throughout the whole of the liquid (Pascals Law). This will cause a same pressure acting at every point of the closed system.
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example
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3. Power Transmission
If same pressure applies at every point in a closed system, the shape of the container has no significance.
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example
Therefore
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4. Displacement Transmission
If load F2 is to be lifted to a distance s2, Piston 1 must be displace at distance s1, at a specific quantity of liquid which lifts the Piston 2 by a distance s2.
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example
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5. Pressure Transfer
The pressure P1 exerts F1 force on area A1 which is transferred thru piston rod onto the small piston. Force F1 will acts on area A2 and produces pressure P2. Since piston area A2 is smaller than piston area A1, the pressure P2 will be greater than the pressure P1.
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example
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6. Flowrate
Flow rate is the term used to describe the volume of liquid flowing through a pipe in a specific period of time. For example, approximately one minute is required to fill a 10 liter bucket from a tap. Thus, the flow rate amounts to 10 l/min.
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6. Flowrate
Other derivation
Well have
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7. Pressure Measurement
To measure pressures in the lines or at the inputs and outputs of components, a pressure gauge is installed in the line at the appropriate point.
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8. Type of flow
1. Laminar flow
fluid moves through the pipe in cylindrical layers order.
2. Turbulence flow
when flow velocity of fluid rises above a certain point the fluid particles stop to move in ordered layers.
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Example:
1
1. Draw line from piping dia. to liquid flow velocity(1-2) 2. From point (2) draw a line to flowrate in the pipe, (2-3) 3. The Reynolds number are on point (4)
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Dynamic
Motion energy Thermal energy
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Type of Energy
Static
Potential energy: energy which a body (or a liquid) has when it is lifted by a height h. Pressure energy: pressurized volume
Dynamic
Motion energy: when a force F acting on the body that moves at a certain speed. (also known as kinetic energy) Thermal energy: is the energy required to heat a body (or a liquid) to a specific temperature. In hydraulic installations, part of the energy is converted into thermal energy as a result of friction. This leads to heating of the hydraulic fluid and of the components. Part of the heat is emitted from the system, i.e. the remaining energy is reduced. The consequence of this is a decrease in pressure energy.
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11. Power
Power is usually defined as work or a change in energy per unit of time. Hydraulic power is calculated from the pressure and the flow rate.
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Example
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Efficiency
The input power in a hydraulic system does not correspond to the output power since line losses occur. The ratio of the output power to the input power is designated as efficiency (h).
In practice, distinction is made between volumetric power loss caused by leakage losses and hydro-mechanical power loss caused by friction. In the same way, efficiency is divided into:
Volumetric efficiency (vol): This covers the losses resulting from internal and external leakage losses in the pumps, motors, and valves. Hydro-mechanical efficiency (hm): This covers the losses resulting from friction in pumps, motors, and cylinders.
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Example
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Viscosity
can be defined as resistance to flow. The viscosity of a liquid indicates its internal friction.
Ball Viscometer
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Tank / Reservoir
acts as intake and storage reservoir for the hydraulic fluid required for operation of the system; dissipates heat; separates air, water and solid materials; supports a built-in or built-on pump and drive motor and other hydraulic components, such as valves, accumulators, etc.
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Tank / Reservoir
Reservoir shape High reservoirs are good for heat dissipation, wide ones for air separation. Intake and return lines These should be as far away from one another as possible and should be located as far beneath the lowest oil level as possible. Baffle and separating plate This is used to separate the intake and return areas. In addition, it allows a longer settling time for the oil and, therefore, makes possible more effective separation of dirt, water and air. Base plate The base of the tank should slope down to the drain screw so that the deposited sediment and water can be flushed out. Ventilation and exhaust (air filter) To balance the pressure in case of a fluctuating oil level, the reservoir must be ventilated and exhausted. For this purpose, a ventilation filter is generally integrated into the filler cap of the feed opening.
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The inner tube (1) is made of synthetic rubber, Teflon, polyester-elastomer, perbunan or neoprene. The pressure carrier is a woven intermediate layer of steel wire and/or polyester or rayon. This woven section (2) may consist of one or more layers depending on the pressure range. The top layer (3) is made of wear-resistant rubber, polyester, polyurethane elastomer or other materials. The pipelines may be additionally protected against mechanical damage by external spirals or plaited material.
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Coupling
Hose lines may either be connected to the various pieces of equipment or else connected together by means of screw fittings or quick connection couplings. Hose support connectors ensure that connections do not affect operation:
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HYDRAULIC PUMP
Chapter 4
The pump in a hydraulic system, also known as a hydraulic pump, converts the mechanical energy in a drive unit into hydraulic energy (pressure energy). The pump draws in the hydraulic fluid and drives it out into a system of lines.
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High pressure
Low pressure
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Gear Pump
Piston Pump
Single Chamber
Double Chamber
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Single Chamber
Double Chamber
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Volume increase
From tank
From tank
Volume increase
External gear
Internal gear
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Working Operation
(Gear Pump)
The suction area S is connected to the reservoir. The gear pump operates according to the following principle: One gear is connected to the drive, the other is turned by the meshing teeth. The increase in volume which is produced when a tooth moves out of a mesh causes a vacuum to be generated in the suction area. The hydraulic fluid fills the tooth gaps and is conveyed externally around the housing into pressure area P. The hydraulic fluid is then forced out of the tooth gaps by the meshing of teeth and displaced into the lines. Fluid is trapped in the gaps between the teeth between suction and pressure area. This liquid is fed to the pressure area via a groove since pressure peaks may arise owing to compression of the trapped oil, resulting in noise and damage.
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From tank
To hydraulic system
Volume increase
Single chamber
From tank
Double chamber
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Hyd sys
From tank
To hydraulic system
Radial chamber
Axial chamber
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Pump Specification
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Assignment 2
Working operation for:
1. Internal Gear Pump, 2. Vane Pump and 3. Piston Pump
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Pneumatic System
Hydraulic Actuator
Chapter 5
Linear actuator
(cylinder)
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Distribution Valve
Chapter 6
Introduction
Directional control valves are components which change, open or close flow paths in hydraulic systems. They are used to control the direction of motion of power components and the manner in which these stop. Directional control valves are shown as defined in DIN ISO 1219.
Type
2/2-way valve 3/2-way valve 4/2-way valve 5/2-way valve 4/3-way valve
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Methods of Actuation
The switching position of a directional control valve can be changed by various actuation methods, such as push button, pedal, lever with detent, a spring is always necessary for resetting.
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Port Designation
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Working Principle
Release position
Press position
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Circuit Example
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Conversion of Valve
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Pressure Valve
Chapter 7
Pressure valves have the task of controlling and regulating the pressure in a hydraulic system.
Pressure relief valves The pressure in a system is set and restricted by these valves. The control pressure is sensed at the input (P) of the valve. Pressure regulator These valves reduce the output pressure where there is a varying higher input pressure. The control pressure is sensed at the output of the valve.
Symbol
Pressure relief valves 2 way pressure regulator 3 way pressure regulator
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Working Principle
(pressure relief valve)
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Working Principle
(2 way pressure regulator)
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Working Principle
(3 way pressure regulator)
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Basic Construction
Pressure Relief Valve
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Flow Valve
Chapter 8
Introduction
Flow control valves are used to reduce the speed of a cylinder or a motor.
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Working Principle
One-way flow control valve
The one-way flow control valve where the restrictor is only effective in one direction is a combination of a restrictor and a non-return valve. The restrictor controls the flow rate in a single direction dependent on flow. In the opposite direction, the full cross-sectional flow is released and the return flow is at full pump delivery. This enables the one-way flow control valve to operate.
Control
Not control
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Circuit Example
(One way flow control valve)
Extend slow
Fluid is block by check valve Fluid enter cylinder with normal flow
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Circuit Example
(One way flow control valve)
Retract slow
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Working Principle
Throttle Valve
Flow control valves influence the volumetric flow of the fluid in both directions.
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Circuit Example
(Throttle valve)
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Check Valve
Check valves can stop the flow completely in one direction. In the opposite direction the flow is free with a minimal pressure drop due to the resistance of the valve.
Spring loaded
Spring un-loaded
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De-lockable Valve
In de-lockable valve, flow can be released in the closed position by pilot control of the valve poppet. This takes place according to the following principle: 1. 2. 3. Flow is possible from A to B. Flow is blocked from B to A. In order permits flow from B to A, signal X is produce.
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Circuit Example
(De-Lockable valve)
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Circuit Example
(De-Lockable valve)
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Shuttle Valve
A
This shuttle valve has two inlets X and Y and one outlet A. If Hydraulic fluid is applied to the first inlet X, the valve seals the opposing inlet Y, the fluid flows from X to A. Inlet X is closed, if fluid passes from Y to A. A signal is generated at the outlet. When the Fluid flow is reversed, i.e. a cylinder or valve is exhausted, the seat remains in its previously assumed position because of the pressure conditions. This valve is also called an OR element.
TRUTH TABLE
X
0 0 1
Y
0 1 0
A
0 1 1
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Circuit example
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Electro-Hydraulic System
Chapter 10
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Electro-Hydraulic Overview
Relay, Timer, Solenoid Pushbutton Pushbutton
From electro
Cylinder
Power Supply
Hydraulic Pump
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Manual actuation
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Content of Electro-Hydraulic
Safety precaution Introduction Advantages Comparison
Electrical Fundamental
Electrical Input Element Sensor Relay Solenoid Electrical Timer Sequence Control
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
Electro-Pneumatic System
Introduction
Electro-Hydraulic Systems are made up of hydraulic and electrical components:
The movements and forces are generated by Hydraulic means (e.g. by cylinders). Signal input and signal processing, on the other hand, are effected by Electrical and Electronic components (e.g. electromechanical switching elements or stored-program controls).
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Advantages
Electrical signals can be transmitted via cables quickly and easily and over great distances. Mechanical signal transmission (linkages, cable-pulls) or hydraulic signal transmission (tubes, pipes) are far more complex.
In the field of automation, signal processing is generally effected by electrical means. This enhances the options for the use of electro-hydraulic systems in automatic production operations (e.g. in a fully automatic pressing line for the manufacture of car wings). Many machines require complex control procedures (e.g. plastics processing). In such cases, an electrical control is often less complex and more economical than a mechanical or hydraulic control system.
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Comparison
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Electrical Fundamental
The relationship between voltage, current strength and resistance is described by Ohms law. Ohms law states that in a circuit with constant resistance the current strength changes in proportion to the change in voltage:
if the voltage increases, the current strength also increases. if the voltage falls, the current strength also decreases.
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Electrical power
In the field of mechanical engineering, power can be defined in terms of the work performed. The faster a task is performed, the greater the required power. Power therefore means work per unit of time. In the case of a consuming device in a circuit, electrical energy is converted into kinetic energy (e.g. electrical motor), light radiation (e.g. electrical lamp) or thermal energy (e.g. electrical heater, electrical lamp). The faster the energy is converted, the greater the electrical power.
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Power Supply
A power supply unit consists of the following modules:
the mains transformer which transforms the alternating voltage of the mains supply (e.g. 220 V) into the output voltage (mostly 24 V). a smoothed direct voltage is generated by the rectifier G and the capacitor C. the direct voltage is then stabilized by the in-phase regulator.
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Conversion AC to DC
Electrical controls are generally supplied with a direct current of 24V. The alternating voltage from the power supply therefore has to be stepped down to 24V and then rectified.
AC
DC
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NORMALLY OPEN CONTACT circuit is open when the push-button is in the normal position
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NORMALLY CLOSED CONTACT circuit is closed when the push-button is in the normal position
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CHANGEOVER SWITCH These contacts combine the functions of normally closed and normally open contacts in one unit.
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Circuit example
Pressed S1, H will on Pressed S1, H will off
Electro-Hydraulic System
Practical
(Electrical Input Element)
Switching ON Command
S1 AND S2 H1 on S1 OR S2 H1 on
And Function
Or Function
And Function
Or Function
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Normally open limit switch 1-4 Normally closed limit switch 1-2
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Electro-Hydraulic System
Circuit Example
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Relay
Relays are electromagnetically actuated switches. They consist of a housing with electromagnet and movable contacts. An electromagnetic field is created when a voltage is applied to the coil of the electromagnet. This results in attraction of the movable armature to the coil core. The armature actuates the contact assembly. This contact assembly can open or close a specific number of contacts by mechanical means. If the flow of current through the coil is interrupted, a spring returns the armature to its original position.
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Working Principle
Relay 1 pole
Relay 2 pole
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Example
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Circuit Example
Direct Control
In-direct Control
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9. Solenoids
In electro-hydraulics, valves are actuated via solenoids. It has the same concept of electromagnet. solenoid
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Circuit Example
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S1
k1
k1
S2
K1
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Electrical Timer
A timer is used to control the sequence of an event or process.
Two type of timer
1. Delay-On Timer 2. Delay-Off Timer
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Electrical Timer
The Coil with ON delay activates its associated contacts when current is applied.
S1 5sec H1 ON S2 H1 OFF
24V
S1
K1
K1
T1
S2
K1 0V
T1
H1
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Electrical Timer
The Coil with OFF delay deactivates its associated contacts when current is applied, but only after the preset delay.
S1 H1 ON S2 5sec H1 OFF
24V
S1
K1
K1
T1
S2
K1 0V
T1
H1
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Electrical Timer
Timer for Practical installation
24V
S1
t
H1 0V
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D END
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