Marketing Strategies and Distribution Channels For Marble Industry

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY
-1-
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNING & MANAGEMENT, AHMEDABAD
THESIS TOPIC MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY SUBMITTED BY Abdul Latif Sultan PGP/SS/04-06 ALUMNI REFERENCE ID: SS/04-06/AHD/MKTG/16(A) SUMISSION DATE: January, 2010 GUIDED BY Prof. Premchandrahas Sastry SIGNATURE OF STUDENT: -
SIGNATURE OF THESIS GUIDE:-
The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
LETTER OF CONSENT
To, Prof. Pabitra Ranjan, IIPM, Ahmedabad, 19, Inqulab Society, Gulbai Tekra, Ahmedabad-380015. Respected Sir, Subject: Letter of Consent With reference to the thesis to be undertaken by Mr. Abdul Latif Sultan (student of batch PGP/SS/04-06), this is to inform that I will support him as a guide throughout his thesis on the topic Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry. I will help him in all possible ways.
Thanking you,
yours sincerely,
Dated: - June 1, 2009
Prof. Premchandrahas Sastry
LETTER OF APPROVAL
THESIS TOPIC APPROVAL (MARKETING) PGP/SS/04-06-AHMEDABAD
Student Name: Abdul Latif Sultan Dear Abdul, This is to intimate that Prof. Premchandrahas Sastry would guide you through the Thesis. This letter is a formal approval to the topic proposed by you Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry. Pleas go ahead with the Thesis. Remember to register yourself at the Library & send the id number to Prof. Pabitra Ranjan Chakravorty at the Academic department for his records. Furthermore, you are required to send Prof. Pabitra Ranjan Chakravorty at the Academic department at least 6 Thesis Guidance Response Sheet every time you interact with your Guide during the course of the Thesis. The Response Sheet should contain the following Details: 1. Your Name 2. Your ID number 3. The Topic of the Study 4. Questionnaire which you have made to collect Primary Data (in the first or the second Response sheet) 5. Date when the Guide was consulted. 6. The outcome of the discussion 7. The Progress of the Thesis Wish you all the best. Regards, Pabitra Ranjan Chakravorty Dated: 08/06/09
PREFACE
Operating in todays global landscape is different from the previous years due to the dispersed configuration of business activities. GPL (Globalization, Privatization, & Liberalization) has opened the doors for almost any business to go global. The core facilitators for such a drift are growth in the telecommunication sector, internet, availability of data, grounded infrastructure for business conduct, growing economy, easy & faster transportation system. Furthermore, tough competition has made the marketers to compete in terms of not only quality but also with respect to lower price & value added features. Along with the establishment of norms and standards in the organized sectors, a country such as India comprises of a huge unorganized sector of industries that fail to understand the current nerve of market. The unorganized sector comprises of industries that have not yet fully adapted to market forces and lack the degree of professionalism in business conduct. The aim of this thesis is to shed light on some of the challenges the unorganized sector faces. In order to do so, we have based our analysis on the Indian marble industry that comprises of players that are highly unprofessional and lack the capability to operate in a globalized economy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
No thesis like this happens without the help & counsel of number of people. A mammoth thesis of this nature calls for intellectual nourishment, professional help, & encouragement from many quarters. I would like to express my gratitude to: > The pioneers in the field of marketing management who have shaped their understanding through their rich & varied
contributions. > Professors & seniors for providing the stimulus for making this thesis successful. > A number of academics & practitioners for generously sharing their insight & experience with me. It is my immense pleasure to work under the guidance of Professor Premchandrahas Sastry, & I heartily thank him for providing me the guidance whenever needed. I am also thankful to Prof. Pabitra Ranjan Chakravorty, who gave me guidance. My heuristic approach towards the project was one of the major contributors in the outcomes that we arrived at. Id like to thank my institution, IIPM Ahmedabad, for providing me this great opportunity & attempting to inculcate the traits needed to succeed. I am thankful to my father for sharing his thirty years of experience of mining with me & that he once involved me in the family business for three years as a Business Operation Manager before I joined the Bschool. I am thankful to various gang saw industries at Abu Road which help in revising my past practical learning related to the value chain of marble. I am thankful to various traders for providing me data which proved to be helpful in finding strategic alternatives & marketing options for The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
marble.
I am also thankful to Mr. Zeeshan Sultan, Research Assistant, Chair of Microeconomics and Industrial Organization at WHU-Otto Business School of Management (Vallendar, Germany), for analyzing my thesis. I am thankful to Mr. Hanif Sultan, Privatization Directorate, Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority & the member of
International Desalination Association (IDA) for critically analyzing my thesis.
I am thankful to various industry experts & executives for sharing relevant information & valuable thoughts with me & helped me in writing my thesis.
SYNOPSIS
Synopsis for the thesis titled Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry Objectives of the thesis To study this unorganized sector where profit is more than 300%. Growth in marble products & its market size. Its domestic, as well as international market. Market focus of local producers. Value chain of marble. Missed opportunity. The future opportunity. Kinds of marble most demanded.
Research methodology: Primary research By visiting & interviewing various marble mines & industries dealing with marble & marble products, various organizations attached with this industry. Secondary research Through various sites, blogs, news, books & articles, magazines on Marble industry.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A country like India is rich in natural resources, whereby, most of the exploitation of these resources is done by small & medium players. Up to certain extent the metal industry falls under the organized structure of its sector, the marble & stone industry still fall completely under unorganized sector category. The marble and stone industry in India constitutes of small local players that operate on informal and non-professional means of business conduct with feeble marketing constructs. These firms operate locally and are family-run businesses having limited knowledge on the policies enacted by the Indian government and often run into financially unstable environment. En route to pacing developments in India, GPL (Globalization, Privatization, & Liberalization) has helped many industries to restructure their activities and build competitive tools. India has its strength in these unorganized sectors as it employed a significant amount of its population in the rural India. Over the years, with governmental aid, some of the unorganized industries have been transformed into efficient industrial domains, whereby, they have learned to adapt to competitive pressure emerging from multinational corporations (MNCs) and have set up a strong foot hold in the national market. The thesis efforts to study the value chain of the Indian marble industry and to indentify innovative marketing strategies for the same. Often it is the case in industries operating in the unorganized sector that they are deficient of a financial muscle and are not able to generate financial aid. The thesis further pinpoints the ongoing marketing strategies and the distribution channels of the marble industry. The industry, belonging to the unorganized sector, faces a few setbacks that have a negative impact on the profitability of the firms. Therefore, this document outlines a few strategies The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
whereby
firms
can
further
operate
with
reduced
inefficiencies
and
significantly enhance their profitability by adopting professional means of business conduct.
TABLE OF CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Pg. No. 16 16 17 18 20 20 20 22 23 25 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 36 36 37 37
10
1.1 MARBLE INDUSTRY: - THE NATURE OF THIS SECTOR 1.2 MARBLE (A DIMENSIONAL STONE) 1.3 TYPES OF MARBLE FOUND WORLDWIDE CHAPTER 2 MARBLE PRODUCT PARAMETERS & MARKET 2.1 PARAMETERS FOR THE SELECTION OF MARBLE: 2.2 PRODUCT CATEGORIES AFTER PROCESSING CHAPTER 3 WORLD MARBLE INDUSTRY 3.1 EXPORT & IMPORT TRENDS 3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS 3.2.1 ITALY 3.2.2 TURKEY 3.2.3 CHINA 3.2.4 SPAIN 3.2.5 GREECE 3.2.6 INDIA CHAPTER 4 INDIAN MARBLE INDUSTRY 4.1: INDIAN STONE INDUSTRY - AN INSIGHT 4.2 A TRADITIONAL CULTURE 4.3: MARBLE INDUSTRY IN INDIA 4.4: MARBLE RESERVE IN INDIA
4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN MARBLE (AS COMPARED TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD) 38 The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
4.6 PRODUCTS & PROCESS TECHNOLOGY OF RENOWNED INDIAN STONE INDUSTRY: 38 4.7 STATE WISE CLASSIFICATION OF MARBLE 4.7.1: RAJASTHAN 4.7.2: GUJARAT 4.7.3 MADHYA PRADESH (MP) 4.7.4: HARAYANA 4.7.5 ANDHRA PRADESH 4.7.6 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 4.7.7 UTTAR PRADESH 4.7.8 ASSAM 4.7.9 CHHATTISGARH 4.7.10 JAMMU & KASHMIR 4.7.11 NAGALAND CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS 5.1 BUSINESS STATUS 5.1.2 ACCOUNT MAINTAINING 5.1.3 HUMAN RESOURCE 5.1.4: PRODUCTS & PRODUCTION 5.1.5 SLAB COST DISTRIBUTION 5.1.6: TRANSPORTATION 5.1.7 FINAL PRODUCTS 5.1.8 MAIN MARKET OF MARBLE 5.1.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.1.10 DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS OF MARBLE 5.1.11: INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1.12: ROYALTY The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad 40 40 40 41 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 46 47 48 48 49 49 49
11
5.1.13 COMPETITORS 5.1.14 MINING TECHNIQUES FOR MARBLE 5.1.15 MARBLE JOB WORK (VALUE CHAIN) CHAPTER 6 GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN MINING 6.1 GOVERNMENT RESEARCH CENTRES & INSTITUTES FOR MINING POLICIES, REGULATIONS & DEVELOPMENT 6.1.1: INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES (IBM)
50 51 51 53
12
53 53
6.1.2 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ROCK MECHANICS (NIRM) 55

6.1.3 DEPARTMENT OF DIMENSIONAL STONE TECHNOLOGY 56
FEASIBILITY STUDY 7: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7.1: RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 7.2: SAMPLES 7.3: OBSERVATIONS & FINDINGS 8: SWOT ANALYSIS OF MARBLE INDUSTRY 9: CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS 10: BIBLIOGRAPHY 11: GLOSSARY 12: ANNEXURE: ARTICLES & QUESTIONNAIRES 13: RESPONSE SHEETS
Pg. No. 57 57 57 57 64 67 73 78 82 134
13
LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1 Flow Diagram (Production Process) for Mines and the processing 52
14
TABLE OF FIGURES........................................Pg. No. FIGURE 3.1 WORLD DEMAND STATISTICS FIGURE 3.2 MARBLE & MARBLE PRODUCTS FIGURE 3.3 WORLD MARBLE CONSUMPTION FIGURE 3.4 WORLD MARBLE IMPORTS 22 23 24 25
FIGURE 3.5 ITALY-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 26 FIGURE 3.6 ITALY-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FOR THE EXPORT OF WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE 26 FIGURE 3.7 TURKEYS MARBLE EXPORT 28
FIGURE 3.8 CHINA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 29 FIGURE 3.9 CHINA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 29 FIGURE 3.10 SPAIN-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 30 FIGURE 3.11 SPAIN-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 30 FIGURE 3.12GREECE-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 31 FIGURE 3.13 GREECE-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 32 FIGURE 3.14 INDIA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 32 FIGURE 3.15 INDIA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED 33 FIGURE 3.16 INDIA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FROM WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE IMPORTED The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
33
FIGURE 3.17 INDIA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FROM WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE IMPORTED 34 FIGURE 3.18 WORLDS TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FOR THE TOTAL EXPORT OF ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE 34 FIGURE 3.19 WORLDS TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FOR THE TOTAL EXPORT OF WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE 35 FIGURE 4.1 MARBLE DEPOSITS IN INDIA FIGURE 4.2 ITEM WISE EXPORT OF GRANITE, NATURAL STONES & PORDUCTS FROM INDIA FIGURE 4.3 MINERAL MAP OF BANASKANTHA DISTRICT FIGURE 4.4 LOCATION ANALYSIS MAP 37
15
39 41 42
16
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 MARBLE INDUSTRY: - THE NATURE OF THIS SECTOR As far as India is concerned the marble industry falls under unorganized or informal sector. The unorganized sector constitutes a major proportion of Indian industries and the marble industry being one of constituents in this segment. The unorganized sector comprises of low skilled labor possessing no degree of specialization. Firms operating in this segment are crowded by uncertainties due to lack of documented information and the complexities in accumulating and managing industry specific resources. The National Account Statistics (NAS) report that the unorganized sector acts a strong production base for India economic indices and is yet neglected or unaware from taxation point of view due to its complex structure. Although the Indian government holds a huge number of articles for small scale & tiny sectors, yet their data is never known in exact terms because of the exclusion they have got in majority of tax applications. On the other hand, the organized sector possess detailed documents with descriptive statistics via the budget documents or reports etc. whereas, unorganized sector signifies those enterprises whose activities go without maintaining any regular accounts or regulation of any legal provision. As per the NSSO (National Sample Survey Organization)s survey during 1999-2000, only 28 million workers are employed in the organized sector out of total 397 million workforce & the rest of them lie in the unorganized sector. (INFORMALSECTORININDIA) Considering the worlds top three highly populated countries, i.e. Japan, China & India they transformed the huge population lying in large numbers The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
of villages & small industries in to a productive source through different
17
strategies. Japan did it with its high skill in technology development via large sector & free market system, whereas in China each such unit meets the norms under its closed economic system. India has a mixed economic policy till date that follows a protectionist policy for the growth of these industries. Furthermore, these industries could not be widen because of the lack of an industrial infrastructure,
technological backwardness, uncertain market behavior, changes in the growth strategy with the arrival of an important development on a major scale etc. Though, there is an advantage of its own kind in the rural unemployment & penniless too have had their pressures on the planners to let this sector a befitting status, at least to the extent that it appears on paper or is not neglected. According to Peter Drucker, marketing is so basic that it cannot be considered as a separate function. Its the thing seen from customers
perception. For the understanding of the role of marketing, it is required to bring in matters like production, finance, personnel & of course last but not the least, customer. [Kamal Taori] 1.2 MARBLE (A Dimensional Stone) The word dimensional stones refer to the durable stones which can be cut to sizes, polished & used for construction purposes, i.e. marble, granite, slates etc. These stones belong to a same family resulted from the combinations of different minerals such as calcium compounds (calcareous) for marbles, Silica compounds (siliceous) for granite & Shale clay for slate & it is the mineral base in these stones which distinguishes them from each other. Marble is a crystalline, compact variety of metamorphosed limestone, consisting primarily of calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2 or a The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
combination of both minerals. The formation of marble takes place from
18
the contact metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite or metamorphism of older marble, thus it is a metamorphic rock. This chemical formation results in to an interlocking mosaic of calcite, aragonite &/or dolomite crystals from the recrystallization of the original rock. The fossils & sedimentary textures present in the original rock get destroyed due to the temperatures & pressures. The metamorphism of very pure limestone results in to a pure white marble, whereas clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert present as a layers or grains in the limestone result in varieties of colored marble. Mineral impurities add color in multicolored patterns, though pure calcite is white. Wide deposits of marble lie in various countries like Italy, India, Pakistan, Spain, Greece, Brazil, China, Afghanistan, Turkey, and Great Britain & in the United States. If taken in a commercial term, marble refers to the composition of any rock with calcium carbonate including limestone that takes polish. If we extend the term further, it includes other stones too, such as alabaster, serpentine & other soft rocks. The thickness of marble in terms of gravity varies between 2.68 to 2.72. Marble is quite sensitive towards moist or acidic environment & disintegrated easily under such environment. Thus, it must be protected from such environment & rain as it is a durable product under a dry atmosphere. Statuary marble is the purest white form of marble with visible crystalline structure. The unique shine of these marble results from the reflection of light lying in the surface of inner crystals. 1.3 TYPES OF MARBLE FOUND WORLDWIDE The major categories of marble comprises of Beijing White, Boticena & Onyx (Green), Carrara, Danby, Fauske Katni, Llano Pink, Macael Nabresina, Parian, Red, Thassos, Vencac, White and Yule that are available worldwide. [See f. ex. (Annexure-1)] The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
Since the ancient times, white marble have been a primary choice for the
19
monuments for its softness, relative isotropy, homogeneity & a comparative confrontation to devastating. Besides, the waxy looks of a human body sculptures form due to the low index of calcite which allows light to penetrate some millimeters in to the stone before being scattered out. CONSTRUCTION MARBLE The word crystalline calcite rock is used in the construction & dimension stone trade for any crystalline calcitic rock. The Holston formation (as the name given by geologists) which form the Tennessee marble, which are thick grainy fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone are useful as building stone. INDUSTRIAL USE For the use of calcium carbonate in various products such as paper, toothpaste, plastics, & paints colorless & light-colored marble (aka ground marble) are used as it is a pure form of calcium carbonate. Around threequarters of the calcium carbonate worldwide is made from ground marble. ARTIFICIAL MARBLE For the artificial marble, i.e. a paint which will resemble original marble, faux marble or faux marbling technique is used. CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS The Greek & Roman culture tell their association with marble through their monuments & sculptures which is known worldwide. Wide range of varieties & color choices availability for marble make it a first choice as decorative material. Marblehead, Ohio; Marble Arch, London; the Sea of Marmara; India's Marble Rocks; & the towns of Marble, Minnesota; Marble, Colorado; & Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York are some of the globally known places named after marble. (absolute astronomy)
20
CHAPTER 2 MARBLE PRODUCT PARAMETERS & MARKET

2.1 PARAMETERS FOR THE SELECTION OF MARBLE: Marble is selected on the basis of various parameter meant for its specific & end use. They are rated on three basic characteristics namely, color, pattern and grain size. COLOUR Color has its importance in the market for marble which varies as per time, markets, and marble type from country to country, i.e. European markets prefer white marble while Middle East & far eastern markets demand for white, black & beige marble. PATTERN Pattern has its effect on the looks of marble, thus it plays a major role. GRAIN SIZE Fine, medium & large grain materials are the general form of grain size. Grain size is meant for the use of marble rather than its looks. Fine grain materials have a micro hardness & are meant for load bearing areas & sharp corners, whereas Medium & especially the large grain materials are unsuitable for those areas as there are chances of their breakage & cracks. Thus, the vary combinations of colors, sizes & patterns are meant for different segments of customers, i.e. customers with high price range look for rare color, fine grain & homogeneous pattern of marble or for medium grain, common colors & homogeneous pattern. & for the medium price range, the market has the marble with rare colors, large grain size & heterogeneous pattern. 2.2 PRODUCT CATEGORIES AFTER PROCESSING SLABS Large semi processed sheets of marble with varied sizes & thickness of nearly 2 inches are called slabs. They are either exported to the
international markets or processed further in the local industry. There
21
are various uses of those slabs such as table or kitchen tops, wall facing, flooring & other related purposes. Price range of slabs depends on their quality & the size of the sheet. UNPOLISHED TILES The segment which opts for lower price of marble succumbs to unpolished tiles. Units which dont have machineries to finish & section them sell them this way. Though, normally, they are sent for further processing. POLISHED TILES Well & fully processed tiles of marble are known as polished tiles. They are pretty expensive than the unpolished tiles & are sold with price variation based on their vein structure, shades & color. DECORATIVE ITEMS Various fancy items such as vase, sculptures, pillars etc are produced worldwide with the variation of their manufacturing techniques, i.e. in developing countries like India these are produced without the high tech machineries, whereas in the countries with high labor cost carving is done with CNC machines. MARBLE CHIPS Tiny pieces of crushed marble which are produced on completely different machinery meant for stone crushers of various grades. They vary in size which ranges from 1 inch to 0.5 cm as per the consumer choice. They are used in flooring & facing in the construction industry. (unido.org.pk/)
22
CHAPTER 3 WORLD MARBLE INDUSTRY

According to the site tunisianindustry.net, approximately 57% of the world's marble exports are contributed primarily by five countries; namely, Italy (20%), China (16%), India (10%), Spain (6%), and Portugal (5%). While it comes to major importer countries of marble, the top marble importer countries series wise are: Germany, Japan & Taiwan for the import of nearly 4 million tons together. Whereas other countries such as USA, the Benelux countries, Hong Kong, France, Switzerland & Saudi Arabia import over one million tons.
(tunisianindustry)
Figure 3.1 WORLD DEMAND STATISTIC (S) Index numbers/2000=100
450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: basicmines.com (as on 20/08/09) Median Average
Figure 3.1 shows the demand of marble worldwide (in a span of five years) from the year 2003 till 2007. It represents a constant growth in the demand of marble which is supposed to be the total finished marble exported by some major exporting countries, i.e. Turkey, Italy, Spain & China. The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
The worlds demand for marble on the measure of average annual
23
increase, it is 13.7% while keeping the year 2000 as the base year (2000=100). (basicsmines) 3.1 EXPORT & IMPORT TRENDS The primary receivers of Indian marble exports are USA, Italy, Taiwan, Japan, Germany & China. (cdos-india.com) Since 1990s, the worlds marble industry has been showing a rapid growth & is estimated to grow at 8% per annum rate in the future. This is supposed to be a large industry where its global producers target the international market.
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2 above depicts the value of exports (in Rs millions) from the year 2000-2007. Indian marble exports amounted to aprrox Rs. 3000 million in the year 2007, showing a surge in demand for finished and non finished products.
Nearly 820 million sq. m. accounted for the total consumption of
24
marble worldwide, which is estimated to reach up to 4.4 billion sq. m. by 2025. Now, the worlds leading marble producing countries target the international market due to which the domestic demand gets outpaced. During the year 2003, a total of 54% of marble production was consumed in the international market, whereas the remainder was consumed domestically. The situation by 2025 may increase the consumption of marble in the international market by 60%, leaving the domestic market with 40% which can be seen in the figure 3.3.
6 5 0 4 0 3 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 o l n D C u 2 m 3 o l n D C u 3 m 3 o l n D C u 1 m
0102030405060205
Import of marble globally in the year 2003 was around USD 2.5bn. That included polished marble (1247 mn), unpolished slabs (535 mn), uncut marble (417 mn) & blocks (cut marble) (354 mn) as shown in the figure3.4.

Figure 3.4 WORLD MARBLE IMPORTS-US $ 2.5 BN Source: USAID Trade Map 2003 (as on 20/08/09)
21% 14%
25
BLOCKS (CUT MARBLE)354 POLISHED MARBLE PRODUCTS-1247 UNCUT MARBLE (STONE)-417 UNPOLISHED SLABS535 16% 49%
(mpsidc.org) 3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS 3.2.1 ITALY Along with the availability of stone materials, Italian stones possess a greater diversity, with respect to color and sizes that adds to their attractive global demand. A traditional world leader in its sector Italy has advantages like highly skilled workers, modern technologies that are constantly established communication between stone suppliers &
machine manufacturers keeping them ahead in the competitive arena. (stonepanorama.com) Italian marble blocks are majorly exported to the European markets such as Spain, Portugal, Greece, Slovenia & Turkey. Furthermore markets such as Russia, Poland, Croatia, Morocco, Algeria, Switzerland & the Arab Emirates, in 2007, fueled the demand for the Italian marble other than prominent countries like the US and Germany. (immcarrara) Exports As per IMM Carara, Italy reports Egypt, Libya, India, Tunisia and China as the top five countries with respect to the export of rough blocks and The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
slabs of marble. Figure 3.5 depicts the quantity in thousand tons for export to the respective countries.
Figure 3.5 ITALY-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED (thousand tons)
25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09)
26
EGYPT LIBYA INDIA TUNISIA CHINA
Similarly, the worked and finished marble products are primarily exported to Spain, Germany, UAE, Saudi Arabia and USA. Figure 3.6 shows the top five countries with quantity in thousand tons.
Figure-3.6 ITALY-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FOR THE EXPORTS OF WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE
25000 20000 SPAIN Thousand Tons 15000 10000 5000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 GERMANY UAE SAUDI ARABIA USA
3.2.2 TURKEY The Turkish stone industry, as of today, comprises of 2000 quarries & 1500 factories. 60% of the deposits and factories are spread over a radius of 400 Km near Izmir. (stonepanorama.com) Turkeys vast marble reserves are easily & well compatible with the marble found worldwide with their more than 100 varieties such as very light gray to black & brilliant white shades. Besides, Turkey has other world famous range of marble such as Afyon White, Afyon Tigerskin, Bilecik Pink, Marmara White, Burdur Brown, Denizli Travertine, Elazig The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
Cherry, Karacabey Black, Golpazar Beige, Milas Kavaklidere, Aeagan Bordeaux, and Aksehir Black. (stoneinturkey.com)
27
In the recent years, Turkey has enjoyed 25% of exports due to its availability of diverse color patterns as highlighted above. Additionally, the Turkish marble industry is quite promising for its national & international investors in terms of future profit. Exports Turkish stone industry showed a rapid growth within a time span of ten years. The amount of the total value of natural stone exports accounted to US$ 1.3 billion in 2008, of which nearly 63% was cut & polished processed marble. Amongst the processed & block marble, processed marble accounts for approximately US$ 887 million export value that were primarily exported to the countries like U.S.A., the United Kingdom, Canada, Saudi Arabia & the United Arab Emirates in 2008. Whereas, block marble with US$ 438 million, in export value, were majorly exported to China, India, Italy, Syria & Greece. (IGEME-Export Promotion Centre of Turkey, 2009) (igeme.org.tr) As per the reports from the Undersecretarial for Foreign Trade & IGEME, the total amount of marble exported by Turkey since the year 2004 till the year 2008 in tons is depicted below in figure 3.7:-

Figure 3.7 TURKEY'S MARBLE EXPORT (QUANTITY: TON)
3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Sources: Undersecretarial for Foreign Trade IGEME: Export Promotion Centre T-2009 (as on 20/08/09) BLOCK MARBLE PROCESSED MARBLE
28
(ctacc.org) (igeme.org) (stoneinturkey.com) 3.2.3 CHINA There are approximately 123 mines 26 provinces for the marble production in China. Hebei Quyang, Jiangsu Yixin and Ganyu, Hubei Huangshi, Sichuan Baoxin, Shanxi Liuba and Guangdong Yingde marble mine are some of the main marble mining provinces amongst which Guangdong and Hebei hold leadership positioning. Until the year 2006, the total marble production in China was 900 million sq. meters. (stonetechfair.com) (scjjky.com) EXPORT A total of approximately 31000 tons of worked and finished marble stones were exported from China in 2008. The period from the year 2004 through 2008 has experienced a growth of approximately 2% to South Korea, being the largest importer in the finished marble stones segment. Figure 3.8 shows the top five countries in terms of worked & finished marble exported to by China as per the data provided by IMM:-

Figure 3.8 CHINA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
35000 30000 25000 TAIWAN Thousand Tons 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
29
JAPAN HONG KONG USA SOUTH KOREA
The scenario for the rough blocks and marble slabs is quite different from the finished products. As figure 3.9 indicates, Taiwan remained a dominant importer of unprocessed marbles with 41000 tons in 2008. Other regions that contributed to this segment were Holland, Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong.
Figure 3.9 CHINA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
5000 4500 4000 3500 Thousand Tons 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source:IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09) HOLLAND JAPAN SOUTH KOREA HONG KONG TAIWAN
3.2.4 SPAIN There are more than 1000 small & medium companies & 700 quarries in Spain trading with the dimensional stones such as marble, granite & slate. Various reports including the above one were presented at Piedra 2008 giving various details of Spanish marble industry such as the size & activities of that sector on an international level. (stoneworld.com) The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
EXPORTS UAE, Italy, USA, Hong Kong & China were the top five countries where the most amount of rough blocks & slabs of marble were exported between the time period of 2004 to 2008.
Figure 3.10 SPAIN-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 Thousand Tons 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09) UAE ITALY HONG KONG USA CHINA
30
When it comes to worked & finished products of marble exported by Spain, UAE & Italy again have their place in the top five countries where worked & finished products of marble were exported during last four year, that is, from the year 2004 till the year 2008. Figure below shows the amount of marble in tons being exported by Spain (representing only top five countries it was exported to):Figure 3.11 SPAIN-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
3500 3000 Thousand Tons 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09) UAE ITALY PORTUGA L FRANCE MEXICO
3.2.5 GREECE
31
Greece too holds a good status in the world for its marble. During the year 2004 it was ranked 4th in the world marble exports & 6th in the world marble production. Throughout the world it is considered as top level architectural material & thus used that way. (marblemarket.net) EXPORT As per the data provided by IMM, following is the amount in ton for the exports of worked & finished products of marble by Greece. Singapore, Spain, Brazil, Cyprus & USA were marked as the top countries for that:Figure 3.12 GREECE-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
1600 1400 1200 1000
Thousand Tons
800 600 400 200 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
SINGAPORE SPAIN BRAZIL CYPRUS USA
Greece exported most of its rough blocks & slabs of marble to J Rep, Hong Kong, Bulgaria, Albania & China during last five years, that is, 2004 to 2008:-

Figure 3.13 GREECE-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
14000 12000 10000 8000 Thousand Tons 6000 4000 2000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09) FOR J REP HONG KONG BULGARIA ALBANIA
32
3.2.6 INDIA India o w n s a wide b a n d o f marble. Various Indian states have a wide reserve of marble. Rank wise, it has been Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana & Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan reserves 90% of the total marble deposits in India. Now, some other states like Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Sikkim, and Uttar Pradesh & Bengal are also coming up with newer varieties of marble. (India report marble industry) EXPORT India holds its rank amongst the top marble exporting countries. As per the data the website of immcarrara, countries shown in the figure 3.14 & 3.15 are the countries to which India exported the most amount of marble during those last five years, i.e. in the time span of year 2004 till year 2008.

Figure 3.14 INIDA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
2500
33
2000
1500
Thousand Tons SAUDI ARABIA UAE ITALY SPAIN USA
1000 500
0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 3.15 INDIA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE EXPORTED
7000 6000 5000 4000 Thousand Tons 3000 2000 1000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09) ITALY NEPAL EGYPT CHINA
IMPORT Italy, China, Egypt, Oman, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Turkey & Iran were the countries from where India imported the most amount of marble during the year 2004 till the year 2008. Figure 3.16 & figure 3.17 show those countries with the total amount of marble imported.

Figure 3.16 INDIA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FROM WHERE WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE IMPORTED
3000 2500 ITALY 2000 Thousand Tons 1500 1000 500 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 CHINA EGYPT OMAN SRI LANKA
34
Figure 3.17 INDIA-TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FROM WHERE ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE IMPORTED
12000
10000
8000 Thousand Tons 6000 EGYPT IRAN 4000 VIETNAM TURKEY ITALY 2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total amount of marble exported by the top exporter countries Figure 3.18 & figure 3.19 show the total amount of marble exported worldwide by the top marble exporting countries during the year 2004 till the year 2008. Those countries are already discussed in this chapter.

Figure 3.18 WORLD'S TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FOR THE EXPORT OF ROUGH BLOCKS & SLABS OF MARBLE
120000 100000 80000 Thousand Tons 60000 40000 20000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ITALY CHINA SPAIN
35
GREECE INDIA
Figure 3.19 WORLD'S TOP FIVE COUNTRIES FOR THE TOTAL EXPORT OF WORKED & FINISHED PRODUCTS OF MARBLE
120000 100000 Thousand Tons 80000 ITALY 60000 40000 20000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09) CHINA SPAIN GREECE INDIA
36
CHAPTER 4: INDIAN MARBLE INDUSTRY

4.1: INDIAN STONE INDUSTRY - AN INSIGHT India has rich deposits of dimensional stones such as granite, marble, sandstone, limestone, slate, quartzite etc. found all over the country. States such as Rajasthan & Gujarat are primarily known for raw stone reserves & their production. India is the third largest exporter of marble and marble products worldwide. Apart from that, it is also known as one of the largest consumers of stones & stone products since it has a good distribution network within the country & a growing demand from the Indian middle class for their domestic use. (cdos-india.com) 4.2 A TRADITIONAL CULTURE India has a deep rooted history of stones & their uses since the ancient time, as old as 3200 B.C. Old sculptures, monuments, temples etc those which remain & those which managed to remain indicate that the Ancient Indian Civilization hold an architectural heritage. when comes to architectural work of marble in ancient India, Delwara temple with a very complex artistic work on marble & The Taj Mahal at Agra built in the 17th Century tell it all. Khajuraho Temple, Elephanta Caves, Konark Temple, Ancient Buddhist monuments like the Sanchi Stupa of 3rd century BC etc are some of the ancient monuments which together represent the richness of Indian heritage. These monuments & the architectural work on them indicate the existence of well developed mining & processing industry. The modern India too carries that trend though with its modern buildings such as the Presidential House, Parliament House & Supreme Court which are made from high quality sandstone of Rajasthan. Lotus temple of New Delhi tells about the journey of Indian architectural work, that is, from the ancient time till this modern era when it is compared with the The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
Taj Mahal of Agra. (cdos-india.com) 4.3: MARBLE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
37
India is rich in marble deposits. Rank wise, states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh are the top Indian states with huge deposits of marble. Rajasthan is the leader state in terms of marble reserve which is around 90% of total marble deposits in India. Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Sikkim, & Uttar Pradesh & Bengal are some of the states which produce newer ranges of marble. (lu.camcom.it/) Figure 4.1 shows the marble deposits in various Indian states as per the assessment of marble reserves carried out by Indian Bureau of Mines in 2000.
(cdos-india.com/) 4.4: MARBLE RESERVE IN INDIA The main locations for marble deposits in India are the Dharwar System in Aravali ranges & Raialo in Rajasthan, Champaner Series of Gujarat, Sakoli Series of Madhya Pradesh, Chilpi Series of Maharashtra, Vindyan, Cuddapah System in the Papaghani Series of Andhra Pradesh, Bijawar Series in Madhya Pradesh, Kaladgi Series in Karnataka & Delhi Group of rocks located in Alwar Series & Ajabgarh Series of Rajasthan. Other places with indifference are Jurassic & Cretaceous system. The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
Jaipur, Bharatpur, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Mewar, Udaipur & Sirohi areas
38
of Rajasthan; Danta & Palanpur areas of Gujarat; Narnaul area of Haryana, Morena district of Madhya Pradesh & Guntur & Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh have the marble reserves of Ajabgarh series. Whereas, Bijapur & Gulburga districts of Karnataka have the deposits of Bhima series. Other varieties of marble, such as those found in Vindhyan system have the ranges of colors such as creamy, grey, bluish & buff & are polish friendly. Other polish friendly materials are fossiliferous limestone of Jurassic System occurring in Jaisalmer & Bikaner districts of Rajasthan, Coralline limestone belonging to Bagh Beds of Upper Cretaceous located at Kherwan, Chirakhan & Bowarle in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. (pib.nic.in/) 4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN MARBLE (AS COMPARED TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD) Though, worldwide, there is a vast variety of marble, yet India has its own kinds of marble reserves & their names. Some of them are Agaria, Bhainslana Black, Fancy Brown, Himalaya Grey, Makrana Kumari, Olive, Phalodi Pink, Jhiri Onyx, Katni White. They are found at various states countrywide. Some of them might possess similar quality & type found elsewhere in the world but might bear a local name. [See f. ex (annexure-2)] 4.6 PRODUCTS & PROCESS TECHNOLOGY OF RENOWNED INDIAN STONE INDUSTRY: After Italy and China, India is considered the major exporter of marble products (raw and finished). During the year 2005-06, it exported stones worth the amount of nearly 45.6 billion rupees amongst which granite
tiles were the top most exported item. exported volume of stones in 2005-06.
Figure 4.2 categorizes the
39
(cji.in/) PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY The Indian stone industry manufactures huge ranges of stone products such as of blocks, flooring slabs, structural slabs, calibrated - ready to fix tiles, monuments, tomb stones, sculptures, artifacts, cobbles, cubes, kerbs, pebbles & landscape garden stones etc. (cdos-india.com/) Since the introduction of modern machineries for working stone such as cutting, sawing, grinding & polishing & with the introduction of new quarry fields, there has been an increase in marble production. (lu.camcom.it/) STONE HANDICRAFTS Indian stone handicraft industry carries forward the ancient tradition of stone sculpture with slight modifications in their design. Indian artisans do these all using simplest tools with proficiency, persistence & perseverance. MARBLE PROCESSING Currently, Indian made machineries as those which are made by wholly owned Indian companies & those with subsidiaries of foreign
multinationals are used by the Indian quarry industry which include The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
marble gang saws & tiling plants, circular saws for granite, polishing
40
machines, & other quarrying equipments like pneumatic jack hammers, diesel operated compressors, hydraulic jacks, splitting equipment, winches, excavators, air pillows, etc. (cji.in/) 4.7 STATE WISE CLASSIFICATION OF MARBLE 4.7.1: RAJASTHAN Rajasthan comprises of rich ranges of marble such as Green, Makrana Albeta White, Makrana Kumari White, Makrana Dungri White, Jhiri Onyx, Phalodi Pink, Ambaji White, Indo-Italian, Babarmal Pink, Bhainslana Black, Forest Green, Forest Brown, Agaria White, & Morwar White found across Nagaur, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Banswara, Dungarpur, Jaipur, Sirohi, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Bundi, Alwar, Chittorgarh, Churu & Pali. (cdosindia.com/) MARBLE BASED INDUSTRIES Makrana is considered as the hub of marble based industries in Rajasthan. Due to the saturation of the marble industry in Makrana, emerging entrepreneurs have established base in Udaipur, making it the second largest hub for marble industry in the state. Furthermore, due to advanced infrastructural capabilities, Udaipur is well connected by rail, road and air. (macmarbleindia.com/) 4.7.2: GUJARAT Consequent to Rajasthan, Gujarat is the second state in the country rich in marble deposits. Ambaji (Banaskantha district), Chunchupura
(Vadodara district) are the main centers for marble mines which have rich deposits of white, serpentinous green colored & various shades & hues of marble followed by Banaskantha, Bharuch, Vadodara, Kachchh & Panchmahal districts. As per the survey by Gujarat State Mineral Policy, total marble reserves of approx. 259 million tones have been estimated The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
to be found in the Banaskantha and Vadodra district. (cdos-india.com/) (Gujarat State Mineral Policy)(cdos-india.com/)
41
Banaskantha district possess approx. 99.3% marble deposits of the entire Gujarat state in which the place known as Danta Taluk accounts for high quality of marble production.
(vibrantgujarat.com/) 4.7.3 MADHYA PRADESH (MP) As per the assessment in the year 2000 carried out by Indian Bureau of Mines for the marble deposits in the various Indian states, Madhya Pradesh had a vast deposits of marble spread over 65 sq. km. areas & is now still being exploited. (cdos-india.com/) MP is now a fast growing marble producing state. With astonishing ranges of marble reserves spread over various districts such as Katni, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Harda, Sidhi & Jhabua, MP now has numerous mines which are fully active & mechanized.MP provides the opportunities to open new marble mines & marble processing units. (mpsidc.org/) To boost up the marble industry in MP, the state government has come out with a project of Stone Park near Sleemnabad in Katni district The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
which would be built over an area of 120 acres & would be able to support around 40 units.
Figure 4.4: LOCATION ANALYSIS MAP
42
(mpsidc.org/)
4.7.4: HARAYANA Haryana provides varieties in marble like banded & white marble. AntriBeharipur has its excellence in banded marble, while Rasulpur, Golwa, Gangutana & Musnota have ample availability of white marble. Besides, other localities like Mahendragarh, Zainpur, Chappra-Bibipur, Nangal durgu, Islampur & Dhanota- Dhancholi, too have plenty of marble reserves. (cdos-india.com/) 4.7.5 ANDHRA PRADESH Various districts of Andhra Pradesh such as Khammam, Cuddappah, Kurnool, Ananthpur, Guntur & Nellore are the main depositaries of marble in the state. The Paland marble has set up a name for its marble in the market, that is, Amravathi marbles. (cdos-india.com/) 4.7.6 ARUNACHAL PRADESH In the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Marble bands in the Mishmi Formation, Chilleipam Formation & Tidding limestone, Abor Volcanics, Lohit Valley, Dalai Valley. Serpentinite bands extend from Tidding to Hunli & in Mayi Hill region of Dibang Valley District. (cdos-india.com/) 4.7.7 UTTAR PRADESH Uttar Pradesh is more into inlay, carving, sculptures & artistic work of marble than as a state of marble quarry. The city of Taj, Agra is well known for this. Nonetheless, Pithoragarh & Mirzapur are the two districts with minor deposits of marble in the region. (cdos-india.com/)
4.7.8 ASSAM
43
March, Palel, Sangsak, Maokot, Ukhrul & Ching Jaroi at the Indo Myanmar border are the main districts of Assam with the availability of marble. (cdos-india.com/) 4.7.9 CHHATTISGARH Marble deposits are available in Bastar & Dantewara districts. (cdosindia.com/) 4.7.10 JAMMU & KASHMIR In Jammu & Kashmir large deposits of marble can be located in Drugmalla, Zirahama, Oura & Trehgam in Kupwara district & Thathri area of Doda district of Kashmir. (cdos-india.com/) 4.7.11 NAGALAND Marble deposit lie in Phek district in the areas of Pang, Wui, Moya & Moke. (cdos-india.com/)
44
CHAPTER 5: OPERATIONS
ANALYSIS
OF
BUSINESS
The business of marble in a country like India & in other developing or underdeveloped countries bears almost the same industry structure as highlighted in the previous chapter. This was observed when experts of marble industries were interviewed & on visiting a Pakistani site called unido.org.pk meant for marble industry. Following chapter is based on those observations. 5.1 BUSINESS STATUS As it was observed by the experts interview the business of marble is usually carried out by sole traders, yet in some cases enterprises do turn in to partnership firms. The quarry owners can be classified into four categories as follows; 1). only produce blocks & sells. 2). block to traders for job work & then sell. 3). if his own unit of gang saw, then sell to direct customers. 4). or do above & sell to others too. 5.1.2 ACCOUNT MAINTAINING Accounting structures in this business are highly non-standardized and Indian entrepreneurs usually hire munshees (Indian accountants) or those with a bachelors degree or at least matriculate qualification. 5.1.3 HUMAN RESOURCE Typically, human resources in the Indian quarry business have
entrepreneurs & labors. Managers & assistant managers & those other employees with different designations, as found in big & organized business, do not exist. The entire official works such as factory operations, administration, marketing & client handling and accounting are handled by entrepreneurs themselves. Only some well to do
entrepreneurs with their flourishing business employ those white collar employees.
45
Still, large units have helpers; crane operators etc. Usually two labors are appointed on each single cutter machine which may go up to four or five for vertical/horizontal cutter & gang saw. The labor force is highly non skilled with no formal training & thus gets on-job training. Labors working hours, in this industry are usually 8 hours per day at most of the marble mines along with some additional overtime pay scale. At the small & middle size marble mines, the required labors are about 30 to 40 & the wages nationally are Rs. 150/- per day. 5.1.4: PRODUCTS & PRODUCTION In the Indian setting, the use of technologically advanced machinery is low and majority of the tasks are performed manually. Furthermore, the production is highly linked with demand and the industry faces uncertain demand, often resulting in the mismanagement of resources and capital utilization. 5.1.5 SLAB COST DISTRIBUTION A marble block weighs from 10 to 15 tons & the product sale highly depends on the quality of marble. If material is dull in color the material block goes higher up to Rs. 1500 to Rs. 2000/- per ton, depending on nature of marble quality. Further pricing, with respect to their quality are as follows: IF THE BLOCKS ARE COMMERCIAL:10 blocks about 120 tones @ Rs. 1500/-per ton = 180000/IF THE BLOCKS ARE MEDIUM:10 blocks about 120 ton @ Rs. 3000/- per ton = 360000/IF THE BLOCKS ARE GOOD & PURE WHITE:10 blocks about 120 tones @ Rs. 10000/- per ton = 1200000/-
The production cost remains constant for all the aforementioned
46
qualities. So, marble can gain good profit if the nature is in favor of quarry owner by giving good material & that thing depends on luck. The production cost of marble usually goes per ton is Rs. 500 to Rs. 600. The above prices are meant for quarry owners when selling their products to a process house or traders. The prices are little higher when selling the same to the direct customers, though, direct customers rarely go to mine owners & prefer to purchase from process house. It is no way good for any marble mine owner that marbles production go lower. If it goes lower it is loss for that month & apart from that many a difficulties come such as overhead expenses by breakdown. In commercial grade material, entrepreneurs have to face a highly competitive market but if the material is good they possess a higher bargaining power with customers. 5.1.6: TRANSPORTATION Usually, the Transport of material is done by trucks in which the blocks are to be loaded by the cranes. Transport of marble blocks by truck always depend on road side, though in marble loading the transporters always take 20% more than other market rates. The transporters take their charges per ton as per road condition. The marble blocks are to be sawed on gang-saw. The costs incurred as Rs. 600/- per ton. The sales tax is to be taken from the client as per the governments rule. The loading of slabs are loaded loose for local sale & for that the labor charges Rs. 50 per ton. So, in one truck the weight goes up to 12 tones & the weight goes as per the quantity.
5.1.7 FINAL PRODUCTS
47
The market rate of marble is common for commercial quality. In market rate for this material the rate goes Rs. 5/- upper or lower as per the quality. Further variations in price can range from Rs. 10 to Rs. 20 for a sq. foot of marble. Currently, the commercial material in market are about Rs. 20/- to 25/per sq. ft. for the Thappi (slabs) but if the cut size is to be sold, the rate goes down. Now a day there are no rates due to cracks of slabs. The slabs which are cracks, entrepreneur has to get them made in sizes. The sizes are always made perfectly as under:1) 9*9 2) 9*12 3) 12*12 4) 12*18 5) 18*18 6) 18*24 7) 24*12 8) 24*24 Mostly, these sizes are always demanded by the customers & their rates also go as per sizes but at lower rate than Thappi. Thappi means the slab which is sawed from block & it is fresh without crack as per sizes of block. The rest sells in the shape of slabs & handicrafts. Major final products are tile (12 inch * 12 inch * 0.5 inch), counter tops, stairs, window & handicrafts like glasses, miniatures, paper weight etc.
5.1.8 MAIN MARKET OF MARBLE
48
It is almost an easy ride for marble sector in India as far as the quality of marble is concerned; therefore there are no stringent quality checks for the national market. The main sources of green & white marbles are Rajasthan & Gujarat, whereas the domestic market where we have the demand for marbles are south, Kerala, Punjab, Goa & in Maharashtra, it is Mumbai & Puna. Apart from this, if we look at foreign market, there is again a huge demand in some developed countries such as USA, UK, UAE etc. as there is hardly any availability of this material & even if there is availability of this material then the labor cost is so high that the cost price may go higher to those domestic player than ours (India) & thus we have the advantages of selling it abroad. In the process, even the per capita income of people in the foreign countries plays a crucial role. 5.1.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT As it was observed from a Pakistani site unido.org.pk marble processing gives two kinds of byproducts, stone scrap & slurry. On interviewing experts it was found that India too follows the same waste management system as it is followed by the Pakistani stone industry. Stone scrap results from the processing of completely unprocessed marble or of semi processed marble. In case of completely unprocessed marble, the scrap is 30% of the marble being processed, whereas, in case of the processing of semi processed marble, it is lesser by 2-5%. The other byproduct of marble, slurry, which is actually the water containing marble powder where the amount of marble powder is 30% & that of water, is 70%. There is a constant use of this water till it is too thick to be soluble for marble powder.
As per the estimation, 1 ton of marble stone processed in gang-saw
49
produces 1 ton of slurry (70% water), though there is less wastage through single cutter. This wastage is stored initially in a tank or other storable place available & then disposed off, may be at some jungle or sewage area, or somewhere nearby which can cause an environmental problem. (unido.org.pk/) 5.1.10 DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS OF MARBLE The marble is a basis of direct selling without any middleman, so it just directly goes to factory from mine & then sold to customer as per his requirement. 5.1.11: INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructural challenges are some of the most prominent difficulties incurred by this industry. Entrepreneurs have to jumble between multiple problems such as bad roads, improper or no power supply etc. on which, bad to weathers carry make the it totally unmanageable Though, the for the
entrepreneurs
on
business.
upcoming
infrastructure projects which are active by now give a ray of hope. 5.1.12 ROYALTY The royalty for marble block is usually fixed at the time of setting the rate of block with royalty or royalty tax. The royalty is paid by the runner in two ways:There is a dead rent kept by the state govt. per hector. If royalty is lesser than that amount, the entrepreneur has to pay dead rent per year. The royalty of marble block goes as per the state govt.s rule. If the production goes less & royalty is lesser than the dead rent then the entrepreneur has to pay direct dead rent as mentioned above & if
production goes high & the amount goes higher than dead rent, then he has to pay royalty. Whichever is high is to be paid. 5.1.13 COMPETITORS
50
Marble stands as a competitor against marble in the first place itself. The competition might come as a result of cost price differentiation or traveling & distribution charges differentiation or due to its availability or due to the differentiation in quality & type or may be even demand & requirement of customers. Other substitutes of marbles are granites, limestone, kota stone, sandstone, slates, natural stone & other artificial stones such as artificial tiles, artificial marble, artificial granite etc. Apart from that, the said most costly marble is blue marble which can cost Rs. 2500 per square feet. The demand for artificial stones may go high from the customers side due to the varieties available in that as those stones can be molded according to the
manufacturers choice. But then again, there are about 100 various colors available for granite which then can make customers move for granite if they are looking for color choices. Furthermore, in comparison to marble, ceramic tiles are relatively less expensive. And if we compare marble tiles with the marble slabs, the marble tiles are much cheaper & it is because marble tiles are made out of cracked & rejected slabs or when there is very high demand for it. The price for per square feet is Rs. 9 to Rs. 16 for tiles. The price for per square feet is Rs. 35 to Rs. 150 for slabs. And for white material slabs it is Rs. 48 to Rs. 250. The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
For the marble industry there are too few major players in India
51
who would be the players on the international level but as far as it is concerned with artificial stone, tiles sector is such a sector which plays on the international level. 5.1.14 MINING TECHNIQUES FOR MARBLE There are two types of mining techniques for marble, one is the underground & the other one is over the head of mountain, also known as over head mining. A good example of underground mining can be set by Makrana mines in Rajasthan where we have underground mining. They work about 200 ft. to 300 ft. deep. Mining depends on nature as well as on luck of the owner because in production the block must be fresh, that is, without crack. In marble the crack are too often & that also depends on the nature of marbles quality. The investment of most of the entrepreneurs of marble mine usually goes only for labors + diesel & break downs & after this they need per months equipment & that depends on their production. Developing countries like India & Pakistan still follow the traditional method of quarry, that is, blasting, which results in to high wastage of marble & small stone size reducing its price in the market. Lack of implementation of mining policy & cooperation among the cluster members work as further disadvantage for the quarry industry. 5.1.15 MARBLE JOB WORK (VALUE CHAIN): Figure below shows the value chain for marble, that is, the pre extract process till the finished product.
Table 5.1 Flow Diagram (Production Process) for Mines and the processing Sr. PROCESS
no.
1. Investigation of quarrying viability and assortment of bench, exploding is done and over load removed to expose the idle material 2. 3. Hole Drilling Using the Slim Drill / Line Drill Machines Hole Finder Machine is used to check for the proper matching of holes Using Italian Hole Finder Machine/ laser techniques 4. Diamond Bead Wire Saw Machine/Belt saw is set up. Diamond Beaded Wire is passed (looped) through the holes and mounted on the machine for imparting vertical / horizontal cuts to the rock 5. When Cuts are complete, the block of rock is parted from the mother rock using the Air Pillow, Hydro Bags and Minor quantities of explosives ( cordex rod) to from a feasible gap in between 6. This block is made to fall (Bench Toppling) in a prepared bed of loosened soil and slit to avoid the development of any cracks within it- One or more excavator machines are used depending on the requirement 7. Experts Mistry is called to examine the block for cracks and quartz. The Mistry marks the blocks for line of cutting to maximize yield. (A sonic method could also be used for the same) 8. Holes are drilled along the marked lines to perforate the large rock into smaller blocks suitable for loading onto trucks 9. The perforated rock is then broken down systematically into marked fragments using feather and wedge method/ unsized blocks( luffers) are also the output of the process 10. These blocks/buffers are loaded onto trucks and dispatched to their respective destinations( processing units) after checking of validity and weight 11. Unloading of the material at the marked places and receiving inspection by experienced supervisors 12. 13 The block is sent for dressing for all six sides id required. And then set on the trolleys The set block is set at the marble gang saw and cut as per the width set generally 74-83 slabs 14. 15. The slabs are given chemical treatment if required and sent to the display area The displayed goods are packed on trucks after customer selection and product exits
52
(stonedge.in/)
53
CHAPTER 6: GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN MINING

Every business in any country needs the intervention of the government system of its country in terms of rules & regulations, guidelines, support etc, favoring the legal businesses in the country, making them run smoothly under any circumstance; thus strengthening the countrys economy, despite of any political system. While talking about the mining sector, rules & regulations do exist for mining meant not only for marble quarry but also for the mining of other natural resources. We will discuss some main offices out of those offices mentioned below. Following information below are based on the annual report on mining for the year 2007-08 by National Informatics Centre (NIC) available on its site. 6.1 GOVERNMENT RESEARCH CENTRES & INSTITUTES FOR
MINING POLICIES, REGULATIONS & DEVELOPMENT: Currently, there are many big & small government offices & sub offices exist in the country, majority of which work as research institutes located at different parts of the country. They are: Geological Survey of India (GSI) having headquarters at Kolkata.
Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) having headquarters at Nagpur. Department Of Dimensional Stone Technology. National Institute of Rock Mechanics, (NIRM) Kolar; and National Institute of Miners Health (NIMH), Nagpur.
6.1.1: INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES (IBM) MANAGERIAL SYSTEM IBM is divided in to six functional divisions, namely: The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
Mines Control & Conservation of Minerals Division. Ore Dressing Division. Technical Consultancy, Mining Research & Publication Division. Mineral Economics Division Mining & Mineral Statistics Division. Planning & Co-ordination Division having two sub-divisions:
54
The headquarter of IBM is located in Nagpur, besides which it has its total 12 regional offices located in various Indian cities namely Ajmer, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Dehradun, Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Kolkata, Margao, Nagpur, Ranchi & Udaipur & 2 subregional offices at Guwahati & Nellore. IBM provides various services related to quarry affairs such as technical consultancy like geological review, environmental issues, areas survey, mining equipment selection. It publishes reports & generals on mining & various issues related to it, i.e. trade, R&D activities, events & affairs. It also provides minerals & mining related trainings. It also works as an advisory body for central & state governments regarding all the business aspects of quarry which would be beneficial from the countrys economic points of view such as EXIM policies, byproducts, leases, minerals demand supply condition in the market, various consumption of minerals, various data related to mining for governmental records. It is also quite in to environmental protection movement with its program named as Mines Environment & Mineral Conservation (MEMC) Weeks, which it arranges at various in important mining centers.
All these active & relevant services provided by IBM at prescribed
55
charges generate it revenue. If we consider the revenue for the year 2007-08 it was Rs 156.35 lakhs. 6.1.2 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ROCK MECHANICS (NIRM) The National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM) is a premium centre for research which researches on basic & applied rocks mechanics runs through the sponsorship from industries as well as government fund. A premier centre for research in applied & basic rock mechanics has been carried out quality research work through both government-funded & industry sponsored S&T & consultancy projects. It provides services like samples laboratory testing, design for controlled blasting, mineral exploitation, engineering, underground technical & mining, safety features, & site analysis, other
technological
issues
regarding
geological issues. The Institute holds the ISO-9001:2000 Accreditation renewed for its R&D & consultancy services. VARIOUS TECHNICAL FACILITIES AT NIRM 150 ton MTS stiff compression testing machine. 300 ton compression testing machine. High temperature & pressure triaxial cell. Shear testing machine. Equipment for determining joint properties. Polarizing microscope for thin section study. Rock properties determined : Uniaxial compressive strength. Tensile strength. Elastic constants. Shear properties (cohesion & friction angle) Joint shear properties / Fracture toughness The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
Density Porosity & permeability P-wave velocity
56
6.1.3 DEPARTMENT OF DIMENSIONAL STONE TECHNOLOGY The Department of Dimensional Stone Technology (DDST) is its own kind of department providing services which cannot only decline the disadvantages & dangers of blasting at mines but also save
entrepreneurs precious time & money in an environmental friendly way through its equipments which on hand tell them as which surface of earth should be dig for raw material. Other necessary services like
proper waste disposal, reduction in block damage, tools selection, providing seminars & courses for personnel, preparing feasibility report etc. (mines.nic.in/)
57
CHAPTER 7: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

7.1 R E S E A R C H OBJECTIVES: To study this unorganized sector where profit is more than 300%. Growth in marble products & its market size. Its domestic, as well as international market. Market focus of local producers. Value chain of marble. Missed opportunity. The future opportunity. Kinds of marble most demanded.
7.2 SAMPLE: Sample size Sample frame Sample unit Sampling Method Constraints Sampling error 60 Abu-Road city Industrial Area, Abu Road Simple random sampling Time, number of respondents Non-response- 20 Response- 40 Survey Questionnaire
7.3: OBSERVATIONS & FINDINGS An initial sample size of 60 respondents was selected in order to achieve a sufficient sample size. A response rate of 66% was attained (i.e. 40 respondents successfully answered to the queries). Moreover, to get a full understanding of the existing marble industry (finished and The
unfinished products), respondents were personally interviewed.
aggregated observations will be outlined in the section 7.4. The questionnaire addressed specific questions on the firms revenue The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
margins, the order cycle, the customer base and the firms suppliers. OBSERVATIONS: Responses of processors to the questionnaire
58
Below is the outcome of responses given by 26 processors to the various questions asked in the questionnaire prepared for processors:Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Responses of the first question answered by processors suggested that There is continuity in their business. They have a daily requirement of material & they process at least 60 tonnes of material daily. They have their contracts with quarry owners & traders, where quarry owners are the suppliers to them & traders are the buyers to them. They buy the rough marble blocks from the quarry owners. They process them in to marble slabs & deliver them to traders as per the orders booked with them. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Responses to the second question suggested that traders are the main customers for processors. They have their contract with them & thus as per the contract, traders do the bulk buying from them. Builders & final customers also buy the material from them but then they do not consider them as much as they consider traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Responses to the third question suggested that Processors order cycle role between getting the supply of materials from quarry & delivering the finished goods made from it to the contract traders as per their demand. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? Responses to the fourth question suggested that bidding is not required in the deal between processors & quarry owners since the perfect competition exists in the market & processors & quarry owners are aware of existing market rates. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? Responses to the fifth question suggested that The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
No contribution between processors & quarry owners take place. May be on personal level but that is just a tongue in a chick. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Responses to the sixth question suggested that
59
Job work on marble comes to around Rs. 650 to 780 Rs. on per ton of marble. Each ton gives 130 sq feet of material. So, that comes to Rs. 5 to Rs 6 on per sq. foot. That is the job work charges for marble. Q: 7.What is your turnover? Responses to the seventh question suggested that processors have a yearly turnover of 3 to 10 crore Rs. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? Responses to the eighth question suggested that The revenue margin of processors is around 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any? 1. Even local traders sometimes deal directly with quarry. 2. If the material of marble is cracked we make it in to cut size. (Responses to the ninth question were very limited. Hardly few processors shared their knowledge for the last question)
60
Responses of quarry owners cum processors to the questionnaire Below is the outcome of responses given by 4 quarry owners cum processors to the various questions asked in the questionnaire prepared for them:Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Responses to the first question suggested that They are their own suppliers for the raw material & their own processors though their customers are traders. They keep separate accounts for their quarry business & for their process house business. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Responses to the second question suggested that traders are the main & focused customers for quarry cum process house owners. Other customers include builders & people who need marble for temple carving. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Responses to the third question suggested that Quarry cum process house owners get their orders from traders who are under their contract & who book the order in advance. They do the delivery of finished material to the traders as per the order given by them. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your traders take place? Responses to the fourth question suggested that quarry cum process house owners have no bid between them as they both are aware of existing market rates & there is a perfect competition in the market which brings a similarity in rates. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your traders in terms of business? Responses to the fifth question suggested that quarry cum process house owners have no contribution towards each other but a little which The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
is just meant to be tongue in a chick, that is, a single trader may buy the whole stock of material from his supplier. Q: 6.How much is your ex factory cost?
61
Responses to the sixth question suggested that the ex factory cost including transportation charges are around Rs. 1950 to 2600 on per ton of marble. Each ton gives 130 sq. feet material. So, the ex factory cost to quarry cum process house owners for per sq. foot of marble will be around Rs. 15 to 20 or may be higher that depends on the quality. Q: 7.What is your turnover? Responses to the seventh question suggested that their turnover is around 5 to 7 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? Responses to the eighth question suggested that quarry cum process house owners have the revenue margin of around 15% to 20 %. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any.
62
Responses of quarry owners Below is the outcome of responses given by 10 quarry owners to the various questions asked in the questionnaire prepared for them:Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Responses to the first question suggested that Quarry owners simply dig out rough marble blocks from earth & sell them to processors with whom they have contracts. They may do more than one blasting in a year as per the requirement of material. They have continuity in business. They load at least two to three trucks from the quarry. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Responses to the second question suggested that the prime most customers to the quarry owners are processors who are their customers under a contract. In sort, they are their fixed customers. Besides, traders & people for temple carving are also their customers but that is too rare. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Responses to the third question suggested that Quarry owners have contract with processor (s). As per the contract, they deliver them the rough marble blocks. Sometimes the processor book some part of or the whole mine. The material from that booked portion or the whole mine (if booked the whole mine) then is delivered to processor. The material from them is sometimes directly purchased by traders or by the people who need rough marble block for temple carving. But those types of customers are too rare for them. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? Responses to the fourth question suggested that no bid takes place in the deal between quarry owners & processors. There lies a perfect
63
competition in the market which let them have a fair & fixed deal between them. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? Responses to the question five suggested that there is no contribution of quarry owners & processors towards each other. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? Responses to the sixth question suggested that The ex factory cost for the quarry owner is from Rs. 15 to Rs. 20 for per sq. foot marble. Thus, various quarry owners bear between these charges. Q: 7.What is your turnover? Responses to the seventh question suggested that the turnover of quarry owner can be from Rs. 6 million to 20 million P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? Responses to the eighth question suggested that the revenue margin of quarry owners is around 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any? FINDINGS: FINAL OUTCOMES OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES:The final & the main outcome that we get from all the three questionnaires above are: Turnover P.A. of processors is from 3 to 10 crore Rs. Turnover P.A. of quarry owners cum processors is from 5 to 7 crore Rs. Turnover P.A. of quarry owners is from Rs. 6 million to 20 million. Margin that processors get is around 10% to 12%. Margin that quarry owners cum processors get is around 15% to 20 %. Margin that quarry owners get is around 10% to 12%.
64
CHAPTER 8: SWOT ANALYSIS OF MARBLE INDUSTRY

STRENGTH WEAKNESS 1. Different processing 1. Lack of new trends in the machineries are produced by industry due to lack of research local manufacturers in this & development. sector. 2. Poor product quality due to lack 2. Banking facilities accessibility. of financial investment in the machineries. 3. Required laws for companies exist. 3. Slow productivity due to obsolete machineries. 4. Unproblematic & simple companies registration 4. Primeval mining methods cause process. high wastage, i.e. blasting 5. Easy availability labor workforce. of cheap 5. Slow production due to lack of proper availability of electricity.
6. Workforces hereditary 6. Extremely low literacy rate knowledge of marble industry. comes as a hindrance to workforce in learning new skills. 7. Availability of raw material for 7. Uncertainty among labors due to processing. daily wage system. 8. Availability of wide range of marbles. 8. Bureaucracy & corruption cause hindrance in the business 9. Competition within the operation. industry ushering it ahead. 9. Insufficient knowledge of 10. Meticulous entrepreneurs marketing & business planning. keep running the industry despite lack of proper 10. Qualities of Finished infrastructure. marbles product not matching the international demand. 11. Sundry investors traditions bring knowledge & 11. Availability of loans but on technology with them. high interest rates. 12. Vast quantity 12. Communication gap amongst The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad & best
65
quality of Indian marble. 13. Primitive nature of domestic demand (only some standard size). OPPORTUNITY 1. Increasing global demand for marble & its availability in the country. 2.
the cluster members. 13. Improper support from government institutions THREAT 1. High competition in the international market.
3.
4.
5.
2. Increase influx of construction Availability of demanded stone material from Pakistan, marble of good quality & China & Afghanistan. variety of colors. 3. Short term benefits mentality Growth in the country level leading to selling unprocessed market demand due to the marble & no planning for increasing demand by the capitalization of resource. domestic construction industry. 4. Better salary packages by urban clusters attracting skilled workforce Fast improvement in physical of under-developed clusters. & technological infrastructures. 5. Poor support from Government department & mining disputes due Governmental working to regulatory reforms. structures are being transformed to become easy 6. Power supply capacity limitation & less complex. & increasing power supply cost.
6. Availability of the supporting 7. Unresolved disputes & politics. institutions in the country. 8. Good & superior substitutes of 7. Increasing investment marble, i.e. granite, tiles etc. opportunity in marble industry due to being a 9. Todays peoples urge on precedence sector of luxurious lifestyle which often government. make them choose Italian marble over the Indian one. 8. Support to marble sector for development through 10. Marble is available in a generic donation. form & no brand name or image is found for marble. 9. Market segmentation can be done for rural & urban The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
66
population where urban population can be targeted for stylish products & services & rural for less complex products & services. 10. Geographically reachable strategic locations, i.e. Middle east & other Asian markets.
67
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS

CONCLUSION My final conclusion is that marble industrial sector can grow in the Indian market if the entrepreneurs investigate the ever pacing environment & adopt various strategies that can boost up their business. Even at its current stage where globalization,
privatization & liberalization took place, more than fifteen years ago, the marble industry had been growing slow in comparison to the artificial stone industry. Inconsistent supply of marble products is one of the major problems in export. All the way through the value chain the way Indian marble is processed, limits the exports & creates
inadequacies. A very few entrepreneurs in the past tried to export tiles to the international market, but they were unable to fulfill their commitments. The major reason was that they were unable to guarantee constant supply of particular products. This problem damaged the reputation of both entrepreneurs & of the exporting country in the international market. Since this is an unorganized sector & most of the entrepreneurs in this business are carrying it on as their family business, they are not professionally aligned to the business & often face financial setback in order to carry on the business. These often results in engaging in an extensive debt accumulation so as to facilitate the operations. Furthermore, systems & infrastructures procedures that such are as roads, power as the plants, prime
considered
facilitators of this industry are relatively weak. Roads near most of the quarry areas are in vulnerable condition due to which smooth & safe supply of raw material from the mines to the The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
68
processing
units
cannot
be
guaranteed.
This
goes
more
vulnerable during bad weather conditions due to which the owners have to shut down units for that time period resulting in delayed lead times and unfulfilled commitments to the clients. Electricity and power is irregular in most factories & quarries, thereby the businesses have to invest additional capital such as expensive generators & automatic stabilizers. The units have to jumble through the situations of low voltage & overload. This problem of electricity becomes severe in summer due to overload which affects the units in winter too. In order to save the machineries from any damage, the owners have to shut down the machineries earlier than there capacity hour as there damage get the owners a huge cost. This makes the operation cost very expensive & limits investment in the cluster. This makes it difficult for these firms to experience economies of scale. Indian marble industry still lacks the technical knowledge. Besides, lack of standard & modern equipments & the
machineries, energy resources, etc are the other constraints that come as hindrance to immaculately meet the standards of foreign markets in terms of quality that comes out of value adding activities such as polishing & machineries. The other important challenge in demand conditions that exists is lack of
understanding of the requirements of the international buyers. There is no security for investors to invest in new technology to dig out marble in an environmental friendly way. One of its reasons is the lack of execution of rules & regulations. On one hand, the obsolete mining practices result in to a threat to the sustainability & inadequacy to the processing units as irregular blocks reduce yield & make transportation, cutting & wastage disposal a costly affair. Most of the raw materials get The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
69
damaged during mining resulting in extensive squandering of marble reserves that in turn shrink the profit margins. On the other hand, the processing industry uses ineffective & obsolete technology for finishing of the products, thus limiting the prospects for exports. This is ascribed to the limited power of the machine-manufacturing sector & forms a backward linkage to the sector. Furthermore, governmental regulations add to the elevation in the cost structure of most of the firms in the industry segment as the cost of production is higher on the incorporation of the royalty fees imposed by the ministry of mines & industries. Recommendations In order to circumvent issues with respect to irregular supply, warehouses can be set-up with a vast space where raw material can be stored to meet any demand from the international market on time. Constant supply can be made certain from these warehouses in case of any dispute between owners of the mines & leaseholders. Additionally, the potential of the marble business needs to be effectively communicated to the financial institutions so as to facilitate firms with credit upon the establishment of new technologies and other functional aspects of the business. Locally, technology is available to produce international quality products, but the entrepreneurs have to be willing to become role models for the rest of the industry to follow. Further incentives are needed to be put in place to enhance the infrastructural capabilities to the marble quarries. A proposed remedy could be to encourage state governments to invest in
70
infrastructure and in turn tax the users. This ensures steady revenue generation for the investments that are undertaken. In order to access up to date market knowledge, national as well as international, firms need to invest in market research
strategies. This would empower them to generate future demand and supply forecast. Moreover, the government or private institutions need to be granted incentives to provide protection to the investors & ensure security of investment. Similarly, leaseholders have no knowledge of mines. The government or other agency should conduct studies to look at the compositions of the mines before leases are distributed. Technological enhancement is the key to improve productivity in this unorganized segment. New technology should be introduced for square block mining. Controlled blasting should be introduced in the mines to reduce wastage & extract blocks of desired sizes. On job training of technical staff should be organized to improve their skills & effectively utilize the available technology. The government should revamp its policies & pay more attention to the things, which may benefits, the entrepreneurs. Even if the government has been introducing or levying things like high amount of royalties or dead rents, it has to make sure that it all goes for the welfare of mines owners in terms of providing proper infrastructure to them. Both, the entrepreneurs & the government will have to come forward to provide a proper heal to this sector. A country full of this natural resource where it also has its good demand in the global market can do wonders if carried on properly.
71
Modernization & professionalism is sure required to take this sector to its new, next phase. In terms of legislation, the minerals law of India supports development of mineral activities, though there is a big gap to be filled by new policies & new strategies/tactics that could practically enforce development of businesses, foreign &
domestic direct investments in the cluster, e.g. the ministry could initiate penetration pricing policy for couple of years in order to attract investment in the cluster. A private organization & information resource center should be available to circulate all the relevant information about the industry. It will have the authority to standardize the products & their prices. The institution will also maintain quality of the products. It will also ensure proper implementation of
government rules & regulations. This organization will also act as a mediator to solve disputes among mine owners & leaseholders & ensure consistent supply of raw material from mines to the processing units. Experts visits of key market players in the marble sector will help them keep them update with new trends in the international market. It will also help in networking & building linkages for future. Recently, the local manufacturers have started focusing on machinery, which can only process the products to semi-finished form and, therefore, requires investment in imported machinery to meet requirements of the international market. The import of modern machinery can create an obvious opportunity for growth in the domestic marble machinery market. Drawing on the location analysis of marble deposits, vast The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
72
availability of countrywide stone resources, and the regulatory environment, it can be conferred that firms need to work in conjunction with the state governments in order to upgrade their capabilities, infrastructure and smoothening of governmental policies.
73
10: BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Taori, K. (2003). MARKETING THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR-ISSUES, PERSPECTIVES AND STRATEGIES. In K. Taori, MARKETING THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR-ISSUES, PERSPECTIVES AND STRATEGIES (p. 266). New Delhi: CONCEPT PUBLISHING COMPANY.
My fathers personal diary on marble industry. Reports: Stone Panorama. Articles: Business & Economy Business Standard DNA Newspaper The Economic Times Websites:
1. absolute astronomy. (n.d.). http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Marble. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/: http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Marble 2. basicsmines. (n.d.). http://www.basicsmines.com/dimensionstone/index.html. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.basicsmines.com/: http://www.basicsmines.com/dimensionstone/index.html 3. Dr.R.S.Goyal-Director, G. S., J.V. Natani-Sr. Geologist, G. S., & Dr. K.D.Chowdhary-Geologist, G. S. (2002). cdos-india.com. Retrieved august 20, 2009, from http://cdos-india.com/: http://cdos-india.com/papers/23%20-%20Marble%20Resources%20-%20GSI.doc. 4. cdos-india.com. (n.d.). [http://www.cdos-india.com/exports.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from [http://www.cdos-india.com/: [http://www.cdos-india.com/exports.htm 5. cdos-india.com. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/index.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/index.htm
MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY 6. cdos-india.com. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/tradition.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com: http://www.cdos-india.com/tradition.htm
74
7. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/andhra.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/andhra.htm 8. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/gujrat.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/gujrat.htm 9. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/harayana.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/harayana.htm 10. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/nervecentre.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/nervecentre.htm 11. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/otherstates.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/otherstates.htm 12. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/papers/09%20%20Indian%20industry%20-an%20Insight%20-%20Alok%20Kumar.doc. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/papers/09%20%20Indian%20industry%20-an%20Insight%20-%20Alok%20Kumar.doc 13. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/rajasthan.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/rajasthan.htm 14. cdos-india.com/. (n.d.). http://www.cdos-india.com/up.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cdos-india.com/: http://www.cdos-india.com/up.htm 15. cji.in/. (n.d.). http://www.cji.in/pdf/2007/april/indian%20stone%20industry.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cji.in/: http://www.cji.in/pdf/2007/april/indian%20stone%20industry.pdf 16. ctacc.org. (n.d.). http://www.ctacc.org/new/images/Industrialfiles/natural_stones.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.ctacc.org: http://www.ctacc.org/new/images/Industrialfiles/natural_stones.pdf 17. Gujarat State Mineral Policy. (n.d.). www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/4_28.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/: www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/4_28.pdf 18. http://www.tunisianindustry.nat.tn/. (n.d.). http://www.tunisianindustry.nat.tn/en/download/CEPI/IMCCV02.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.tunisianindustry.nat.tn/en/: http://www.tunisianindustry.nat.tn/en/download/CEPI/IMCCV02.pdf
MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY 19. igeme.org. (n.d.). http://www.igeme.org.tr/Assets/sip/san/Natural_Stones2008.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.igeme.org.tr: http://www.igeme.org.tr/Assets/sip/san/Natural_Stones2008.pdf
75
20. immcarrara. (n.d.). http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:drrRAh03JoJ:www.stat.immcarrara.com/eng-site/stone/stone-sector-ita.asp. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from www.stat.immcarrara.com/: http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:drrRAh03JoJ:www.stat.immcarrara.com/eng-site/stone/stone-sector-ita.asp 21. INFORMALSECTORININDIA. (n.d.). http://labour.nic.in/ss/INFORMALSECTORININDIAApproachesforSocialSecurity.pdf, PDF. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://labour.nic.in/ss/INFORMALSECTORININDIA-ApproachesforSocialSecurity.pdf: http://labour.nic.in/ss/INFORMALSECTORININDIA-ApproachesforSocialSecurity.pdf 22. lu.camcom.it/. (n.d.). http://www.lu.camcom.it/upload/file/1.6/atti_seminari_internazionalizzazione/india_repo rt_marble_Industry.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.lu.camcom.it/: http://www.lu.camcom.it/upload/file/1.6/atti_seminari_internazionalizzazione/india_repo rt_marble_Industry.pdf 23. macmarbleindia.com/. (n.d.). http://www.macmarbleindia.com/technology1.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.macmarbleindia.com/: http://www.macmarbleindia.com/technology1.htm 24. marblemarket.net. (n.d.). http://www.marblemarket.net/gallery/. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.marblemarket.net: http://www.marblemarket.net/gallery/ 25. mines.nic.in/. (n.d.). http://mines.nic.in/anrep07-08/annual08.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://mines.nic.in/: http://mines.nic.in/anrep07-08/annual08.pdf 26. mpsidc.org/. (n.d.). http://mpsidc.org/mp07/state-profile/project-reports/newprojects/Marble_Processing.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://mpsidc.org/: http://mpsidc.org/mp07/state-profile/project-reports/newprojects/Marble_Processing.pdf 27. pib.nic.in/. (n.d.). http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=14758. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.pib.nic.in/: http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=14758 28. scjjky.com. (n.d.). http://www.scjjky.com/en/xwzx_show.asp?id=102. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.scjjky.com: http://www.scjjky.com/en/xwzx_show.asp?id=102 29. stonedge.in/. (n.d.). http://stonedge.in/pdf/08/octnov/Quality%20Management%2001.pdf . Retrieved August 1, 2009, from
MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY http://stonedge.in/: http://stonedge.in/pdf/08/octnov/Quality%20Management%2001.pdf 30. stoneinturkey.com. (n.d.). http://www.stoneinturkey.com/index.php?action=page_display&PageID=14. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.stoneinturkey.com/: http://www.stoneinturkey.com/index.php?action=page_display&PageID=14 31. stoneinturkey.com. (n.d.). http://www.stoneinturkey.com/index.php?action=page_display&PageID=15. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.stoneinturkey.com/: http://www.stoneinturkey.com/index.php?action=page_display&PageID=15
76
32. stonepanorama.com. (n.d.). [http://www.stonepanorama.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118: marble-2009-in-a-bid-to-become-number-one-in-the-sector&catid=3&Itemid=4]. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.stonepanorama.com/: [http://www.stonepanorama.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118: marble-2009-in-a-bid-to-become-number-one-in-the-sector&catid=3&Itemid=4] 33. stonepanorama.com. (n.d.). http://www.stonepanorama.com/index.php?view=article&id=75%3Aitalian-marble-andgranite-trade-on-the-path-of-recovery&option=com_content&Itemid=4. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.stonepanorama.com/: http://www.stonepanorama.com/index.php?view=article&id=75%3Aitalian-marble-andgranite-trade-on-the-path-of-recovery&option=com_content&Itemid=4 34. stonetechfair.com. (n.d.). http://www.stonetechfair.com/estonetech/news2.asp?news_id=51. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.stonetechfair.com: http://www.stonetechfair.com/estonetech/news2.asp?news_id=51 35. stoneworld.com. (n.d.). http://www.stoneworld.com/Articles/Feature_Article/BNP_GUID_9-52006_A_10000000000000412117. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.stoneworld.com/: http://www.stoneworld.com/Articles/Feature_Article/BNP_GUID_9-52006_A_10000000000000412117 36. unido.org.pk/. (n.d.). [http://www.unido.org.pk/cdppdf/Cluster_Diagnostic_Study___Marble_15th_May__2006%5B1%5D.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from [http://www.unido.org.pk/: [http://www.unido.org.pk/cdppdf/Cluster_Diagnostic_Study___Marble_15th_May__2006%5B1%5D.pdf
77
37. vibrantgujarat.com/. (n.d.). http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/district_profile/detail/banaskantha.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/: http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/district_profile/detail/banas-kantha.pdf
78
11: GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY OF STONE INDUSTRY TERMS Abrasive hardness (Ha): a measure of the wearing qualities of stone for floors, stair treads, & other areas subjected to abrasion by foot traffic. Alabaster: A fine-grained & translucent variety of gypsum, generally white in color. May be cut & carved easily with a knife or saw. Term is often incorrectly applied to fine-grained marble. Base: The bottom course of a stone wall, or the vertical first member above grade of a finished floor. Bearing check: A slot cut into the back of dimension stone to allow entry of a supporting angle or clip. Bed: The top or bottom of a joint, natural bed; surface of stone parallel to its stratification. 2. In granites & marbles, a layer or sheet of the rock mass that is horizontal, commonly curved & lenticular, as developed by fractures. Sometimes also applied to the surface of parting between rock sheets. 3. In stratified rocks, the unit layer formed by sedimentation; of variable thickness, & commonly tilted or distorted by subsequent deformation. It generally develops a rock cleavage, parting, or jointing along the planes of stratification. Block: See quarry block.
Block cutter: A machine used in the quarrying process for in-line drilling of small diameter holes. Calcareous: Refers to substances containing or composed of calcium carbonate. Calcite: A crystalline variety of limestone containing not more than 5% magnesium carbonate. Dimension stone: A natural building stone that has been cut & finished to specifications. Dolomite: A crystalline variety of limestone containing in excess of 40 percent magnesium carbonate as the dolomite molecule. The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
79
Dressing: The shaping & squaring of blocks for storage & shipment. Sometimes called scabbing. Gang saw: A mechanical device, also known as a frame saw, used to cut stone blocks to slabs of predetermined thickness. Grain: 1.The main direction of the mineral composition & arrangement in stone; it is also the easiest direction of cleavage. 2. A very small particle of rock, such as a sand grain. Granite: A very hard, crystalline, igneous rock, gray to pink in color, composed of feldspar, quartz, & lesser amounts of dark ferromagnesium materials. Gneiss & black granites are similar to true granites in structure & texture, but are composed of different minerals. Greenstone: A metamorphic rock, typically with poorly defined granularity, ranging in color from medium-green or yellowish-green to black. Joint: A space between installed stone units or between a dimension stone & the adjoining material. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcite or dolomite. The varieties of limestone used as dimension stone are usually well consolidated & exhibit a minimum of graining or bedding direction. Marble: A metamorphic crystalline rock composed predominantly of crystalline grains of calcite, dolomite, or serpentine, & capable of taking a polish. Marble (commercial definition): A cry-stalline rock, capable of taking a polish, & Composed of one or more of the minerals calcite, dolomite, & serpentine. Metamorphic rock: Rock altered in appearance, density, crystalline structure, & in some cases, mineral composition, by high temperature or intense pressure, or both. Includes slate derived from shale, quartzbased stone from quartzitic sand, & true marble from limestone. Mosaic: A veneering that is generally irregular, with no definite pattern. Nearly all stone used in a mosaic pattern is irregular in shape. The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
80
Natural stone: A product of nature. A stone such as granite, marble, limestone, slate, travertine, or sandstone that is formed by nature, & is not artificial or manmade. Onyx: A translucent, generally layered, cryptocrystalline calcite with colors in pastel shades, particularly yellow, tan, & green. Pillowed: A tile finish that features softly rounded edges, thus giving the tile a pillowed look. Polished finish: A glossy surface finish that brings out the full color & character of the stone. Producer: Company or person that quarries & supplies dimension stone to the commercial market. Quarry: The location of an operation where a deposit of stone is extracted from the earth through an open pit or undergrounds mine. Quartz: A silicon dioxide mineral that occurs in colorless & transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses. One of the hardest minerals that compose stones such as sandstone, granite, & quartzite. Quartz-based stone: A stone that may be either sedimentary in formation (as in sandstone, or metamorphic, as in quartzite). Quartzite: A metamorphic quartz-based stone formed in exceedingly hard layers. In some deposits, intrusion of minerals during the formation process creates unusual coloration. Sandstone: See quartz-based stone. Sculpture: The work of a sculptor cutting a three-dimensional form from a block of stone. Sedimentary: Rocks formed of sediments laid down in successive strata or layers. The materials of which they are formed are derived from preexisting rocks or the skeletal remains of sea creatures.
81
Serpentine: A hydrous magnesium silicate material; generally dark green in color with markings of white, light green, or black. Considered commercially as a marble because it can be polished. Setting: The trade of installing dimension stone. Slab: A lengthwise-cut piece sawn or split from a quarry block prior to fabrication. Slate: A very fine-grained metamorphic rock derived from sedimentary shale rock. Characterized by an excellent parallel cleavage, & entirely independent of original bedding, slate may be split easily into relatively thin slabs. Split: Division of a rock by cleavage. Texture: Surface quality of stone independent of color. Travertine: A variety of limestone that is a precipitate from hot springs. Some varieties of travertine take a polish & are known commercially as marble. Unit: A piece of fabricated cubic or thin dimension stone. Vein: A layer, seam, or narrow irregular body of mineral material different from the surrounding formation. Waxing: The practice of filling minor surface imperfections such as voids or sand holes with melted shellac, cabinetmakers wax, or certain polyester compounds. In the dimension stone industry, it does not refer to the application of paste wax to make surfaces shinier. Weathering: Natural alteration by either chemical or mechanical processes due to the action of constituents of the atmosphere, soil, surface waters, & other ground waters, or by temperature changes. Wire sawing: A method of cutting stone by passing a twisted, multistrand wire over the stone. The wire may either be immersed in slurry of abrasive material or be fitted with spaced industrial diamond blocks.
82
12: ANNEXURE
ANNXURE-1 COMMON TYPES OF MARBLE FOUND WORLDWIDE (absoluteastronomy.com) Marble Beijing White Black Marble Black Marble Black Marble Boticena & Onyx(Green) Brac Brown marble Carrara marble Connemara marble Danby marble Durango Marble Fauske Green Marble Katni Marble Llano Pink Luni marble Macael Macedonian Bianco Sivec Makrana White Grayish white Prilep Luni Central Texas Italy Spain Republic of Macedonia India white or blue-gray Green Island of Brac Checiny Carrara Connemara Danby Coyote Quarry Color White Basque Basque Country Debnik Kilkenny Location Country China Spain Poland Ireland Pakistan Croatia Poland Italy Ireland Vermont Mexico Norway India
83
Malagori White Nabresina Parian marble Penteli Marble Proconnesus Marble Red Marble Rouge de Rance Red Fine-grained semi translucent pure-white Flawless white with a uniform, faint yellow tint Trieste Island of Paros Paros Penteli Island of Marmara Marmara Ruschita Rance Sivry-Rance Royal White Ruskeala Marble Sivec Macedonian Bianco Sivec Tennessee marble White white, gray, black White Pale pink to cedar-red Ruskeala Prilep Knox, Blount & Hawkins Counties, Tennessee Island of Thassos
Pakistan Italy Greece Greece Turkey Romania Belgium
China Finland /Russia Republic of Macedonia United States Greece
Thassos
Snow white, White, Grayish white, White with pink veining White Grayish White Uniform pure white
Vencac White Vietnam White Yule.
Arandjelovac
Serbia Vietnam
Marble, Colorado
Colorado
84
ANNEXURE 2 TYPES OF MARBLE (source: cdos-india.com) TYPE Agaria Ambaji Adanga Ambaji Apollo Green Ambaji Brown
LOCATION Rajnagar, Rajasthan TYPE Ambaji Hindustan Green
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Ambaji Panther
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Ambaji White
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Ambaji White Second
LOCATION Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat TYPE Andhi Indo
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Andhi Modern Art
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Baroda Dolomite
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Baroda Green
LOCATION Jaipur, Rajasthan
Jaipur, Rajasthan
TYPE
Bhainslana Black
Fancy Brown
Dadigam Vanar, Vadodara, Gujarat Fancy Green (Bidasar)
Bhulvan, Vadodara, Gujarat Himalaya Grey
85
LOCATION Kotputli, Jaipur, Churu, Rajasthan Rajasthan TYPE Jhiri Onyx Katni White
Churu, Rajasthan Koteshwar Adanga
Swai Madhopur, Rajasthan Koteshwar Albeta
LOCATION Jaipur, Alwar, Rajasthan TYPE Koteshwar Brown
Katni, Madhya Pradesh Koteshwar Panther
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Makrana Albeta
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Makrana Doongari
LOCATION Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat TYPE Makrana Kumari
Ambaji, Banaskanth, Gujarat Morwar
Makrana, Nagaur, Rajasthan Olive
Makrana, Nagaur, Rajasthan Phalodi Pink
86
LOCATION Makrana, Nagaur, Rajasthan Rampura TYPE Black
Rajnagar, Rajasthan Sea Green
Kesariya Ji, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Phalodi, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
LOCATION Sikar, Rajasthan Kesariya Ji, Udaipur, Rajasthan
87
ANNEXURE 3 PROMINENT CLUSTERS FOR PROCESSING & QUARRYING OF MARBLE IN RAJASTHAN (cdos-india.com/rajasthan)
PROMINENT CLUSTERS FOR PROCESSING & QUARRYING OF MARBLE IN RAJASTHAN
Makrana
Makrana White was used in Taj Mahal. Makrana is now a developed marble centre with hundreds of marble quarries, modern slab & tile processing & stone craft units. Important varieties are Super White, Albeta, Adanga, Kumari, Doongri, Pink etc. Major centre for Marble handicrafts Situated approx. 100 km. from Jaipur, it is the major market outlet for stones quarried in Makrana & Rajsamand. About 300 modern gang saws About 2000 traders Edge cutting Machines - approx. 500 Spread over an area of 15 sq.km. Deposits of a variety of white & grayish white marble like (Morwar, Agaria, Dholikhan, Arna, Jhanjhar, Dharmeta etc.). Quarries using diamond wire saws, chainsaws & handling equipment About 250 modern gang saw & 20 tiling plants Cluster spread over a stretch of 40 sq. kms from Nathdwara to Kelwa & Amet. Deposits - over 100 million tons Rajasthan green - an export bonanza quarried from RikhabdeoKesariaji, 60 KMs from Udaipur City. 650-700 mines in operation in & around Udaipur
Kishangarh
Rajsamand
Udaipur
88
Green Marble, Pink Marble, Onyx Marble, Black Marble, White Marble Indian Pink comes from Babarmal - 26 KMs from Udaipur City Babarmal Pink - a fine grain hard marble with black & white bands Fast developing modern quarries using diamond wire saws About 150 modern gang saw & 20 marble tiling plants A variety of white to off-white soft dolomitic marble (fine to medium grained). Rajasthan green - an export bonanza quarried from RikhabdeoKesariaji, 60 KMs from Udaipur City. 650-700 mines in operation in & around Udaipur With deposits of over 50 million tons, Jaipur has a variety of white & grayish white marble with important varieties being Pista, Onyx, Indo Italian, & Black. The quarries are currently non-operational due to environmental restrictions. Jaipur several modern gang-saw & tiling plants & is a throbbing trade outlet for exports & marble handicrafts.
Banswara
Jaipur
Abu Road
Abu Road in the Sirohi District is a major cluster for processing of marble & is surrounded by extensive marble quarries around Selwara. It is also a processing centre for marble from Gujarat. Bidasar in Churu districts is famous for its Forest Brown & Forest Green marble varieties.
Churu
89
ANNEXURE 4 CATEGORIZATION OF RAJASTHAN MARBLE AS PER BIS 1969 (cdos-india.com) CATEGORIZATION OF RAJASTHAN MARBLE AS PER BIS 1969
SR No. 1 Marble category Plain white marble District Nagaur Rajsamand Sirohi Jaipur Alwar Banswara 2 Panther marble Udaipur Bundi Jaipur 3 4 White veined marble Plain black marble Banswara Sirohi Jaipur Udaipur 5 Black Zebra marble Jaipur Udaipur 6 7 Green marble Pink Adanga marble Dungarpur Nagaur Dungarpur Ajmer Udaipur 8 Pink plain marble Udaipur Nagaur Pali Areas Chausera, Ulodi, Pahadkua & Bhont mines in Makrana Agaria, Puthol & Rajsamand Selwara, Serwa & Perwa Sandkotra Jhiri Talwara, Tripura Sundari Daroli, Jaspura Umar, Pagara Bhainslana Tripura Sundari Abu road Bhainslana Kela Kuan Bhainslana Rikhabdeo, Salumbar, Odawas, Masaron - ki- Obri, Gogunda, Jharol Malsurta,Dachki Rohanwara, Dewal, Sabli Khanmin, Khemaru, Bicchiwara, Lolakpur & Dad Rewatdungri Makrana Paloda Kayampura, Sawar Babarmal, Devimata Babarmal, Devimata Makrana, Gunawati area Bar
90
CATEGORIZATION OF RAJASTHAN MARBLE AS PER BIS 1969

SR. No. 9 Marble category Striped marble District Nagaur Dungarpur Ajmer Sirohi 10 Brown marble Pali Chittaurgarh Areas Borawar Kumhari, Makrana, Kumhari, Matabhar, Kumhari & Chuck Dungri, Bilu-Mored Mines Makrana Paloda Sawar Selwara Bar, Bherunaka Mandaldeh
91
Annexure 5 Questionnaire for processors First Name: ________ ________Last Name: ______ _________
Organization Name: __________________________________________ Phone Number: __________________________________________
Cell Number: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 2.Who all are your customers? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 3.What is your order cycle? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 7.What is your turnover? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Q: 9.Questions or comments if any? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
92
Annexure 6 Questionnaire for quarry owners First Name: ________ ________Last Name: ______ ________
Organization Name: _________________________________________ Cell Number: __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Q: 2.Who all are your customers? __________________________________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 7.What is your turnover?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
93
Annexure 7 Questionnaire for quarry owners cum processors First Name: _____________ Last Name: _____________
Organization Name: ______________________ _________________ Phone Number: ________________________________________
Cell Number: ________________________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 2.Who all are your customers?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 3.What is your order cycle?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 4.How the bid between you & your traders take place?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 5.What is your contribution to your traders in terms of business?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 7.What is your turnover?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Q: 9.Questions or comments if any.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
94
Annexure 8 Interview responses of processors QUESTIONNAIRE#1 First Name: Manoj__________ Last Name: Lakhavat _______
Organization Name: Keshav Marbles ___________________________ Phone Number: Cell Number: 02974220161_____________________________ 9414398420______________________________
____________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have our contracts with mine owners for the raw materials supply & with traders who do the bulk buying from us. We buy the raw material from those mine owners & sell the finished goods to our traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We take orders in advance from traders. Sometimes they demand for the material from specific quarries. We buy the rough marble blocks from those quarries & sell them that marble after processing it. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs. 5 to Rs. 6 per sq. foot of marble. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 9 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
95
QUESTIONNAIRE#2 First Name: P.S.____________ Last Name: Bhait_________
Organization Name: Shrenath Stone Craft (P) Ltd _________________ Phone Number: 02974226225______________________________
Cell Number: 9414152248_______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? There is continuity in our business. We buy rough marble blocks from quarries as per the contract with quarry owners & after processing them we sell it to traders who are under our contract. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? For any processor, traders are their main customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We always have orders from various traders with whom we have contract & who purchase the finished materials as per their requirements. We supply the material accordingly. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? There is a fixed market cost for the job work on marble. It is around Rs. 650 per ton. Each ton of marble gives total 130 sq. feet material. So, that comes to around Rs. 5 per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 6 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any? The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
96
QUESTIONNAIRE#3 First Name: Raman__________ Last Name: Bansal__________
Organization Name: Elegant Marble & Granite Ind. Ltd_______________ Phone Number: 02974226587______________________________
Cell Number: 9828126588________________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Quarry owners are our suppliers. We have our contract with them. We then sell it to our final customers, that is, traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders & builders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? For any processor, traders are his main customers. Quarry owners are also his customers but not for buying material but for the job work on marble but they are their suppliers. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid is required as the deal takes place as per the existing market price. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution to each other. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? It is usually around 650 Rs. per ton. That is the market rate all where. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 5 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
97
QUESTIONNAIRE#4 First Name: Rakesh _______ Last Name: Bhati ___________
Organization Name: Gujarat Marbles ____________________________ Phone Number: Cell Number: 02974226308______________________________ 9414208974________________________________
____________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle?
We are in to the business of selling marble slabs in bulk quantity after processing the rough marble blocks. We get the supply of rough marble blocks from various quarries. We process around 60 tones marble daily. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have our order for the material with quarry owners. We purchase rough marble blocks from them & sell the processed one to our traders. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid required. We both have the awareness of market price. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution takes place. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs. 5 per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 8 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
98
QUESTIONNAIRE#5 First Name: Manmohan_______ Last Name: Dayma _________
Organization Name: Krishna Marbles ____________________________ Phone Number: 02974226684______________________________
Cell Number: N/A______________________________________ _________________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have contracts with various quarries for the purpose of variety in products. We purchase rough marble blocks that we sell in the bulk quantity to the customers. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Traders demand for a particular quality of marble. Since we have the material from various quarries with which we have contract keeping the traders demand in mind, we are able to deliver the finished products to trader as per their desired quality. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs. 5 to Rs. 6 per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 9 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
99
QUESTIONNAIRE#6 First Name: Anil____________ Last Name: Yadav _________
Organization Name: Sky Marble P Ltd ___________________________ Phone Number: 02974226125______________________________
Cell Number: 9414153841_______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We purchase the marble blocks from quarries & after processing them we sell them to traders. The deal takes place as per our contract with quarry owners & traders. The business runs throughout the year on working days. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders are our prime most customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Our major & bulk purchasers are traders. Though even builders buy in bulk quantity but they are not as frequent as traders are. We usually have traders on the contract basis. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid is required. We deal as per the existing market rate. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution at all to each other. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Around Rs. 5 to Rs. 6 per sq. foot. That is the normal charges levied everywhere for the job work on commercial grade material. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 5 to 6 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? Our margin is 10% to 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
100
QUESTIONNAIRE#7 First Name: Ashok __________ Last Name: Arya__________
Organization Name: Arya Marble & Granite P Ltd __________________ Phone Number: 02974226640 _____________________________
Cell Number: 9414202663_______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We buy a fixed amount of material from the quarry owner with whom we have contract & provide the finished goods to our traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Usually traders are our main customers but then domestic users & builders are also our customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have some fixed traders who purchase the product as per their order. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? The market rates are so known to both of us, so, no bid requires. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. It is just a simple deal. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Theres a fixed market rate prevailing all where, that is Rs. 5 to Rs. 6 per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 3 to 4 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
101
QUESTIONNAIRE#8 First Name: Bachhraj _________ Last Name: Bhai__________
Organization Name: Tilok Marble Industries ______________________ Phone Number: N/A_____________________________________
Cell Number: N/A______________________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have our contracts with mine owners. We purchase raw material from them, besides, we also do the processing job on marble for other marble producers. We have a daily requirement of 60 tones material. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have our contracts with traders & quarries where we buy materials from various quarries as per the quality demanded by traders. So, we have our deal with quarry owners as buyer & with traders as seller. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Per 130 sq. feet its 650 Rs. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 6 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
102
QUESTIONNAIRE#9 First Name: Inder ___________ Last Name: Jain __________
Organization Name: Alpesh Marble (P). Ltd______________________ Phone Number: 02974226374 ____________________________
Cell Number: 9322889740______________________________ ___________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We buy the raw material from the quarry as per our contract & keep the fixed grain sized material for selling to traders who has advance booking with us. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders, builders & people who require it for flooring. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We do bulk purchasing of marble blocks from various quarries. We need to have huge stock available with us as we process around 60 to 70 tonnes of marbles daily. We deliver the finished goods to our traders who have their contract with us. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? We do not require any bid. Market rate is applied in our deal. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution takes place in our deal. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? 5 Rs. to 6 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 4 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
103
QUESTIONNAIRE#10 First Name: R.A. ____________ Last Name: Patel___________
Organization Name: Vimal Super Stone Pvt Ltd ____________________ Phone Number: 0274253443_______________________________
Cell Number: N/A______________________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have our own parameters for the quality of marble. We search for a quarry that has the material of that quality. We deal a contract with that quarry owner. We sell it to our bulk purchasers. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? We usually have bulk purchasers among which traders & builders are our top prior customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have our contracts with traders & quarries. We buy the materials from various quarries as per the quality demanded by traders. So, we have our deal with quarry owners as buyer & with traders as seller. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid requires. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? We do not do any contribution to each other. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? The normal market charges are 5 to 6 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 7 crore Rs. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
104
QUESTIONNAIRE#11 First Name: Devendra ________Last Name: Agarwal ______
Organization Name: Abhishek Granite Pvt. Ltd.__________________ Phone Number: 02974226504____________________________
Cell Number: 9829465858_____________________________ _______________________________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have our contracts with mine owners. We purchase raw material from them & sell them to traders who book the order in advance. We daily have 4 to 5 trucks of finished goods of 15 tons each. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders, domestic users & builders are our customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have fixed traders. They order us for some specific quality & size of marble & we deliver accordingly. Quarry names & quality are written on their ordered material. Process houses usually keep materials from various mines for variety in quality. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution at all. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? For only job work it is 650 Rs. per ton (each ton gives 130 sq. feet) & thus process charge are 5 to 6 Rs. for per sq. foot, & if the material is thick, it may go higher. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 3 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
105
QUESTIONNAIRE#12 First Name: Kantilal__________ Last Name: Jain _________
Organization Name: Kalpak Marble (India) Pvt Ltd _________________ Phone Number: Cell Number: 02974226149______________________________ 9422035760_______________________________
__________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We buy the raw material from quarries & sell the processed material to traders. For that, we have contract with quarry owners & traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders, domestic users & builders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have the order booked for the processed marble from traders. We daily work on at least 60 tonnes of material. This is how we daily make 4 to 5 trolleys of marble. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid takes place. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs. 5 on a commercial grade material. It may be little higher depending on the thickness of material. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 8 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
106
QUESTIONNAIRE#13 First Name: Ajay _______ Last Name: Jain__________
Organization Name: Ajay Marble & Granite _____________________ Phone Number: 02974226624____________________________
Cell Number: 9414154756______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We are the bulk buyer of marble blocks from quarries. We have our contract with traders who buy processed marble in bulk quantity. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders, domestic users & builders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Traders keep contract with us & we sell them the material as per their order. Builders & final customers also buy the marble tiles from us. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? Nothing. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? That is around Rs. 650 to Rs. 780 for per 130 sq. feet. That depends on the thickness of material. Existing market rate is Rs. 650 per 130 sq. feet. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 6 to 7 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
107
QUESTIONNAIRE#14 First Name: Harish___________ Last Name: R.Jangid________
Organization Name: Blueveneret Granites (P) Ltd __________________ Phone Number: 02974226500______________________________
Cell Number: 9414152350_______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have our contract with a mine owner. We go to the quarry site; we book a particular area & the material that comes out from that area is ours & we buy the material that they dig out from that area. We then process that material & sell to our booked traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders have contract with us. Sometimes it is also the builders who buy from us but they hardly get in to any contract thing. On a small level, people for their personal use also buy marble. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? For the supply of raw material we have our contract with quarry owners. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? We do not need to bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? It is supposed to be a very straight forward business so we do not have any sort of contribution to each other. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? There is always a fixed marble rate for the job work on commercial material, that is, around Rs. 5 to Rs.6 per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 4 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any? The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
108
QUESTIONNAIRE#15 First Name: Sanjay___________Last Name: Chopra________
Organization Name: Satyam Marbles____________________________ Phone Number: 02974226652_____________________________
Cell Number: 9414206273______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have a quarry or some part of quarry booked & the supplier supply us the rough marble blocks from that part. We have the order for processed & finished marble slabs of various fixed grain size from traders. We sell them the material accordingly. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders who are in our contract. Builders & final customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Traders book contracts with us. We sell them the finished products as per their order. We deal with at least 60 tonnes of marble daily. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs 5 is charged everywhere for per sq foot. Though the amount is calculated on the block of a ton which gives an output of around 130 sq. feet. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 10 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
109
QUESTIONNAIRE#16 First Name: Alok____________ Last Name: Goyal_________
Organization Name: Global Granimarmo Ltd_____________________ Phone Number: 02974226412_____________________________
Cell Number: N/A______________________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Purchasing the raw material from quarries & selling the finished products to traders. Besides, we also do the processing job & we charge for that as per the existing rate in the market. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders, domestic users & builders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We keep various fixed grain size of marble. Usually we get the order from traders & too often from builders too. They buy the material as per their order. Typically, they buy the marble slabs of fixed grain size but sometime they do demand for customised marble slabs but thats too rare. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? We do not have any contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? We charge around Rs. 650 per 130 sq. feet. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 4 to 5 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
110
QUESTIONNAIRE#17 First Name: Ashok_______ Last Name: Malviya _______
Organization Name: Bhartiya Marbles __________________________ Phone Number: 02974222822_____________________________
9414152350_________________________________ Cell Number: ____________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Our business has the importance of these two persons, first, quarry owners & second, traders. We buy rough marble blocks from the quarry owners & sell it to traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders, domestic users & builders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We keep good quality materials of different varieties from various quarries & as per the demand of traders we sell the processed material to them. The entire deal falls under our contracts with quarry owners & traders. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? 5 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 7 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
111
QUESTIONNAIRE#18 First Name: Mahavir__________Last Name: Singh_________
Organization Name: Shiv Shakti Marbles _______________________ Phone Number: N/A____________________________________
Cell Number: 9460261607_____________________________ ___________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Quarry owners are suppliers & traders are our buyers through contract. That is how the business cycle runs for our business. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? There is always an advance booking by traders. We have at least 4 trolleys of total 60 tonnes. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid requires. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No act of contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? For only job work it is 650 Rs. per ton which gives 130 sq. feet. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 10 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
112
QUESTIONNAIRE#19 First Name: Harshad ________ Last Name: Chavda ________
Organization Name: Divine Stone _____________________________ Phone Number: 02971222424_____________________________
Cell Number: 9414154007______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We are the bulk purchaser of rough marble blocks from quarry under a contract deal. We are also in to job work of marble. We keep processed marble for our bulk purchasers. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Mainly traders are our customers as they buy the material as per the contract. Builders also buy but they dont come under contract, besides, there order is small in size. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We keep processed marble in the form of slabs & marble tiles for our purchasers, especially for the bulk purchasers, i.e. traders & builders. We sell to them as per their order. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? N/A. its a simple business. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs. 5 per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 5 or 6 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
113
QUESTIONNAIRE#20 First Name: Omprakash _____ Last Name: Tak__________
Organization Name: Ajanta Marble Granite _____________________ Phone Number: 02974226103____________________________
Cell Number: N/A_____________________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We process the marble blocks that we get from our suppliers, that is, from quarry owners and sell them to bulk purchasers. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders, & that again through contract. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Traders keep contract with us & we sell them the material as per their order. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? Bidding is not required since the fixed market price exists. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution takes place between us. Q: 6.Ho much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Its 5 Rs per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 6 to 7 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
114
QUESTIONNAIRE#21 First Name: Rajesh _______ Last Name: Yadav ________
Organization Name: Dharti Dhan Marble _______________________ Phone Number: Cell Number: 02974226181____________________________ 9414373925_____________________________
____________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Buying rough marbles from quarries & selling bulk materials to traders as per their order. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Our main customers are traders. Apart from that builders & other small order purchasers too are our customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Traders book the order in advance & as per our contract with quarry owners we buy the rough marble blocks from them & sell that to traders after processing them. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid is required. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution at all. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs. 5 per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 8 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
115
QUESTIONNAIRE#22 First Name: Ram____________ Last Name: Patel _________
Organization Name: Krupali Stone (P) Ltd ______________________ Phone Number: 02974226311____________________________
Cell Number: 9928280525______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? Buying rough marble blocks from quarry & after doing the job & finishing work on that selling it to the customers. This is typically supposed to be the business cycle of any processor. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? For any processor in the business of marble, their biggest buyers are traders. Then comes builders & final customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have processed & finished marble slabs. Those are the slabs out of which many of them are grained as per the traders order. They often demand for particular grain size materials out of some fixed grain sizes. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? We do not need to bid. Suppliers get paid as per the market rate. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? We do not have anything like contribution. Any contribution can be bad for our business though may be good for suppliers. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? 5 Rs. is the fixed market price for the job work on per sq. foot. It may go up to 6 Rs. or higher depending on the thickness of material. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 8 to 9 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
116
QUESTIONNAIRE#23 First Name: Anil__________ Last Name: Bhora ________
Organization Name: Heena Marbles ___________________________ Phone Number: Cell Number: 02974226725____________________________ 9414153525_____________________________
____________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We get rough marble blocks from various quarries bought on the basis of their quality. We process them in to fixed grain sized slabs & sell them to traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders are our main customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We load at least four trolleys daily. 3000 feet material goes in a truck that is 15 ton material in one truck. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid takes place between us. We deal as per fixed market rate. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution is required. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? 5 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 7 to 8 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
117
QUESTIONNAIRE#24 First Name: Omprakash______Last Name: Jain___________
Organization Name: Shree Santinath Marble ____________________ Phone Number: 02974226624____________________________
Cell Number: 9414154756_____________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? There is continuity in our business. We have to get the supply of rough marble blocks from our quarry owners to meet the demand of processed marble ordered by our traders. We process tones of marble daily. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Various traders with a demand of specific quality in finished marble. They book the order in advance & thus it is a contract between us. Builders & end users also purchase the finished product from us. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? As a processor, we have various traders whose demands vary for the quality of marble. Thus, we keep materials of different quarries meeting their demand. The orders by the traders are given in advance, i.e. before we would have bought the marble block. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? There is no bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? We do not do any contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? It is at least Rs. 650 per 130 sq. feet of marble. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 9 to 10 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any? Even local traders sometimes deal directly with quarry. If the material of marble is cracked we make it in to cut size.
118
QUESTIONNAIRE#25 First Name: Dilip___________ Last Name: Agarwal_______
Organization Name: Shree Mahendra Marble ____________________ Phone Number: 02974226299_____________________________
Cell Number: 9828422222______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? In the business cycle of marble, there are not more than three lifting, that is, from the quarry to process house, from process house to traders, builders & direct customers. If it goes to traders it has one more & the last lifting, that is, from trader to the end users. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We get our order from traders & builders. We sell materials to them. Sometimes the order comes from various states too. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? We are ready to help our supplier from our side if they need any help but till date we didnt have anything like contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Around 650 Rs. for per ton of marble block. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 9 to 10 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
119
QUESTIONNAIRE#26 First Name: Pamil____________ Last Name: Patel_________
Organization Name: Mahashakti (P) Ltd ________________________ Phone Number: 02974226281____________________________
Cell Number: 9414152259_____________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have the daily requirement of tones of material. We sell the bulk quantity of processed marble slabs. We have continuity in our business. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders are our main customers. Besides, builders & those who require material for the domestic purpose, though in small quantity are also our customers. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We keep various fixed grain size of marble. Usually we get the order from traders & too often from builders too. They buy the material as per their order. Typically, they buy the marble slabs of fixed grain size but sometime they do demand for customized marble slabs but thats too rare. We deal with traders under a contract. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your suppliers take place? No bid at all. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your suppliers in terms of business? No contribution at all. It is a crystal clear business. Thats it. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Around 5 to 6 Rs. on per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 5 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
120
Annexure 8: Interview responses of quarry owners cum processors QUESTIONNAIRE#1 First Name: Jaswant_______ Last Name: Trivedi________
Organization Name: D.K. Trivedi Marbles (P) Ltd _________________ Phone Number: 02974226459_____________________________
Cell Number: 9414153888______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have our own quarry & our own process house but we keep separate account for both the business. We sell the finished goods to traders with who we have contract. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders & rarely our material go for temple carving if the quality is good. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We do not require an order. We have our own quality of marble. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your traders take place? No bid is required as we know the existing market rates. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your traders in terms of business? Sometimes a single trader buys the whole stock of material from us. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Total ex factory cost is 15 to 20 Rs. on Per sq. foot material (including transport charge) & for medium quality it is 27 Rs. Higher the quality, higher the ex factory cost (process cost remains the same for all material type). Q: 7.What is your turnover? 5 crore to 7 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 15% to 17%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any. The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
121
QUESTIONNAIRE#2 First Name: Sidharth_______ Last Name: Saraogi________
Organization Name: Shiv Kirupa Marbles & Minerals ______________ Phone Number: 02974226538_____________________________
Cell Number: 9414206396______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We have our own quarry. We get rough marble blocks from our quarry & after processing & finishing it we sell them to traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders & builders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have our contract with traders who do the bulk purchasing. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your traders take place? No bid. We deal as per the prevailing market rates. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your traders in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Around 15 to 27 Rs. on per sq. foot of marble depending on the quality of material. Q: 7.What is your turnover? Around 6 crore to 8 crore P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 16% to 18%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
122
QUESTIONNAIRE#3 First Name: Dinesh_______ Last Name: Garg__________
Organization Name: Shree Ambica Marbles Ind. __________________ Phone Number: Cell Number: 02974226428_____________________________ 9414153514______________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We are our own supplier since we have our own quarry. We process & do the finishing work on the rough blocks of marble. We then sell them to our traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders & builders. Rarely customers for temple carving. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have our contracts with traders who do the bulk purchasing. We provide them the finished materials as per their order. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your traders take place? The deal takes place as per the market rates existing under this perfect competition scenario. So, no bid happens between us. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your traders in terms of business? No contribution takes place between us. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? It is 15 to 20 Rs. on per sq. foot of marble. It may go up as per the quality. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 7 crore to 9 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 17% to 19%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
123
First Name:
QUESTIONNAIRE#4 Last Name: Jain______ Sumit_______
Organization Name: Shreyansh Marbles Tiles Pvt. Ltd _________ Phone Number: 02974226004_________________________
Cell Number: 9414842008__________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We are in to the quarry & processing business of marble since we have our own quarry & marble processing industry. We get the rough blocks of marble from the quarry & we process them in our factory. We actually produce marble slabs out of it as per some fixed grain size. We then sell it to our booked traders. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Traders are our prime customers. Besides, builders & final customers also buy from us. Final customers sometimes also include those who need material for temple carving. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Traders are our bulk purchasers. We have our contract with them. We provide them the available material as per their order. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your traders take place? No bid takes place between us. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your traders in terms of business? We do not have any contribution to each other. Q: 6.How much cost does it incur in the job work of marble? Rs. 1950 to 2600 including transport charges on per ton of marble. It may go higher that depends on the quality of material. Q: 7.What is your turnover? Around 8 crore to 10 crore Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 18% to 20%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any? The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad
124
Annexure 8: Interview responses of quarry owners QUESTIONNAIRE#1 First Name: Banwari _______ Last Name: Lal___________
Organization Name: Shree Dharam Marbles ______________________ Cell Number: 9784115901______________________________ ____________________________________ Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We sell the rough marble blocks to the processors who are under our contract. Sometimes traders also buy the rough marble blocks from us. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Process house & trader. If the material is too good it may go for temple carving too. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Process house people come & order the material from some portion of the quarry area or buy the blocks. Often traders buy but it is too rare that traders buy from us. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? No contribution to each other. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? Total ex factory cost is 15 to 20 Rs. on per sq. foot material (including transport charge) & for medium quality it is 27 Rs. Q: 7.What is your turnover? Around 6 to 7 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
125
QUESTIONNAIRE#2 First Name: Jyoti_______ Last Name: Singh ______
Organization Name: Sumer Marbles & Minerals _________________ Cell Number: 9414206479____________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We are in to quarry business where we find the material in the underground of our mine. We dig out the blocks. We sell them to processors with whom we have our contract. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Processors (always) & often traders. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We deliver rough marble blocks to processors as per their order. Those orders are given in advance, i.e. before the availability of raw material. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? It is around 15 to 20 Rs. on per sq. foot including transport charges. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 7 to 8 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
126
QUESTIONNAIRE#3 First Name: Shreeram _____ Last Name: Indra _______
Organization Name: Charbhuja Marbles _________________ Cell Number: 9414352851________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We dig the quarry & get rough marble blocks which we deliver to processors. We need to do blasting as many times as it is required. We may even blast for 10 times in a year. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Processors. We have our contract with them. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We have our contracts with processors. They buy the rough marble blocks from us. We deliver the goods as per their order. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? It is 16 Rs. per sq. feet. Q: 7.What is your turnover? Rs. 9 to 10 million P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
127
QUESTIONNAIRE#4 First Name: Dalpat (Pappuji)_____Last Name: Singh ________
Organization Name: Anupama Marbles __________________________ Cell Number: 9414212842________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We deal with rough marble stones. Usually one or two blasting is enough for getting the marble blocks for year but sometimes we have to do more blasting. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Processors. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Processors book an order in advance & when we have the availability of material after the quarry process, we deliver them the material. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? No contribution to each other. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? 18 to 19 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 10 million to 11 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
128
QUESTIONNAIRE#5 First Name: Rupkumar _______ Last Name: Singhavi ______
Organization Name: Rupkumar Singhavi _________________________ Cell Number: 9413518410_______________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We do at least two blasting in a year, then the rough blocks of marble taken out from earth which are delivered to our customers, that is, processors. Though there is a long process of quarry which is more than just blasting & digging out blocks. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Processors. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Processors book an order in advance & when we have the availability of material after digging out the blocks from earth, we deliver them the material. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid takes place between us. It is not a business of bargaining. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? We do not have any sort of contribution between us except this smooth business. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? 19 to 20 Rs. on per sq. foot material. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 13 to 14 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
129
QUESTIONNAIRE#6 First Name: Rameshji _______ Last Name: Kumar________
Organization Name: Shreeram Marbles & Minerals _________________ Cell Number: 9414154669________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We only sell the rough blocks of marble to the processors. We load at least three trucks of blocks daily. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Process house. They are our fixed customers as per the contract dealt with them. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Majority of orders for the material come from processors. The rest of the materials are sold to traders who sometimes directly purchase the material from us. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? We hardly ever required each others contribution in our business. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? 16 to 20 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 12 to 13 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
130
QUESTIONNAIRE#7 First Name: P.K. & Niraj_______ Last Name: Parekh ________
Organization Name: Sherwa Minerals Pvt. Ltd _____________________ Cell Number: 9826906044________________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We deal under the contract with processors. We deliver them the rough marble blocks. We daily load 3 to 4 trucks. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Process house & often traders too. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Processors have certain area of quarry booked with us. We deliver them the material that we get from that part of quarry. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. We have our mutual understanding, known market rates. There is perfect competition scenario in this business. All these things make bidding irrelevant. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? We do not have any contribution to each other. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? 17 to 18 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 15 to 16 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
131
First Name:
QUESTIONNAIRE#8 Chandulal _______ Last Name: Patel ________
Organization Name: Digvijay Marbles __________________________ Cell Number: 9725078507______________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We are the seller of rough blocks of marble to various processors. They have contract with us. We have at least two to three trucks. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Processors. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Process house people come & order the material for quarry part or buy a block. Often traders buy but it is too rare that traders buy. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? 15 to 20 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 16 to 17 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 11%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
132
QUESTIONNAIRE#9
First Name: Gopal _______ Last Name: Modi __________
Organization Name: Vipul Marbles & Co.__________________________ Cell Number: 9246066022_______________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We only sell the rough blocks of marble to the processors. We load at least three trucks daily. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Processors. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? We get the order in advance from various processors before starting the quarry operation. We deliver them the marble blocks as per their booked orders. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. In a perfect competition market situation like this, bidding is pretty irrelevant. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? 17 to 20 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 18 to 19 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
133
QUESTIONNAIRE#10
First Name: Babubhai (Abdul Rahim)_Last Name: Sultan _____
Organization Name: Akrigsha Marbles ___________________________ Cell Number: 9799995989_______________________________
Q: 1.What is your business cycle? We get tons of rocks after blasting which we divide in to blocks & sell to various processors. Q: 2.Who all are your customers? Processors are supposed to be our main customers. We do have other customers like traders but that is too rare. Q: 3.What is your order cycle? Processors order for huge amount of materials from us. Besides, traders, builders & people for temple carving also directly buy the material from us but that is too rare. Q: 4.How the bid between you & your processors take place? No bid. Q: 5.What is your contribution to your processors in terms of business? No contribution. Q: 6.What is your ex-factory cost? 18 to 20 Rs. per sq. foot. Q: 7.What is your turnover? 19 to 20 million Rs. P.A. Q: 8.What is your revenue/margin? 10% to 12%. Q: 9.Questions or comments if any?
134
RESPONSE SHEETS
RESPONSE SHEET-1
1. Name: - Abdul Latif Sultan 2. Centre: - IIPM, Ahmedabad 3. ID No: - ID: SS/04-06/AHD/MKTG/16(A) 4. The topic of Study: - Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry 5. Details of Meeting: - Guide explained how to start thesis & to start with secondary data collection. 6. Date when the Guide was consulted: - 01/06/09 7. The outcome of the meeting/discussion: - Secondary data collection through books, internet & articles started. 8. The Progress of the thesis: - Formal details about mining business found through secondary sources.
Signature of thesis guide
135
RESPONSE SHEET-2 1. Name: - Abdul Latif Sultan 2. Centre: - IIPM, Ahmedabad 3. ID No: - ID: SS/04-06/AHD/MKTG/16(A) 4. The topic of Study: - Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry 5. Details of Meeting: - Gathered some secondary data related to marble industry & showed to the guide & got suggestions from the guide to find out marble production & its market share details. 6. Date when the Guide was consulted: - 01/07/09 7. The outcome of the meeting/discussion: - Started collection of data according to the suggestions received. 8. The Progress of the thesis: - Data collected related to international market for marble through secondary data.
136
RESPONSE SHEET-3
1. 2. 3. 4.
Name: - Abdul Latif Sultan Centre: - IIPM, Ahmedabad ID No: - ID: SS/04-06/AHD/MKTG/16(A) The topic of Study: - Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry Details of Meeting: - To search about business cycle for marble. Apart from that, also to find about recent updates and issues. Date when the Guide was consulted: - 01/08/09 The outcome of the meeting/discussion: - Suggestions about marble traders received and how to find out details on the basis of that. The Progress of the thesis: - Recent issues were found out as explained by guide. Also found out latest updates in marble industry and also data related to business cycle for marble.
5.
6. 7.
8.
137
RESPONSE SHEET-4 1. Name: - Abdul Latif Sultan 2. Centre: - IIPM, Ahmedabad 3. ID No: - ID: SS/04-06/AHD/MKTG/16(A) 4. The topic of Study: - Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry 5. Details of Meeting: - The guide asked me to start with primary research and to prepare questionnaires about that. 6. Date when the Guide was consulted: -01/09/09 7. The outcome of the meeting/discussion: - Asked the guide about the questionnaire details to include. 8. The Progress of the thesis: - Prepared questionnaire as per the guidelines.
138
RESPONSE SHEET-5 1. Name: - Abdul Latif Sultan 2. Centre: - IIPM, Ahmedabad 3. ID No: - ID: SS/04-06/AHD/MKTG/16(A) 4. The topic of Study: - Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry 5. Details of Meeting: - Showed the questionnaires if there are any changes required and if not then to get approval for the same to proceed with the primary details. 6. Date when the Guide was consulted: -01/10/09 7. The outcome of the meeting/discussion: - Got approval from the guide to proceed with the primary research. 8. The Progress of the thesis: - Started primary research and after completion of analysis decided to show it to the guide.
139
RESPONSE SHEET-6 1. Name: - Abdul Latif Sultan 2. Centre: - IIPM, Ahmedabad 3. ID No: - ID: SS/04-06/AHD/MKTG/16(A) 4. The topic of Study: - Marketing strategies & distribution channels for marble industry 5. Details of Meeting: -Meeting after final analysis was done & if any changes were required. 6. Date when the Guide was consulted: - 28/12/09 7. The outcome of the meeting/discussion: - Changes are done as per the guides suggestions. 8. The Progress of the thesis: - Final thesis is to be submitted.

Marketing Strategies and Distribution Channels For Marble Industry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Marketing Strategies and Distribution Channels For Marble Industry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNING & MANAGEMENT, AHMEDABAD

SIGNATURE OF THESIS GUIDE:-

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

Dated: - June 1, 2009

Prof. Premchandrahas Sastry

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

International Desalination Association (IDA) for critically analyzing my thesis.

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

significantly enhance their profitability by adopting professional means of business conduct.

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

TABLE OF CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

6.1.2 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ROCK MECHANICS (NIRM) 55

Pg. No. 57 57 57 57 64 67 73 78 82 134

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

of villages & small industries in to a productive source through different

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

combination of both minerals. The formation of marble takes place from

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

CHAPTER 2 MARBLE PRODUCT PARAMETERS & MARKET

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

international markets or processed further in the local industry. There

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

CHAPTER 3 WORLD MARBLE INDUSTRY

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The worlds demand for marble on the measure of average annual

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

Nearly 820 million sq. m. accounted for the total consumption of

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

EGYPT LIBYA INDIA TUNISIA CHINA

Source: IMM Carrara (as on 20/08/09)

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY

The Indian Institute of Planning & Management-Ahmedabad

MARKETING STRATEGIES & DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR MARBLE INDUSTRY