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Migration People moved from different parts of the world.

British Empire introduced English to the world due to colonisation this made it the dominant language in many countries Travel Has meant that English has borrowed lexical terms by observing other languages Globalisation th Globalisation in the 20 century further developed English into a world language because of the impact of television, shopping and American English War or invasion Norman Conquest and Germanic tribes who invaded over 1000 years ago had an impact on English grammatically, phonologically and lexically as we have many synonyms
Norman invasion in 1066 Brought French words

Science & technology th th 18 & 19 century had many scientific advances and so neologisms were needed to name theses mostly by the help of Greek and Latinate academic prestige.

Trade, change in working practices & cultural changes Views change ideas about acceptable language us, English lexis accommodates by using politically correct terms to reduce discrimination. Tastes and trends in fashion and cultural change affect accents, registers and grammatical choices The media Print, television, internet, mobile phones influence change. Informalisation & colloquial speech like register. New lexis introduced by media to describe modern society WAG. Social networking has made communication between large numbers of people possible.

Latinate In some situations, a Latinate word could impress a job interviewer whilst colloquial is appropriate for phatic circumstances. Lexis allows convergence, covert prestige; speakers who do not use standard dialect. Divergence by overt prestige using official standard form, received pronunciation to assert status.

Cover the above. Write out the headings of factors which govern change and points remembered after 3 readings.

New words Borrowing Loan words are word we have borrowed from another language. French, Greek and Latin words may form a large portion of the loan words that are part of the English Language. Eponym The name of a person after whom something is named Proprietary Name given to products by one organisation becomes the commonly used name. Acronym A lexicalised word made from the initial of letters of a phrase Initialism A word made from initial letters Clipping A new word produced by shortening an existing one David Crystal He sees the popularity of abbreviating words as our linguistic economy preference. Space constraints and technological limitations are other motivation: text messaging acronyms convey messages without wasting characters so complete texts can be viewed

Derivational morphological changes: Reusing words Affixing addition of a bound morpheme to an existing word Prefix addition of a bound morpheme to the beginning of a root word Suffix adding a bound morpheme to the end of a root word Conversion changing a word class whilst maintain its original from Compound combing separate words to create a new word, sometimes using a hyphen Blend two words fused together to make a new one Obsolete no longer having use

Semantic change Broadening a word keeps it original but acquires others Amelioration positive Prejoration Negative Euphemism a way of describing something in a less harsh manner Metaphorical word acquiring new meanings because it is used metaphorically Bug Weakening word loosing strength Idiom Speech form or expression that cant be understood in its literal form Narrowing more specific in meaning - Meat any food
BAPEMWIN

Essay: possible analysis Archaism used nowadays simpler term is preferred Colloquial term in most likely to be an abbreviation of in fashion Lexical compounds become single words Lifestyle changes results in noun creation supermarket Inflection ness y common way of creating adjectives Subordinate clauses influenced by Latin became a way to elaborate discourse Lexical choices empty adjectives, tag questions reinforces impression of women in less powerful position

Science & technology Imprecise measurements and timing shows limited technology Cooking instruments advances non stick Layout advanced with computerised printing, fonts varied for sections

Social & cultural attitudes Send it to table servant creating dish demonstrating class based society Modern cooks detailed instructions suggest inexperienced leisure time cooks who cook for pleasure rather than necessity of mothers cooking economical soup for families Ingredients varied due to more travel and ease of imports. Rabbits show people gathering food locally

Changes in written style Early modern English period (14 17 ) individual printers established conventions and styles and so did their writers. Uniformity was not important, printers dropped letters like the terminal e to fit them neatly on a line th Publishing in the 15 century revolutionised the reproduction of written text Caxtons introduction of the printing press to England influenced standardisation because spelling could be codified 18 century big drive to prescribe all aspects of written language. Main fears were speed of changes and lack of official control over words 18 use of italics for word stress Printed practices shaped representation of graphemes 18 century long S was left over from old English and continued use into late modern English. It was used at the beginning and middle whilst s was used at endings. It was used until 1800 where it was replaced by the short s because it didnt have a phonological function an thus was deemed unnecessary 19 more consistent and standardised spelling evolving due to dictionaries and a drive for a literate society 1950 Post war Britain, recovering from war but beginning decades of consumerism. Women in domestic roles, technological advances meant women went out more 1960 More liberation and opportunity for women emerging 1970 Educational opportunity for girls improving provided career opportunities 21 standardised spelling rules. Technology causing spelling changes. Influenced by educational practices and government intervention Emergence and development of ICT. Popularity of descriptive attitudes
st th th th th th th

Phonological Silent E - rules evolved from inflectional endings where sounds were pronounced to show to a words function. Middle English terminal E was omitted

Standardisation Modern English spelling codified in dictionaries and spelling books as opposed to the previously individual choices. Standardization was also driven by people for social and political reasons and supported through technological advances which made it possible to codify language and create rules

Punctuation Caxton used the period(.) & colon, oblique stroke a punctuation called a slash in technological th communication replaced by the comma in the 16 century. Commas are more used to link long extended clauses and full stops are not always where we would expect them. Before the 19 century it was custom to put a plural inflection on borrowed words ending with vowels Colons and semi colons are common feature to separate clauses thus creating sentence complexity
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Apostrophes extended to signify the possessive and represent missing letter. Speech marks began to be used to differentiate between speech and writing Modern day punctuation mimics prosodic, paralinguistic features. Technology has limited capitalisation, no contractions Lynne Trusss Book released in 2003 emphasises the importance of using punctuation appropriately prescriptive

Capitalisation Early modern English beginning of sentences, proper names, personified/ abstract nouns or any noun considered of importance

Negation th Constructing a negative in the 18 century Is not like the modern dummy auxiliary verb do

Syntax Different from modern usage, complement comes before main subject and verb Pronoun one modern readers term it as archaic and it represents received pronunciation. Media plays on use of personal pronouns to create synthetic personalisation

Contraction Lack of contractions to connote a formal tone. Change in modern to adopt a conversational tone

Speaking Omission leaving out a phoneme in a group of phonemes clustered together for ease of articulation Assimilation sounds becoming influenced by surrounding phonemes

Estuary English a distinct phonology Glottal stops Waer L vocalisation Football footbaw

Eye dialect A way of spelling words to suggest a regional way of spelling, by Ellison or assimilation etc Signified Signifier

Advertisements Circumstances of product Product changes Audience needs Forms changing Same persuasive purpose Slogan Technical jargon Wordplay

Recipe The purpose of instruction is to enable the reader to carry put instruction efficiently. A crisp partnership of words and visuals is what modern audiences would expect to ease an understanding. Older recipes were written by royal cooks or their helpers. 19 cook books became more marketable because of a more literate society. Olden days targeted middles classes and the books were out of reach for working class who could not afford ingredients or fuel to cook with. Supermarket for moderns Today cook is a universal term avoiding gender exclusion Chronological structure Ornate ampersand which acts as a discourse marker Main criterion for modern eaters how long will it take Structure of imperatives in a verb object construction Writers enthusiasm in modern texts Ellipsis is common in recipes because of the need for brevity articles and general pronouns it_ omitted
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We read generic text through an intertextual process, using our previous experience of similar texts to inform our reading of the current one

Graphology/Orthography Printing conventions

Capitalisations Punctuation conventions Hyphenation for new compounds

Lexis and Semantics Figurative language use Formal choices Reference to obsolete technology Quaint collocations (awkward expressions) Lexical field of _____ Units of measurement and abbreviated forms Tone of authority Encoding to attitudes of gender Connotations Grammar Thee as intimate for of you, archaic in use Use of art for second person singular present tense, archaic Inverted syntax Syntactic parallelism three part structure Use of minor sentences for direct effect Compounding details into new words Passive/active Interrogative/imperative etc Absence of function words, ellipsis for economy

Pragmatics Reader recognises and identify with designated social role

Discourse structure Genre conventions Informalisation Representation of speech

Situational variation Audience, purpose, context Technology available for text production Product types Persuasive functions Adverts practical items and pragmatical implications of domestic roles Temporal variation th th Background knowledge 17 20 Consumerism

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