16

2009 CFD Taiwan

Yilan, July, 2009

1, 2
1

Department of Marine Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University

2
Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, I-Shou University

(aspect ratio)

(lumped system)

1.
(solid rocket motor,
SRM)

[1]

(front tracking method)

(front capturing method)
Lagrangian
(marker particle scheme)[3
4] Eulerian
(volume of fluid)[5]
(immersed interface method)[6]
(level set method)[7]

(erosive
burning)
(combustion instability)[2]

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

Lagrangian

(fast marching method)[8]

Hamiltom-Jacobi
(initial value problem)
Eikonal
(boundary value problem)

SPP

[9]SPP

(phase-based)
(numerical layer
technique)[1011]Willcox
[1213]
(minimum distance
function)

(least time method)

(front
tracking method)(emanating
method) (least distance
method)

2.

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

Langrangian

Langrangian
[34]

SPP [9]

2.1

(Huygens
principle)[15]
(normal
direction)
180o (convex)

180o (concave)

(a)

ABCD
A B B C D
B B B
C B C
C D B C
C D B C
C D SPP
[9]

2.2

(b)

1.
2.

3.

1.

4.

2.

5.

6.

3.

2.

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

4.

5. 3 4

5.

Eulerian

(exact solution)

Willcox [12]

Eulerian

2.4

(a)(c)

0.01 0
0.1(a)(c)

2.3

(c)
PP
PP P B C
C D P

V = s 2 + 4sl o
V s l o

1.

(a)(c)

2.

3.

4.
4

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

[14]

(a)(c)

(d)

(a)(d)

Eulerian

3.

(least time method)

[78]

3.1

r
r
t B (r; t) r t

(burned time)
r
t B (r; t) = 0

(
)

1.
5

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

2.

v B

3.

4.

(a) P1

(global)
(local)

P1* P2
P2*
(b)

(a)(b)
(b)
(b)

(a)(b)
(b)

3.2

t 1 2
r
t B1 = t B (r1 ; t)

r
t B2 = t B (r2 ; t)

t B1 < 0 t B2 > 0 a

t B (ra ; t) = 0
t 1 2
r
t B (r1 ; t + t) = t B1 t

t B (r2 ; t + t) = t B2 t
a* 1
2

v B a* 2
x
vB

r
t B (r2 ; t + t) x / v B

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

(burned cell)
(burning cell)
(active unburned cell)
(inactive unburned cell)
(-1)

(
0)
( t B = 0 )

Taiwan

7.

8.

9. 4.

[78]
Eikonal

t = t C / n s

( 1 2)

( 1)
(
2)

t C
n s

(
0)

t B = c0 + c x x + c y y
1.

2.

t Bi = c0 + c x x i + c y yi , i=1,2,3

3.

4. t

3.3

5.

t B t B t
6.

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

x in = (i 1)x + (rin 0.5)x

Taiwan

(4a)

(4b)

(2) n s

yin = ( j 1)y + (rin 0.5)y

i j x y
x y x y
in

y=-1.0
(d)
n s 2

in = ( j 1)n X + i

n s = 1

(e)
y=-1.0

(-0.5,1)

n X x (4a)(4b)
rin 0 1
= 0.4

1 x, y 1
40x40 ( = 0 )

40x40(4)
n s = 2

n=

ln(1 / 2 )
ln(1 / 2 )

(320x320(4))
0.75
(3)

(a)

(%)

1%

(b)
y=-1.0 y=0.0

(c) y=-1.0

(a)
(a)

(
%)

(b)(c)
y=-1.0
(b)
8

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

(c)
(b)

(c)

(-0.75,1)

0.8

(iii) 0 < x t B =

(i) x < (y + 1)

(ii)

tB =

(y + 1)

y x

vr vr

vr 1
x0
vr + 1

v 2r 1
y
vr

(a)
(%)

(b) y = 1

(c)

(d)
y = 1

(0,1)
1.0

3.4

2 x 2
1 y 1 160x80x4

n s = 2

y = 1
x<0 v B = 1 ;

vr 1
tB = y
vr + 1

(0, y 0 = 0.5)

x 0 v B = v r = 2

(6)

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

vB = 1 ;

y<0

CFD

y0

(%)

(8)

(b) y=-0.25
(8a)

(c)

(d)

(-1.65,-0.25)

v B = v r = 1.5

0<y

(i)

t B = x i2 + y02 +

1
vr

(x x i ) + y 2

x i

xi
x +y
2
i

2
0

1
vr

x xi
(x x i ) 2 + y 2

(Snells
law) [15]
(ii)

y<0

x < xr

3.5
(8b)

1.
2.
3.

t B = x 2 + (y y 0 ) 2
x r

xr =

Taiwan

y0
v 2r 1

r
r
t B (r; t + t) = t B (r; t) t)

x r = lim x i
x

(iii)
y<0

x xr

x x r
y
t B = min( x 2 + (y y0 ) 2 , x 2r + y02 +
v 2r 1)

vr
vr

(8c)

(a)(a)

10

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

(3)

tB =

[( 2 1) min(i 1, j 1) + max(i 1, j 1)]

vB

max =

( 2 1) min(i 1, j 1) + max(i 1, j 1)
(i 1) 2 + ( j 1) 2

(a)
y=0.20.6 1.0

(9a)

y (
)

(9b)
(similar solution)

(y=0.2)
Eikonal

0 = c0 + c x x + c y y

t B = c 2x + c 2y =

(0,0)

45o

(b)
y=1.0

(10)

x i = (i 1) y j = ( j 1)

(11c)

t B,ex =

Taiwan

x
i 1
( ) max = (
) max 2 1
y
j 1

(i 1) 2 + ( j 1) 2
vB

11

(11a)

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

(12b)

omax = ( 2 1) 2 + 1 8.23%

8.23%

y=-0.25

t B = c0 + c x x + c y y + c xx x 2 + c xy xy + c yy y 2

(13b)

4.

t *B = (x1 + x 2 ) / v B1

(13a)

(13b)

x1 x 2

b*
( v B1 = v B2 )

( v B1 v B2 )(13a)

t B = x1 / v B1 + x 2 / v B2

(13b)

12

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

1. Sutton,

G.

P.,

Taiwan

Motor, AIAA Paper 2005-4160, 2005.

Rocket

9. Hermsen, R. W., Lamberty, J. T. Jr., and

Propulsion
the

McCormick, R. E., Volume V: Users

Engineering of Rockets, 6th ed. New

Manual for the SPP Grain Design and

York, John Wiley & Sons, 1992.

Ballistics

Elements:

2. Davenas,

An

A.

Propulsion

Introduction

(ed.),

to

Solid

The

Solid

Rocket

Propellant Rocket Motor Performance

ed.,

Computer Program (SPP) Version 6.0,

1st

Technology,

Modules,

Software and Engineering Associates,

Pergamon, New York, 1993.

Carson City, NV. 1987.

3. Qian, J., Tryggvason, G. and Law C. K.,

A Front Tracking Method for the

10. Hartfield, R., Jenkins, P., Burkhalter, J.,

Motion of Premixed Flames, Journal

and Foster, W., Analytical Methods for

of

Predicting Grain Regression in Tactical

Computational

Physics,

Vol.

Solid-Rocket

pp.52-69, 1998.

Motors,

Journal

of

Spacecraft, Vol.41, 2004, pp.689-693.

4. Udaykumar, H. S., Mittal, R. and Shyy,

Solid-Liquid

11. Hartfield, R., Jenkins, P., Burkhalter, J.,

Phase Fronts in the Sharp Interface

and Foster, W., A Review of Analytical

Limit on Fixed Grid, Journal of

Methods for Solid Rocket Motor Grain

Computational

Analysis, AIAA Paper 2003-4506,

W.,

Computation

of

Physics,

Vol.

2003.

pp.201-225, 1981.
5. Hirt C. W. and Nichols, Volume of

12. Wilcox, M. A., Brewster, M. Q., Tang,

Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics

K. C. and Stewart, D. C., Solid

of

of

Propellant Grain Design and Burnback

Computational Physics, Vol. , pp.52-69,

Simulation Using a Minimum Distance

1998.

Function, Journal of Propulsion and

Free

Boundaries,

Journal

Power, Vol.23, 2007, pp.465-475.

6. LeVeque, R. J. and Li, Z., Immersed

Interface Methods for Stokes Flow with

13. Wilcox, M. A., Brewster, M. Q., Tang,

Elastic Boundaries or Surface Tension,

K. C., Stewart, D. C. and Kuznetsov, I.,

SIAM

Solid Rocket Motor Internal Ballistics

Journal

of

Scientific

Simulation Using Three-Dimensional

Computation, Vol. , pp.709-735, 1997.

Grain Burnback, Journal of Propulsion

7. Sethian, J. A., Level Set Methods and

and Power, Vol.23, 2007, pp.575-584.

Fast Marching Methods, Cambridge

14. Chiang C. H. and Hwang, Y. H.,

University Press, Cambridge, England,

Tracking Methods to Study the Surface

1999.
8. Yildirim,

C.,

and

Aksel,

M.

Regression

H.,

of
th

the

Solid-Propellant

Numerical Simulation of the Grain

Grain, 15

Burnback in Solid Propellant Rocket

Fluid Dynamics Conference, Taiwan,

2007.
13

National Computational

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

15. Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B. and

Sands, M., The Feynman Lectures on
Physics, Vol. I, Ch. 26, New York,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1989.

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

14

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)

(c)

(c)

15

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

(d)

Taiwan

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

16

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(a)
1

0.5

(b)

-0.5

-1
-1

-0.5

0.5

17

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

2.0

relative error in burned time (%)

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5
-1.0

1.0
-1.0

projected (regular mesh)

two-point (regular mesh)
three-point (regular mesh)
projected (twisted mesh)
two-point (twisted mesh)
three-point (twisted mesh)

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

(c)
y=-1

0.5

0.0

1.0

1.0
-1.0

3.0e-1

3.0e-1

3.0e-1
3.0e-1
3.0e-1

3.0e-13.0e-1

3.0e-1

3.0e-1

3.0e-1
3.0e-1

0.5

3.0e-1

3.0e-1
3.0e-1
3.0e-1

3.0e-1

relative error in burned time (%)

-0.5

3.0e-1
3.0e-1
3.0e-1
3.0e-1

0.0
3.0e-1

-0.5

ns=2
ns=3
0.6

ns=4

0.4

0.2

0.0

3.0e-1
3.0e-1

3.0e-1
3.0e-1 3.0e-1

3.0e-1

3.0e-1
3.0e-1

3.0e-1

-1.0

3.0e-1

3.0e-1

0.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

(d) y=-1

3.0e-1

-0.5

-0.5

3.0e-1

-1.0
-1.0

ns=1

0.8

0.5

1.0

(a)
relative error in burned time (%)

1.0

1.2

burned time

1.0

0.8

y=-1

0.6
exact
projected
two-point
three-point

0.4

0.2

0.0
-1.0

y=0

20x20(4)
40x40(4)
80x80(4)
160x160(4)
320x320(4)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

x
-0.5

0.0

0.5

(e) y=-1

1.0

(b) y=-1 y=0

18

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

1.0

relative error in burned time (%)

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

20x20(4)
40x40(4)
80x80(4)
160x160(4)
320x320(4)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1.0
-1.0
-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

(c) y=-1

0.5

0.0

-0.5
1.0

1.0
-1.0
0.3
0.3

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.3

0.3
0.3

0.3
0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3
0.3

0.3
0.3

0.3

0.0

0.3

-0.5

0.0
0.3

-0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

-1.0
1.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3
0.3

0.3

0.3
0.3

0.3

0.5

0.3

0.3

-1.0
-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

x
-0.5

(a)

1.0
-1.0
-1.5
-1.2
-1.5

relative error in burned time (%)

-1.2
-1.5

0.5

2.0

-1.5

projected (regular mesh)

two-point (regular mesh)
three-point (regular mesh)
projected (twisted mesh)
two-point (twisted mesh)
three-point (twisted mesh)

1.5

1.0

-1.5
-1.2

0.0

-1.5
-1.5
-1.2

-0.5
-1.5
-1.2

-1.0
-2.0

0.5

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

(a)

0.0

-0.5
-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

(b)
y=-1

19

1.5

2.0

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

1.0

2.5

0.5

exact
projected
two-point
three-point

burned time

2.0

1.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
1.0

1.0
y=1.0
0.5

0.5
-2

-1

0.0

(b) y=1

-0.5

1.0
-1.0
0.3

0.3
0.0
0.0
0.3

relative error in burned time (%)

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.3
0.3

y
0.0

0.3

0.0

0.0
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9

0.0
-0.3
0.3
-0.9 -0.6

-0.60.0
-0.9 -0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3
0.0
0.0

0.3

0.3
0.3

0.0
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9
-0.6
-0.3
0.0

-0.9

0.0
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9

-0.9
-0.6
-0.3
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0

-0.5

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0

-0.5
0.0
0.0

projected (regular mesh)

two-point (regular mesh)
three-point (regular mesh)
projected (twisted mesh)
two-point (twisted mesh)
three-point (twisted mesh)

-1.0

-1.5

0.3

0.3

-1.0
-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.3

0.3

0.0

0.5

0.3

1.0

1.5

2.0

(a)

-2.0
-2

-1

2.0

(c)
y=1
burned time

relative error in burned time (%)

exact
projected
two-point
three-point

1.5

1.0
y=-0.25

0.5

0.0

-1

-2

-1

x
80x40(4)
160x80(4)
320x160(4)

-2

(b) y=-0.25

-3
2.0

-4
-1

relative error in burned time (%)

-2

(d) y=-1

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
projected (regular mesh)
two-point (regular mesh)
three-point (regular mesh)

-0.5

-1.0
-2

-1

20

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

(c)
y=-0.25
relative error in burned time (%)

10

relative error in burned time (%)

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

0.1
20x20(4)
40x40(4)
80x80(4)
160x160(4)
max.estimated error

0.0
0.01
-1.0

80x40(4)
160x80(4)
320x160(4)

-0.5

0.5

1.0

(b)

-1.5
-1

0.0

-1.0

-2

-0.5

(d) y=-0.25

relative error in burned time (%)

8
present
fast marching method
6

-2

-1

relative error in burned time (%)

maximum estimated error

10

0.1

0.01
-1.0

y=0.2
y=0.6
y=1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

x/y

(a)

21

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

(a) ( s=1.5;
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.005
0.002
s
8.391
17.344 41.453 121.875
2.906
13.672 32.156 85.015 211.125
5.313
4.297
20.672 18.219 42.578
1.094
(b) ( 2 x, y 2 )
0.05
0.02
x=y
0.0156 0.0938
0.141
0.0156
0.0156 0.0938

s=0.5)
0.001
300.766
484.891
102.563

0.01
0.438
0.500
0.391

0.005
1.750
1.953
1.641

0.002
10.938
12.391
10.563

0.001
46.625
55.172
45.172

(c) ( 2 x, y 2 )
0.05
0.02
0.01
x=y
0.141
0.0156 0.0313
0.344
0.0156 0.0938
0.266
0.0156 0.0625

0.005
0.516
1.469
1.063

0.002
3.234
9.250
6.547

0.001
13.203
37.125
26.312

Items
Front Tracking
Topology

global

Emanating
R
local

Grid

no

yes

yes

Exactness

straight line

no

nodes

Error

accumulated

grid size

grid size

Storage

reduced

full

full

CPU time

heavy

mediate

light

Conservation

no

yes

yes

Extension

difficult

easy

straightforward

22

Least Distance
no

 16

2009
Yilan, July, 2009

CFD

Taiwan

(-0.5,-1)
mesh
20x20
40x40
80x80 160x160 320x320
(%)
0.897
0.579
0.405
0.253
0.150
n
--0.632
0.516
0.679
0.754

(-0.75,-1)
mesh
20x20
40x40
80x80 160x160 320x320
(%)
0.911
0.591
0.366
0.223
0.129
n
--0.624
0.691
0.715
0.790

(0,1)
mesh 80x40 160x80 320x16
0
(%)
-3.048 -1.554 -0.789
n
--0.972
0.978

(-1.65,-0.25)

mesh 80x40 160x80 320x16

0
(%)
-1.273 -0.613 -0.299
n
--1.054
1.036

23