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EXP- 1, 2, 3, 4 OBJECT:Study of fire and water Boilers. APPARATUS: Models of Babcock Wilcox, Lancashire and Locomotive Boilers.

INTORDUCTION :(a) BOILERS:Boilers may be defined as closed pressure vessels, which are used to generate steam at thepressure much higher than the atmospheric pressure by transfer of heat produced by burning of fuel towater.The construction and appearance of steam generators depends on the arrangement made for burningthe fuel and for transfer of heat to water. The steam produced by steam generator is used in followingapplications :(1)For operating steam turbine of power plants for power generation.(2)Locomotive Steam engines for traction.(3)As process steam in industries.(4)For heating applications.(5)For running large steam propelled ships. (b) SPECIFICATIONS :The boilers are specified as per following parameters :Steam Generation Rate : for example 50 000 kg /hr.Max. Pressure : for example 150 kg/ sq.cmDimensions of steam drumHorizontal / VerticalWater / Fire TubeNatural / Forced CirculationType of Fuel Used : Coal / Oil / Gas etc. (c) ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD BOILER:Must be capable of producing the required Steam at the required pressure for minimum fuelrequired.Should be capable of withstanding load variations.Must not take a long time for startingEasy maintenance and must be accessible.Tubes must be strong enoughMust comply all safety regulations. (d) FACTORS AFFECTING BOILER SELECTIONWorking Pressure and amount of steam required.Floor area required.Operating and Maintenance Required & Inspection facilities. Fuel required.Water requirements. (e) BOILER CLASSIFICATION:(1)According to Tube Contents :Boilers may be water tube or fire tube type. In water tube boilersthe water flows in the tubes and in Fire Tube Boilers hot flue gasses circulate through the tube.Babcox & Wilcox Boiler is water tube boiler where as Locomotive and Lancashire Boiler areexamples of Fire tube Boiler. (2)According to the Axis of Boiler: The Boiler may be Horizontal axis or Vertical Axis type.Babcox & Wilcox, Locomotive and Lancashire Boilers are all examples of Horizontal axis boilers. (3)According to Number of Boiler tubes: May be single or multiple tubes boilers. Cornish Boileris a single tube boiler whereas other boilers are multi-tube boilers. (4)According to Position of Furnace :Externally / internally fired boilers. In externally firedboiler the furnace is external to the boiler shell. (5)On the Basis of Mobility: Stationary / Moving Boilers. (6)On the Basis of Water Circulation: Natural / Forced Circulation. (7)On the Basis of Draught: Forced / Induced draught. (8)On the Basis of utility of steam: Example : Power Plant, Marine and Locomotive boilers etc. (f) IMPORTANT TERMS : Fire Box: Place where fuel is burnt. Grate: The fuel is burnt on this. Baffles: Plates used for directing the flow of flue gasses. Chimney: For ensuring that spent flue gasses exit the boiler at reasonable height. It helps in creationof natural draught. Damper: Regulates the amount of air through chimney. Headers: Pipes connected to tubes and drums. Tubes: For enabling heat transfer from flue gasses to water. Shell: Cylindrical vessel which contains water to be converted to steam. Mountings: For ensuring safe and satisfactory performance

Safety Valve: It releases steam if pressure inside boiler exceeds certain design limits. May be of deadweight, spring loaded and lever types. Pressure Gauge: For indicating steam pressure Water Level Indicator: for indicating water level. Steam Stop Valve : Permits flow of steam from boiler as and when desired. Feed Check Valve: Permits flow of water to boiler. Blow off Cock: For removing settlements collected at the bottom of boiler. Manhole: Permits entering of operator / inspection staff. Fusible Plug:For avoiding any explosion due to overheating. Boiler Accessories :Auxiliary equipment for efficient boiler operation. Preheater:A heat exchanger which is used to heat air entering the boiler with waste flue gases . Economiser:A heat exchanger to heat feed water by means of outgoing flue gasses. Superheater:To super heat the steam coming from boiler. Cochran boilerIt is one of the best types of vertical multi-tubular boiler, and has a number of horizontal fire tubes it also a Low Pressure Boiler. Construction: Cochran boiler consists of a cylindrical shell with a dome shaped top where the space is provided for steam. The furnace is one piece construction and is seamless. Its crown has a hemispherical shape and thus provides maximum volume of space. Working: The fuel is burnt on the grate and ash is collected and disposed of from ash pit. The gases of combustion produced by burning of fuel enter the combustion chamber through the flue tube and strike against fire brick lining which directs them to pass through number of horizontal tubes, being surrounded by water. After which the gases escape to the atmosphere through smoke box and chimney. Specifications: Shell diameter 2.75 m Height 5.79 m Working pressure 6.5 bar (max. pressure = 15 bar) Steam capacity 3500 kg/hr (max. capacity = 4000 kg/hr) Heating surface 120 m2 Efficiency 70 to 75% (depending on the fuel used) BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER:It is a horizontal, externally fired, natural draught, stationary,water tube boiler. It is generally a high capacity boiler and can produce steam at a pressure of 4 Mpa ata rate of 40000 kg/h CONSTRUCTION FEATURES: Consists of a water drum which is connected to two headers at thefront and back ends. The headers are connected by a large number of water tubes which are inclined upwardsfrom downtake header to uptake header. Further, a mud drum, in which heavier sediments of water settle downand are blown off from the blow off pipe, is also provided. The combustion chamber is located below theboiler drum. A chain grate with stoker is provided fro burning coal. Hot flue gasses produced after combustionof fuel are made to pass over the water tubes in several passes with the help of baffles. The draught is regulatedusing dampers provided. Finally, chimney is provided to permit exit of waste flue gasses.A superheater is also provided to superheat dry and saturated steam. It consists of U tubes and isplaced in the path of flue gasses.Several mountings which ensure safe and efficient operation of boiler are also provided. These includewater level indicator, Pressure Gauge, Dead weight safety valve etc.

WORKING:Water is filled in boiler shell through the feed valve upto 2/3 rd of shell. Water flowsdown through the downtake header via descending water tubes and rises upwards through the uptake headerand ascending tubes. Inclined tubes help in setting up water circulation currents. The hot flue gassescoming from combustion chamber are made to pass over the tubes, under side of the drum and superheatertubes. Baffle plates ensure longer contact time of flue gasses with the tubes. When water in tubes is heated,it moves upwards through the ascending tubes and cold water takes its place through the descending tubes.In this way convection currents are set up.The hottest gases being raised from the grate come in with that portion of water tube which are locatedon the highest side near the upper header. Water begins to evaporate and mixture of water and steam thusformed reaches into the boiler drum. Steam is collected in space above water. This steam is then lead tosuperheater tubes for superheating. Superheated steam thus produced flows out through the stop valve. LACASHIRE BOILER :It is a fire tube, internally fired, stationary, horizontal, natural circulatingtype boiler. Evaporative capacity may be upto 8500 kg/hr. and can operate with working pressures upto 1.5Mpa. Normally it is used in sugar mills and chemical plants ie in moderate conditions. CONSTRUCTION:Consists of a boiler shell which contains water and steam. Diameter may varyfrom 1.75 to 2.75 m and length may be 7.25 9 m. It has two side channels connected to rear end of theboiler shell and then finally to the chimney. To provide larger heating surface area it has two large diameterflue gas tubes. The tubes are tapered with larger dia in front and smaller dia at back. The taper is providedto accommodate the grate. Two grates are provided at the front end of the flue gas tubes. For controllingthe flow of the flue gases two dampers are also provided at the rear end. Further for cleaning and inspectionof the drum, manhole is also provided. Other boiler mountings like feed check valve, pressure gauge, waterlevel gauge, steam stop valve, blow off cock are also provided. WORKING :Water is filled through the feed check valve. On burning the fuel over the grate, the hotgasses are produced which move in the flue gas tubes. The flue gasses reach the rear end of the boiler andthen made to deflect and pass through the bottom central chamber. On reaching the front end the flue gassesagain get deflected and then pass through the side chambers. Finally the flue gasses are discharged toatmosphere through chimney. The flow of flue gasses are controlled by dampers which are operated byboiler operator using chain pulley arrangement. EXPERIMENT NO: 5 STEAM ENGINEAIMTo study the different types of steam engine. LEARNING OBJECTIVESClassification of steam engines.Requirements of a good boiler.Selection of boilers.Boiler Terms.INTRODUCTIONThe steam Engine is areciprocating type of basic primemover, which utilizes steam as theworking medium to convert theheat energy into mechanical work.The first steam engine wasdeveloped by James Watt in 1763but steam engine has very lowefficiency so a now days they areloosing their values and replacedby efficient engine like diesel andelectric engine. CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM ENGINESteam engine may be classified asdescribed below:Axis of CylinderOn the basis of position of the axisof the cylinder the steam engineare classified asVerticalHorizontalInclinedAction of steamAccording to this fact there aretwo types.Single acting.Double acting.In single acting steam enginesteam acts on one side of pistononly while in the double actingsteam engine steam isalternatively admitted on bothsides of the cylinder.Number of cylinder:-On the basis of on of cylinder maybe classified asSimple.Compound.In a simple steam engine totalexpansion of steam takes place inone cylinder while in the compoundengine the total expansion of steam takes in more than onecylinder.Exhaust systemOn the bases of exhaust systemthere are again two-typeCondensing.Non- condensing.

In a condensing engine theexhaust is condensing in a closedvessel where the backpressuresteam is reduced (condenser) andin non-condensing the exhaust isled to the atmosphere as inlocomotive.Valve gearsOn the busies of valve gear it mayby classified asD type and.Corlis or poppet type.Speed on basis of speed there arethree types.Low.Medium and.High.UseOn the basis of use it may byclassified as.Stationary.Locomotive.Marine etc. EXPERIMENT NO.7 STUDY OF COMPOUND STEAMENGINEAIMTo study about the method of reducing cylinder condensation i.e.Compound steam engine. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Definition of Compound SteamEngine.DescriptionWorking PrincipleMethods of Compound SteamEngine .DEFNITION, DESCRIPTION &WORKING Theoretically as we know that bydefinition by expanding the steamin a series of cylinder instead of one, the temperature range percylinder is reduced which reducesthe condensation. So using thisconcept such type of engine engine which are built with two ormore cylinder for the successiveexpansion of steam are known asCompound steam engine. Thecylinder in which expansion takesplace is known as high pressure(HP) cylinder. The exhaust fromthe high-pressure cylinder ispassed on to do work in the secondcylinder, which is known as lowpressure (LP) in the case of doubleexpansion engine. After this thesteam exhaust to the condenser. Athree cylinder compound steamengine is called a triple expansionengine in which the middlecylinder is called the intermediatepressure (IP) cylinder. It is uncommon to find triple expansionengine. A four cylinder compoundsteam engine is called a quadrupleexpansion engine. These types of engines are generally not used.Compound steam engines arefound in capacity from 50 to4000k. They are used for marineservices and for driving machinesin mills. METHODS OF COMPOUNDINGSTEAM ENGINE Depending upon the arrangementof the cylinder and crank,compound steam engine aredivided into two categories asfollows:1. Tandem compounding2. Cross compoundingWolfe type compoundingReceiver type compounding.1. Tandem compounding In tandem compound steamengines, the piston of H.P. cylinderhas common piston rod, crosshead,connecting rod and crank. Inaddition to this both the cylindersare in the same straights line.Since there is common piston rodand crank, the operation in theboth the cylinders are in phase andthe Max. and Min. turning momentoccur approximately in turningmoment and consequently. Itneeds a large flywheel, thusbalancing and vibration problemsare not minimized in thisarrangement.2) Cross compoundingWolfe type As shown in figure the in Wolfetype compound steam engine thecrank of two cylinders are 180 outof phase. This means that the timeof exhaust of the H.P. cylinderscoincides with the time of admission of the L.P cylinder wouldpass directly to the L.P. cylinderand hence both the cylinders arearranged side by side.Receiver type In the receiver type compoundsteam engines, the cranks of thecylinders are placed 90 out toeach other. The stroke of the twocylinders is thus out of phase andhigh pressure steam from H.P.cylinder cannot be exhaust the L.Pcylinder. Instead the H.P cylinderexhaust into a vessel called areceiver. This receiver is placedboth the H.P and L.P. cylinder andholds the steam until the L.Pcylinder is ready to receive it. Inorder to minimize the fluctuationin the pressure the receivers mustbe large enough at least 1.5 timesthe H.P. cylinder valve. For thereceiver type the turning momentvariation is more which the mainadvantages of the receiver typearrangement are. Since thevariation in turning moment issmall it needs a smaller flywheel.

EXP 10 AND 11 OBJECT :Study of two stroke and four stroke internal combustion engine models. APPARATUS USED :Two stroke and four stroke engine models. INTRODUCTION :The engines which develop power by combustion of fuel within the engine itself are called internal combustion engines. The examples of internal combustion engines are petrol and dieselengines used in cars, trucks etc. The engines in which power is developed by combustion of fuel outsidethe engine are called external combustion engines eg. steam engine. In an internal combustion engine poweris developed from the combustion of fuel which is a chemical reaction. Due to combustion of fuel hot gasesare produced at sufficiently high pressure. This pressure is used to move the piston linearly. This linearmotion of piston is then converted into rotary motion. CLASSIFICATION :1.According to number of strokes per cycle :(a)Two stroke(b)Four stroke.2.According to the fuel being used :(a)Petrol Engine(b)Diesel Engine(c)Gas engine(d)Dual fuel engines(e)Liquefied Petroleum Gas Engines.3.According to working cycles :(a)Otto Cycle (Constant volume)(b)Diesel Cycle (Constant pressure)(c)Dual Cycle4.According to number of cylinder :(a)Single Cylinder engine(b)Multi cylinder5.According to the type of Cooling :(a)Air cooled engine(b)Water cooled engine6.According to the engine RPM :(a) slow speed (< 1000 rpm)(b) Medium Speed (1000 3000 rpm )(c) High Speed ( > 3000 rpm )7.Arrangement of cylinder :(a) Radial Engine(b) Inline engine(c) V engine8.According to the type of ignition system:(a) Spark ignition(b) Compression ignition MAIN PARTS:1.Cylinder: It provides a cylindrical closed space to allow movement of piston and to admit thecharge. It is made of grey cast iron or iron alloyed with other elements as nickel, chromium etc.The fuel is burnt inside the cylinder. The internal diameter of cylinder is called bore. 2.Piston :The piston reciprocates within the cylinder and transmits the force exerted by expandinggases to crank via connecting rod. The piston is accurately machined to running fit in the cylinderbore and is provided with several grooves in which piston rings are fitted. 3.Piston Rings: Piston is equipped with piston rings to provide a good sealing between thecylinder valves and piston. The rings are installed in the grooves in the piston. The rings are of two types a) Compression rings b) Oil control ring. 4.Connected Rod: It is attached to the piston at its small end by means of a gudgeon pin. The bigend bearing is connected to crank pin. It is made of forged steel. 5.Crank Pin: Crank pin is the region on crank shaft on which the big end of connecting rod isattached. These pins are eccentrically located with respect to the axis of the crank shaft. Theeccentricity is called throw of the crank. 6.Crank Shaft: It is a rotating member which receives the power transmitted by piston connectingrod assembly via crank. It is made of forged alloy steel or carbon steel. 7.Crank Web or counter weights: It is provided in the crank shaft to counter act the tendency of bending of the crank shaft due to centrifugal action. TERMINOLOGY :1.Top dead and Bottom dead Centre :These are two extreme positions between which the pistonreciprocates in side the cylinder. TDC & BDC have relevance to opening and closing of valvesand the crank shaft rotation. 2.Bore :The inner diameter of cylinder is bore. In automobile engines it varies from 40 to 120 mm. 3.Stroke :Displacement of piston with in a cylinder between TDC and BDC is called stroke. 4.Swept Volume (Vs):Volume of charge sucked into cylinder when piston travels from TDC toBDC during suction stroke. 5.Clearance Volume (Vc) :It is the volume occupied by charge in the space provided betweenTDC and end of the cylinder.

6.Engine Capacity (VE) :Capacity of the engine is defined as the sum of swept volume of allcylinders. 7.CompressionRatio:Ratio of initial volume to the final compressed volume is called compressionration. CR for petrol engine varies from 6.5 12 where as for diesel engine it varies from16 23. WORKING PRINCIPLE :(a)Working Principle of Petrol Engine :(OTTO CYCLE) (b) Diesel (Constant Pressure Cycle): Two Stroke and Four Stroke Engines:In two stroke engines the thermodynamic cycle is completed in One revolution of the crank shaftwhereas in four stroke engines the cycle is completed in two revolutions of the crank shaft. For samecapacity and speed nearly two times power is developed in two stroke engine as compared to four strokeengine. But as high compression ratios can not be achieved in two stroke engines, the efficiency of twostroke engine is less as compared to four stroke engines. Further, the engines can also be classified as Spark Ignition engines which operate with petrol as fuel and Compression ignition engines which operate withdiesel as fuel. Constructional Details of Two Stroke Engine:Main components are cylinder, piston, piston rings, piston liners, connecting rod, crank pin, crank shaft, counter weight etc.Spark Plug : They are mounted on cylinder head for ignition of the charge. The electrode gap in spark plug is maintained between 0.5 to 0.8 mm A voltage of 15000 to 24000 volts is required for creation of spark for ignition.Ports : They are openings in the cylinder block for ensuring of flow of charge to and from the cylinder.There are three such ports in a two stroke engine viz. inlet port, exhaust port and transfer port.Deflector Type Piston : In the two stroke engines the piston used is of deflector type. Deflector ensuresthat fresh incoming charge is not exhausted from the exhaust port with out combustion. The piston isprovided with two types of rings also : Compression ring and oil scrapper rings. In two stroke engines theopening and closing of ports is also carried out by pistons and there are no valves or valve operatingmechanisms. WORKING :The various operating stages are given below : 1.Suction Stroke :The inlet port is opened and a mixture of petrol and air enters the crankcase. 2.Compression Stroke:When transfer and exhaust ports are closed the compression takes place. 3.Power Stroke :When spark is produced by the spark plug ignition of charge takes place andthe charge expands pushing the piston towards the bottom dead center. 4.Exhaust Stroke :It takes place when the exhaust port is opened. At this juncture, the transferport is also opened and a fresh charge is being supplied to the cylinder. Due to deflector shapeof the piston the charge goes upwards and not to the exhaust port. Further, to avoid escaping of fresh charge without burning, exhaust port is made a little (1 2 mm) above the transfer port. Construction of Four Stroke Engines:The single cylinder four stroke engine consists of cylinder, piston, piston rings, crank shaft etc. Furtherfollowing parts are also provided in a four stroke engine :Flywheel : It is mounted on the crank shaft to reduce fluctuations in speed during operation as thereis only one power stroke for every two revolutions of the crank shaft.Inlet Valve : For letting in the fresh charge as and when desired on the basis of cylinder pistonrelative position.Exhaust Valve : It allows scavenging of burnt charge.Valve Operating Mechanism : Consists of tappet, push rod, rocker arm and valve spring. The valveoperating mechanism is operated with the help of engine cam shaft which in turn is operated by the crank shaft. The cam shaft operates the tappet which in turn operates the push rod. Push rod pushes the rockerarm which then presses the poppet valve against the spring. Thus the valve is opened. WORKING: The four strokes are executed as follows : 1.Suction Stroke: During this stroke the intake valve is opened and the piston moves from TDC toBDC. Due to pressure difference the combustible charge flows from the carburetor to the cylinder.

2.Compression Stroke: At the end of the suction stroke both the valves are closed and the pistonmoves from BDC to TDC to compress the charge. The temperature of the charge rises to approx.300 deg C and pressure to 6-9 kg/ sq.cm. The actual temperature and pressure achieved is afunction of compression ratio. 3.Expansion Stroke:At the end of the upward movement of the piston the spark pug creates aspark to ignite the charge. After ignition the charge expands and pushes the piston downward.This is the power stroke. 4.Exhaust Stroke: During this stroke the piston moves up again and pushes out the burnt gassesthrough the exhaust valve which is kept open during this stroke

EXP - 14 INTRODUCTION:Steam turbine is prime mover in which rotary motion is obtained by a gradualchange of momentum of steam. The force exerted on the blade is due to rate of change of momentum of steam. The curved blades change the direction of steam. The pressure of steam rotates the vanes. Theturbine blades are curved in such a way that the steam directed upon them enters without shock. CLASSIFICATION:The steam turbines are classified as follows : 1.According to method of steam expansion:(a) Impulse (b) Reaction. 2.According to direction of steam flow :(a) Axial (b) Radial (c) Tangential. 3.According to Number of stages :(a) Single Stage (b) Multi Stage. 4.According to Steam Exhaust conditions :(a) Condensing Type (b) Non Condensing 5.According to pressure of steam :(a) High Pressure (b) Medium Pressure (c) Low Pressure. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS :1.Casing :It is made of cast steel. The casing consists of rotor inside it. 2.Rotor:It carries the blades or buckets. 3.Nozzle :It provides flow passage for steam where the expansion of steam takes place. 4.Frame:It provides support to rotors, stator and all other mountings. It may be integral part of stator in case of small tubines. IMPULSE TURBINE:The steam turbine in which steam expands while passing through the nozzleand remains at constant pressure over the blades is called impulse turbine. In figure single stage impulseturbine is shown. In this type of turbine there is one set of fixed nozzles which is followed by the one ringof moving blades. The blades are attached over the rim of wheel, which is keyed to the shaft. The steamexpands from its initial pressure to the final pressure in only one set of nozzle. The jet of steam with a veryhigh velocity enters the moving blades. The jet of steam is deflected when passing over these blades, exertsforce on them and in this way the rotor starts rotating.De-laval, Curtis, Zoelly, Rateau are the examples of this type of turbine. Delaval turbine is the impulseturbine which is suitable for low pressure steam suply. But the only disadvantage of this type of turbineis its very high speed ( generally 30000rpm ) so its use is limited. It is as shown in figure. The steam isexpanded from the boiler pressure to the condenser pressure in a single stage only, its velocity will beextremely high. But this speed is too high for practical applications.The method in which multiple system of rotors are keyed to a common shaft, in series and the steampressure of jet velocity is absorbed in stages as it flows over the rotor blades, is known as compounding.The velocity compounding is as shown in figure. Curtiz turbine is an example of such type of turbine. Threerings of moving blades ( keyed to shaft ) are separated by rings of fixed or guide blades. The ring of fixedblades are attached to the turbine casing which is stationary. The steam is expanded from the boiler pressureto the condenser pressure in the nozzle. The high velocity jet of steam first enters the first row of movingblades, where some portion of

this high velocity is absorbed by this blade ring. The remaining beingexhausted on the next ring of fixed blades. These fixed blades change the direction of jet. The jet is in turnpassed to the next ring of moving blades. This process is repeated as the steam flows over the remainingpairs of blades until practically whole of the velocity of the jet is absorbed. REACTION TURBINE:The turbine in which the steam expands while passing over the movingblades as well as while passing over the fixed blades and the pressure of steam decreases gradually throughoutthe flow is called reaction turbine. Parsons turbine is an example of reaction turbine. In these turbines thepressure drop during the expansion of steam occurs within the moving and fixed blades. Thus the rotationof shaft is due to both impulsive and reactive forces in the steam. One stage of a reaction turbine consists of one row of fixed blades followed by a row of movingblades. The fixed blades acts as nozzle. Fixed blades are attached to the inside of the cylinder whereas themoving blades are fixed with the rotor. The rotor is further mounted on the shaft.In the impulse turbine the steam is expanded, causing pressure and heat drop in nozzle only and themoving blades only direct the steam through an angle. The impeller blades are symmetrical so pressure of steam remains constant while passing over blades. While in reaction turbines the steam is expanded bothin the fixed and moving blades continuously as the steam passes over them. So the pressure drops graduallyand continuously over both moving as well as fixed blades. The blades of reaction turbines are symmetricaland thicker at one end which provides suitable shape for steam to expand.

EXP- 15 Apparatus used: - Cut sectional Model of Reciprocating compressor Reciprocating compressor: Theory: The compressors in which the vapour refrigerant is compressed by reciprocating motion of the piston are called reciprocating compressors. These compressors are used for refrigerant which have comparatively low volume per Kg and a large differential press. Such as NH3 (R-717), R-12, R-22 and CH3Cl (R-40). The reciprocating compressors are available in sizes as small as 1/2 KW which are used in small domestic refrigeration and up to about 150 KW for large capacity. The two types of reciprocating compressor in general are: Single acting vertical compressor. Double acting horizontal compressor. The single acting compressors usually have their cylinder arranged vertically radially or in V or W form. The double acting compressors usually have their cylinder arranged horizontal. Working: When the piston moves downwards, the refrigerant left in the clearance space expands. Thus, the volume of the cylinder increase and the pressure inside the cylinder decreases. When the pressure become slightly less than the valve gets opened and the vapour refrigerant flows into the cylinder. This flow continuous until the piston reaches the bottom of the stroke. At bottom of the stroke, the suction valve closes because of spring action. Now, when the piston moves upwards, the volume of the piston moves upwards, the volume of the cylinder decreases and the pressure inside the cylinder increases. When the pressure inside the cylinder becomes greater than that on the top of the discharge valve, the discharge valve gets opened & the vapour refrigerant is discharged into the condenser and the cycle is repeated.

The one on the left is a Scroll which is the newest type of compressor, and on the right is the old reliable Reciprocating compressor which has been used for years. 1. Work done during isothermal compression: Work done during suction stroke: W1 = Area A B B A = p 1v1 Work done during Compression: W2 = Area B C1 C1 B = p1v1 loge (v1 / v2) Work done during Discharge: = 2.3 m RT1 log r 2. Work done during polytropic compression: (p v n = Constant) Work done during suction stroke: W1 = Area A B B A = p1v1 Work done during Compression: W2 = Area BCC B = p2v2-p1v1/n 1 Work done during Discharge: W2 = Area CDAC = p2v2 3. Work done during Isentropic Compression: W = y / y-1 x m cp (y-1 / y) (T2-T1) = m cp (T1-T2)

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