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Laboratorium Teknik Metalurgi Program Studi Teknik Mesin Institut Teknologi Bandung itbmsmet@melsa.net.id Mobile : 081-123-678-2
Informasi Penting
Buku Acuan :
William D. Callister, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley, 2003.
Ujian :
UTS-1 = 50% UTS-2 = 50%
1. PENDAHULUAN
Historical Perspective Materials Science and Engineering Why study Material Science and Engineering Classification of Materials Modern Materials Need
Property : the response of material to a specific stimulus. It is independent of geometry and size.
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
Property of Materials
Mechanical (stimulus : deformation):
Strength, Hardness,..
LINEAR RELATIONSHIP
PROCESSING
STRUCTURE
PROPERTIES
PERFORMANCE
Wide range of material available Compromise all of the aspects, lead to optimum material selection Evaluation of materials performance during service In some cases a new material has to be developed
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Based on structure :
Metal Ceramic Polymer
Another Group :
Semiconductor Composite Biomaterials
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
Metals :
Large number of free electron Electrical and heat conductivity Not transparent Shiny polished surface High strength and deformable
Polymer :
Organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other nonmetallic elements Very large molecule structure Low density and flexible
Ceramics :
Consists of oxides, nitrides, and carbides Electric and heat insulator High temperature strength Brittle at room temperature
Composite :
Consists of two or more materials Obtain a good properties from each component Polymer matrix composite Metal matrix composite Ceramic matrix composite
Semiconductor :
Properties between electric insulator and electric conductor Properties is highly affected by small amount of impurities
Advanced Materials :
Materials for high-tech applications Has a superior properties Very expensive
Biomaterials :
Implant to human body for replacement of diseases or damaged body parts Must not produce toxic substance Must be compatible to the body tissue
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
Fundamental Concept
Atoms, Unit Cell, Grains, Bulk Material Crystalline Materials Non-Crystalline Materials (Amorphous)
4R a= 3
Hexagonal Close-Packed
Number of atom per unit cell = 6 Ratio c/a = 1.633 (ideal) Coordination number = 12 Atomic packing factor = 0.74
Example : Copper, FCC structure, atomic radius = 1.28 A, atomic weight = 63.5 g/mol. n = 4, VC = (2 R 2)3 cm3
nA = VC N A
= density n = number of atom per unit cell (atom) A = atomic weight (gram/mol) Vc = unit cell volume (cm3) NA = Avogadro Number = 6.023 x 1023 atom/mol
= 8.89 gram
cm3
Ceramics Structure
Composed of two elements or more More complex crystal structure than metals For ionic bonding : Metallic ion : cation Non-metallic ion : anion The crystal must be neutral Positive charge = negative charge
AmXp structure :
-The coordination number = 8 -Cation-anion radius ratio = 0.732 1.0 -CaF2, UO2, PuO2, ThO2
AmBnXp structure
i = - (h + k)
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DIRECTION
POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL
Atoms ==>> Unit Cell ==>> Crystal/Grain ==>> Bulk Material
STRUCTURE OF POLYMER
TYPE OF POLYMER
Natural Polymer :
Wood, Rubber, Cotton, Wool, Silk, Leather
Synthetic Polymer :
PVC, PTFE, PP
Polymer :
is a macromolecules of hydrocarbon Repetition of the mer unit Example : ethylene (C2H4) can be synthesized to poly-ethylene (polymer)
Futher reaction :
Polyethylene
Polytetraflourethylene
Polyvinylchloride
Polypropylene
Molecular Weight
Large molecules consists of large number of mer units. Not all of the chain has the same molecular weight Results in the distribution of chain length or molecular weight Molecular weight shall be defined as : the average
molecular weight.
Mn =
x M
i
xi = fraction of the chain within the size range Mi = mean molecular weight of size range i
Mw =
w M
i
wi = weight fraction of molecule within the size range Mi = mean molecular weight of size range i
Mn nn = m
nn = Mw m
Molecular Shape
Straight chain
Molecular Structure
Linear polymer :
Mer unit are joint together in a single chain PE, PVC, PMMC, PS, Nylon, Fluorocarbon
Branched polymer :
The side-branch chains are connected to the main chain
Cross-linked polymer :
Adjacent linear chains are join one to another at various position by strong covalent bond Vulcanized rubber
Network polymer :
Three dimensional network of polymer Epoxy, Phenol-formaldehyde
Thermosetting :
Permanently hard when heated, will not soften/liquefy during subsequent heating Harder and stronger than thermoplastic Better dimensional stability Vulcanized rubber, Epoxy, Phenolic, some polyester resin
Copolymer
Random copolymer :
Two different units are randomly dispersed along the chain
Alternating copolymer :
The two mer units alternate chain position
Block copolymer :
Identical mers are clustered in blocks along the chain
Graft copolymer :
Side branches are grafted to the main chain
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
Polymer Crystalinity
Polymer crystalinity : the regular and repetitive array of polymer molecules. Polymer molecules : partially crystalline, partially amorphous The crystalline polymers dispersed within the amorphous (up to 95% of crystallinity) Crystalline polymers : stronger and more heat resistance Amorphous : chain disorders or misalignment Crystallinity depends on :
Low cooling rate (need time for alignment) Chain configuration (simple chain is easier to crystallize)
Chain-folded model
Fringe-micelle model