..............................................................................................................................................3 List of Tables........................................................................................................................4 List of Graphs.......................................................................................................................5 List of flow charts................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1 Street cleaning cart.........................................................................................6 1.1 Project description..........................................................................................................

6 1.2 Problem statement..........................................................................................................6 1.4 Target audience..............................................................................................................8 1.6 Methodology..................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2 Outdoor Cleaning and Cleaning Equipments.....................................................11 2.1 Outdoor cleaning..........................................................................................................11 2.3 Service areas for outdoor cleaning...............................................................................11 2.5 Factors affecting the outdoor cleaning (street cleaning).............................................12 2.6 Street cleaning..............................................................................................................12 2.8 Local used waste collecting equipments......................................................................16 2.9 Street cleaning services ...............................................................................................17 2.10 conclusions ................................................................................................................18 Chapter 3 Cleaning Areas and Waste Disposal Process......................................................19 3.1 Cleaning areas..............................................................................................................19 3.2 Commercial and residential areas................................................................................19 3.3 Sources of waste...........................................................................................................19 3.3.2 Road Traffic Wastes..................................................................................................19 3.4 Waste and its types.......................................................................................................19 3.5 Waste generated by commercial and residential areas................................................20 3.6 Necessary data about waste collection........................................................................21 3.7 Physical composition of Lahore waste........................................................................21 Chapter 4 Materials and Manufacturing Techniques...........................................................25 4.1 Materials ......................................................................................................................25 4.3 Hard carbon rubber......................................................................................................26 4.5 Street cleaning cart parts and materials.......................................................................26 4.7 Manufacturing techniques............................................................................................27 Chapter: 5 Cleaning cart ergonomics.......................................................................30 5.1 Standard human requirements for cleaning cart..........................................................30 5.2 The Ergonomics of Pushing and Pulling of cart..........................................................30 5.4 Task, risk factors and possible solution for cleaning activities...................................32 Chapter: 6 Survey Analysis................................................................................................33 6.1 Survey analysis.............................................................................................................33 6.2 Suggestions...................................................................................................................38 Chapter7 Case studies........................................................................................................40 7.1 Objectives of handcart.................................................................................................40 7.3 Local case study-handcarts..........................................................................................40 7.5 Street cleaning carts (international) ............................................................................42 1

7.6 Case study-wheel bin (local)........................................................................................45 7.4 Manufacturing process.................................................................................................46 7.9Advantages....................................................................................................................49 7.11 Conclusion..................................................................................................................49 Chapter 8 Design considerations.................................................................................51 8.1 Dimensions of street cleaning cart...............................................................................51 8.6 Cleaning tools...............................................................................................................58 8.8 Service area..................................................................................................................58

List of Figures

Figure 1 poorly designed cleaning cart....................................................................................7 Figure 2 traditional cleaning cart.............................................................................................7 Figure 3 old scoop design.........................................................................................................8 Figure 4 shovel bin for waste collecting..................................................................................8 Figure 5 stock broom..............................................................................................................13 Figure 6 natural Palmyra street broom...................................................................................13 Figure 7 container handcart....................................................................................................14 Figure 8 reinforced plastic handcart.......................................................................................14 Figure 9 handcarts..................................................................................................................14 Figure 10 human powered tricycle.........................................................................................15 Figure 11 manual tricycle in Vietnam...................................................................................15 Figure 12 load container in front ...........................................................................................15 Figure 13 single bin cart.........................................................................................................16 Figure 14 double bin cleaning cart.........................................................................................16 Figure 15 local handcart........................................................................................................16 Figure 16 customized rickshaw..............................................................................................16 Figure 17 scavenging activity................................................................................................17 Figure 18 animal cart for waste collecting.............................................................................17 Figure 19 waste management process of Lahore...................................................................24 Figure 20 softex grip..............................................................................................................26 Figure 21 vynafoam grip........................................................................................................26 Figure 22 vynaprene grip.......................................................................................................26 Figure 23 tube bending...........................................................................................................28 Figure 24 steel tube bending machine....................................................................................28 Figure 25 injection molding...................................................................................................29 Figure 26 biaxial rotational molding machine.......................................................................29 Figure 27 LWMC workshop..................................................................................................33 Figure 28 sheet fabrication.....................................................................................................41 Figure 29 handcart frame manufacturing...............................................................................41 Figure 30final assembled handcart........................................................................................42 Figure 31painted handcart......................................................................................................42 Figure 32 single space liner cart.............................................................................................43 2

Figure 33 operators box.........................................................................................................43 Figure 34locking lever for wheels.........................................................................................43 Figure 35 container divider....................................................................................................44 Figure 36 wheel bin at mall road Lahore...............................................................................45 Figure 37 polycon head office................................................................................................46 Figure 38 rotational molding process...................................................................................46 Figure 39wheel bin.................................................................................................................47 Figure 40hanging bin..............................................................................................................48 Figure 41waste buckets..........................................................................................................48 Figure 42 WBD waste bin......................................................................................................48 Figure 43 lid locking feature in WBD bin.............................................................................48 Figure 44 dimension of proposed design (front and back view)...........................................51 Figure 45(b) dimension of proposed design (side elevation and plan).................................51 Figure 46 human ergonomics and proposed design..............................................................52 Figure 47 cleaning cart handle hold details...........................................................................52 Figure 48 cleaning cart frame (3 dimensional and exploded view)......................................53 Figure 49 liter bin of cleaning cart.........................................................................................53 Figure 50 liter bin and operator box cover.............................................................................54 Figure 51 operator box details................................................................................................54 Figure 52 cleaning cart wheels...............................................................................................55 Figure 53 clutches for cleaning tools.....................................................................................55 Figure 54 cart brake system(locking and unlocking)............................................................56 Figure 55 cleaning cart base sheet.........................................................................................56 Figure 56 need of street cleaning cart in waste disposal plan..............................................59

List of Tables

Table 1 Cleaning Frequency..................................................................................................12 Table 2 Estimated Household Waste per Year in Lahore ................................................................................................................................................21 Table 3 Physical Composition of Lahore Waste..................................................................22 Table 4 task, risk factors and their possible solution.............................................................32 Table 5 dimensions of wheel bin...........................................................................................49

List of Graphs

List of flow charts

Chapter 1
1.1 Project description

Street cleaning cart

Street Cleaning Trolley is a purpose designed for sweeping, cleaning and the transportation and storage of equipment, both indoors and outdoors. It is generally designed for easy handling and its compact design allows access to areas where other cleaning machines may not be able to reach. The typical equipment used for Manual Street cleaning includes: brooms, shovels, and handcarts. There are two general types of brooms used for street sweeping, depending upon the type of material used for their manufacture. The first type is that made from long fibers and formed into a 122 bunch . The second type is that in which bunches of filaments are inserted into a wooden section (about 10 cm by 10 cm in cross section and 40 to 50 cm long); this section is attached to a wooden pole. Due to the fundamental differences in their design and the type of materials used for their manufacture, each type of broom is used differently. The broom made from long fibers has the length and flexibility to allow the user to take long strokes without the fibers exerting high pressure on the ground. These characteristics make this type of broom an excellent tool for sweeping litter and leaves from unpaved surfaces. On the other hand, the stock broom is pushed ahead of the sweeper. The filaments in this type of broom are shorter and stiffer than those of the bunch broom therefore; this broom generally is used to remove materials that have the tendency to adhere to the surface of streets. Depending upon the width of the stock and the stiffness of the filaments used, these brooms are excellent tools for collecting dust and sand.

1.2 Problem statement

The main problems of existing street cleaning cart includes transfer of garbage from scoop to cart can, lack of space for the personal bag or other tools and there is no garbage collecting bag or recycling bucket for recyclable materials. Common problem in the common street cleaning cart is use of broom and scoop at the same.

1.3 Need of project

The most consistent finding in this study is the view of the importance in the design of street cleaning cart is that it should perform proper function in different situations. The desirable features of a street cleaning cart for use by a single sweeper are as follows Frame of light tubular steel, or angle, supporting a platform on which are placed two or more portable bins. Wheels of large diameter with rubber tires, preferably pneumatic ball or roller bearing. The portable bins should have a capacity of 30-40 liters each according to the density of the wastes. Brackets should be mounted on the frame of the handcart to carry brooms and shovel. The internal form and surface of the container shall be such that it will not trap the contents.

There shall be no sharp edges anywhere on the container. The internal and external surfaces shall be smooth and non-porous, free from Cracks, splits, dents, distortion, blisters, voids, air bubbles and other surface blemishes or defects. The bins are expected to be used in outdoor conditions. They should be UV stabilized and should be able to withstand outdoor weather conditions. Following are the different general design problems in commonly street cleaning cart. 1.3.1 Dust pan and broom holder existing designs of street cleaning cart do not have proper dust pan and holder for broom placement. Dust pan and d broom are used individually to collect waste from the roads or streets. Existing designs of street cleaning cart or handcarts used in our society do not have separate dust or clutches to hold broom. Street cleaning cart lagging these features is shown in figure. on other hand cleaning trolleys are also used to collect street waste. Cleaning trolleys are wheeled trolleys with metal frame for holding waste buckets. Handcarts used in our society also lags in these features. Therefore there should be separate holding place or the clutches for cleaning equipments in the street cleaning cart.

Figure 1 poorly designed cleaning

1.3.2 Tool kit for cleaning cart In commonly used street cleaning cart there is lack of tool kit like broom, scoop, shove etc. In street cleaning cart tool kit is important for the proper Placement of tools. 1.3.3 Recyclable bucket or storage There is lack of recyclable bucket for recyclable garbage. There should be separate bucket for the useful recyclable waste materials. Recyclable buckets are normally used for the collection of Different useful recyclable materials like newspaper, glass, metals. 1.3.4 Garbage bag storage feature Different types of garbage bags are used for type of garbage, scrap, paper or other recyclable materials organic or inorganic. Existing design of street cleaning cart lacks in this feature. In many informal recycling systems: Newspapers, cardboard and metals are collected from door to door with simple equipment or vehicles such as three wheelers, bicycle carts, which are then sold on to neighborhood junk shops. Materials are recovered by employees of the municipality (waste collectors) from the refuse, both at the collection point, during collection and transport. Other additional features include proper covering or lid for the protection of garbage from rain. 1.3.5 Garbage transferring Garbage transferring is bit difficult in common carts. Therefore it should be designed in such a way that broom and scoop is used at the same time. Garbage from the streets and roads is collected by different means. Some of the commonly used equipments used for

Figure 2 traditional cleaning cart

collecting include mop, broom shovel bins and somewhere wooden boards are also used. Therefore there is need to design cleaning equipments more properly. Fig shows commonly used mop and bin for collecting waste. Second type of cleaning equipment used by the street Cleaners are shovel bins and brooms. Shovel bins are commonly used for collecting liquid waste and paper. Cleaning equipments like mops are not suitable for transferring waste. Waste usually scatters on the roads. There is need to design cleaning equipments or the system for the proper transfer of waste. For the better transfer of different types of waste or recyclable materials there should separate tool kit and bag for the recyclable materials.
Figure 3 old scoop design

Figure 4 shovel bin for waste collecting

1.4 Target audience

Common users of street cart include sweepers, municipal workers. 1.4.1 Scope of work research based on the street cleaning cart will include solution given problems in existing street cleaning cart. 1.4.2 Recyclable bucket Recyclable bucket for the collection of different recyclable materials like glass, bottles, jars, aluminum ,steel, beverage, cans and plastic bottles. Garbage bag or recyclable bucket should be designed in such a way that there is separate portion of collecting types of recyclable materials. 1.4.3 Tool kit Portable tool kit of cleaning cart is important for the proper arrangement of tools and equipment .tool kit of cleaning cart will include broom scoop, garbage tongue, garbage bags. 1.4.4 Garbage bag storage Garbage bag is commonly used in any type of cleaning cart. Standard garbage bag is made up of elastic material trampoline and have capacity of 100 lit garbage. Garbage bag storage feature is suitable option for collecting waste bags. 1.4.5 Adjustable broom length Adjustable broom length is important for cleaning purpose in narrow places. Cleaning cart up more comfortably using this ergonomically designed 24 inch broom. The patented broom handle is adjustable up to 24 inches total broom size. Features safe orange plastic filaments, foam comfort pad and rubberized cap for easy storage. Handle adjusts to four positions. Used for light, medium or heavy sweeping.

1.4.6 Additional equipment Additional equipment including garbage bag, thrash tongs, length adjustable broom, sweeper uniforms, gloves, safety equipment and plastic bags. In some locations, it may be necessary that the sweepers use a cutting tool to remove weeds and brush. 1.4.7 Scoop design isolated scoops are normally used in the street cleaning cart which are badly designed. Garbage transfer also becomes difficult in some cases. This problem can be solved if the scoop feature is incorporated in the street cleaning cart.

1.5 Research area

The majority of existing research will focuses on the design parameter, ergonomics and eco friendliness of street cleaning cart. Street cleaning cart are the important for the waste management in the city. Cleaning services are only carried out by local authorities outside urban areas if they are their direct responsibility, other roads are usually looked after by the various private. Companies which have contracts to maintain the roads outside towns. The definition of the surface area to be cleaned, and how often it should be cleaned, naturally has a direct effect on the cost of the service. Research concerned to the street can be Classified as where there is needed according to their tendency to get dirty Defining the frequency with which they need to be cleaned (or bands of frequency) for each class of street, in order to guarantee a general standard of cleaning everywhere. for each class of street, in order to guarantee a general standard of cleaning everywhere. 1.5.1 Type of material used for road surfacing and pavements In order to accurately evaluate the best cleaning method among the various methods available, it is necessary to survey the degree of compactness and permeability of the surfaces to be cleaned, as well as the kind of materials used in construction and the joints used. These factors affect the efficiency of the service and the ease with which manual or mechanical equipment can be used. For example, it would not be possible to use mechanical equipment on a rough surface which is disconnected and permeable, so only manual cleaning would be possible. Another factor is the width and type of carriageway, which is important in determining whether large, medium or small street sweepers can be used.

1.6 Methodology
Methodology implementation to carry out this research for collection of multiple data collections methods will include documentation, interviews, focus groups, observations of cleaning street cart, a community survey of street cart users, manufacturing process. 1.6.1 Literature review I will get necessary information about the power rake by related books on its manufacturing process it will be about collecting information about solid waste management, sorting out waste ,recycling etc.

Useful elements for consideration in the planning and management of street cleaning services by Laura Albani, David Newman and Principles of Municipal Solid Waste Management. 1.6.2 Manufacturing process Manufacturing of working model include a lot manufacturing process. Following are the some main process which I have studied Cutting and sheet bending Rolling and seem welding Welding Injection molding 1.6.3 Materials of street cleaning cart The material for the manufacture of molded polyethylene garbage bins should be virgin and of the best quality. Various types of containers are used by the c arts engaged in street Containers, which are normally used, made up of Cane, Bamboo, Plastic, Low Density Plastic (LDP), Metal or Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP). Generally used materials in all kind of street cleaning cart are Plastic Stainless steel Iron Polyethylene Silicon rubber 1.6.4 Market survey Market survey will be conducted to study manufacturing process, existing design available and find out availability of parts. 1.6.5 Interview I will conduct interview from the street sweepers to know their response to find out the problems encountered by them in using the existing waste collecting equipment. Interviews will be conducted from the sweepers to collect necessary information about the proposed design and functional requirements of street cleaning cart.

1.6.6 Questionnaire Questionnaire will be designed to find out the municipal community response to newly designed product. Questionnaire is compulsory to know users opinion about flaws in the existing design. It is also important for collecting data about band of frequency or how many times a place require cleaning in a day.

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Chapter 2 Outdoor Cleaning and Cleaning Equipments

2.1 Outdoor cleaning
Outdoor cleaning is important to keep the surrounding clean and hygienic. Outdoor cleaning is one of the widely performed activities in urban life. Beside the necessity of cleaning waste generated from industrial, agricultural, institutional and municipal activities, it is common service performed in the commercial and residential areas.

2.2 Outdoor cleaning practice

Outdoor cleaning practice depends on the type of urban settlement and the population density of the area and road traffic. In town centers, ordinary general cleaning is usually carried out by a morning shift. In other areas, twice-weekly cleaning is generally necessary at bus stops, streets in front of schools, offices, sports grounds).Manual cleaning also has to be specially organized at times when particular events take place, for example fairs, concerts, sporting and other events, etc. In these circumstances the environmental worker can move more easily than a machine among the public to empty bins, clean the streets. Therefore manual cleaning is suitable in such situations.

2.3 Service areas for outdoor cleaning

Areas to be covered by the street cleaning service are the responsibility of the local authority. The service does not generally cover all the areas included in the local authoritys competence, but only the roads, streets and public squares. Private areas and those occupied by commercial activities are not usually included unless specifically paid for. Cleaning services are only carried out by local authorities outside urban areas if they are their direct responsibility, other roads are usually looked after by the various private Companies.

2.4 Street classification

Street classification for outdoor cleaning is one of the complex and difficult thing. The classification of streets requires a widespread survey. To do this following parameters are need to consider. These parameters include Degree of commercial activity, Intensity of traffic, Frequency of tourists, Markets, fairs, public events and Type of urban environment to be served. On the other hand the classification of street cleaning can be evaluated in detail on the basis following parameters. Type of material used for road surfacing and pavements. 2.4.1 Cleaning frequency Class A B Character of street City centre shopping Market areas Cleaning frequency Daily Daily 11

C D E F G

City center streets

and

minorDaily Daily Once a week Twice a week When Required

Residential streets (low &high income) Roads and streets having no households Sub urban streets Open Space

Table 1 Cleaning Frequency

2.5 Factors affecting the outdoor cleaning (street cleaning)

Some of the factors that effect on the outdoor cleaning are as followed. Social factors including daily life activities are also affecting the outdoor cleaning. People dispose of their waste illegally in the hand-cart while sweepers are at Work. 2.5.1Planning & economical factor Improper planning and limitations in the economy also contributes to the in street cleaning problems. Lack of adequate solutions to solve high waste production during festivities. The lack of personnel or workers during festivities is also affecting street cleaning. Incentives or training programs for sweepers are always required for street cleaning. Lack of these programs is also affecting street cleaning. 2.5.2 Urban factors There are many reasons behind the urban factor that usually affect the street cleaning process. Some of the reasons are reduced size of some streets, Barriers such as autos and informal commerce, Poor street lighting produce augmentation of garbage in public Streets with very low traffic and seemingly paradox concentration points such as Markets and bus stations produce the highest volume of garbage. Lack of security also limits the schedule for street cleaning. 2.5.3 Environmental factor Environmental factors affecting the outdoor cleaning can be due to the difficulty of operation during rainy seasons due to the weight of the waste.

2.6 Street cleaning

Street cleaning is an important activity required in the urban areas. Traffic, movement of People, commuting, and widespread commercial activity are some of the factors which Contribute to the production of rubbish on the streets. Also natural factors, such as the presence of trees, small green spaces and digging up the ground, contribute to the production of rubbish which needs collecting. The aim of the street cleaning is to keep the urban areas in a perfect and hygienic condition. Commercial and residential areas of city need this activity on the daily basis.

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2.7 Types of street cleaning

street cleaning can be classified in three main categories i-e manual, mechanical and mixed cleaning. 2.7.1Manual cleaning Manual cleaning involves service conducted using cleaning equipments by manual workers in the areas where the waste disposal is required. The waste is then taken away on handcarts, three-wheeled vehicles or other small motorized vehicles. Manual cleaning is generally used in the areas where viability and ergonomic factors do not allow mechanical sweeping. Mechanical cleaning is generally performed in the commercial and residential areas of city. Commercial and residential areas include 2.7.1.1Manual cleaning equipment The worker employed in manual cleaning uses different kinds of equipment and in some cases where efficiency and flexibility can be improved, light vehicles. Manual cleaning equipment include Light vehicles to take away the waste collected, long handled plastic or bamboo brushes or brooms in natural fiber, hand brushes for sweeping, Rubbish onto dustpans, bins, Blowers Shovel, rake, Weeding tools, Trolley for carrying bin and tools, Plastic bags/sacks for rubbish, Keys for opening bins/containers and plastic bags. 2.7.1.1.1Broom There are two general types of brooms used for street sweeping, depending upon the type of material used for their manufacture. The first type is that made from the long fibers and formed into the bunch. The second type is that in which bunches of filaments are inserted into a wooden section (about 10 cm by 10 cm in cross section and 40 to 50 cm long); this section is attached to a wooden pole. Due to the fundamental differences in their Design and the type of materials used for their manufacture, each type of broom is used differently. This natural Palmyra fiber street broom is used for extremely heavy debris or where the surface is very rough. Palmyra fiber is heat resistant and ideal for use in street cleaning or street repair applications. Palmyra broom has long lasting fiber and high quality broom head.

Figure 5 stock broom

Figure 6 natural Palmyra street broom 2.7.1.1.2 Litter bins Litter bins constitute a basic requirement for the control of litter. The bins should meet the following criteria 1) Practical and inexpensive design 2) Spaced at convenient intervals 3) Emptied frequently 4) Easy to empty, clean and repair or replace

13

Litter bins should be made of non-flammable materials because cigarettes are often thrown into them. Consequently, some types of plastics cannot be used for this application. 2.7.1.1.3 Additional equipment All sweepers should be provided with uniforms, gloves, safety equipment, and, in some Mechanical sweeping allows, especially when vacuum type equipment is used, the carrying out of an action which removes dust at the same time as removing rubbish. This is not possible with only manual sweeping. 2.7.1.2 Shovels Function of the shovel is to pick up the material that has been swept into a pile with the broom for placement in a container. The main type of shovel that is used for this purpose is a large straight-blade shovel made of plastic or metal. Metal shovels are heavier than plastic ones but tend to last longer and are more versatile, particularly to remove materials adhered to the paved areas. 2.7.1.3 Hand carts hand carts are most commonly used manual equipment for the waste collecting from door to door. Those wastes that are collected directly from thresholds of houses are later on being thrown either to fixed containers or to vehicle. 2.7.1.3.1 Types of hand carts Different types of hand carts are used for the waste collection. Some handcarts detachable 4 or 6 used for container waste collecting where in other types waste cart is used for waste collection. Handcarts are made up of different types of materials. Containers carts are made up of stainless steel and medium density polyethylene. 2.7.1.4 Tricycle There are two main types of tricycles used for this purpose. 2.7.1.4.1Human powered Tricycle Tricycles with rear mounted containers, each operated by one man. The tricycle Waste Collector concept ensure s an effective and efficient collection of waste from our communities, Figure 8 reinforced plastic handcart especially in those high density but low income communities where the large and heavy waste collection trucks cannot even access. The technology is simple and operates on manual power which is cheaper when compared to motorized ones. Some of the benefits of the tricycle include Creation of employment opportunities for our youth and therefore reducing poverty. Very low operation and maintenance cost Figure 9 handcarts

Figure 7 container handcart

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Minimization of indiscriminate disposal of waste in drains and open spaces

2.7.1.4.2 Manual tricycle In Hanoi City in Vietnam, women use handcarts to collect wastes ringing a bell as they approach so that the householders bring their own wastes out to the handcart. Typically, the handcart travels about 1.5 km during one collection round. The handcarts are well designed and brightly painted with large wheels so that they are easy to push. The collectors wear smart uniforms and so create a good image for the city. Other type of manual cleaning cart is made of metal. Waste bin containers are also made up of iron or other metal. Large wheels make it is easier to move by the users. Household waste is collected from door to door and recyclable materials are collected in the separate bag hanging with cleaning cart. it is also beneficial as it Reducing the incidence of flies and mosquito breeding thus ultimately resulting in less disease causing conditions in the lo w income communities in particular. 2.7.1.4.3 Tricycle with load in front of tricycle In Vietnam, load-carrying tricycles, with the load in the front of the tricycle are used for collecting the wastes from houses. These tricycles are used to collect waste form the enclosure (garbage collecting) places. Other similar types of waste collecting cycle contains waste collecting container in front of the bicycle. These kinds of bicycles are used to collect waste form the few households. Such type of bicycle are used in

Figure 10 human powered tricycle

Figure 11 manual tricycle in Vietnam

2.7.1.5 Road collector Road cleaner is also one of the general ways for the garbage collecting. Road collector Concept in our concept is similar to night soil Searchers in the other countries.

Figure 12 load container in front

2.7.2 Street cleaning cart Street Cleaning cart is a purpose designed for sweeping, cleaning and the transportation, storage of equipment for both indoors and outdoors. Cleaning carts are used for different types of waste. Cleaning carts are generally used for the collection of Commercial and residential waste. Cleaning carts are Handcarts are widely used for street sweeping throughout the world. A description of handcarts is provided in another section. Street sweepers usually modify the equipment they are provided with to suit their needs. 2.7.2.1 Types of street cleaning cart Types of street cleaning cart vary with respect to its usage. Some of the cleaning cart is given below 15

2.7.2.2 Street liner cleaning trolley It is a conventional cleaning trolley containing Waste bin of 90 liters. Ideal for use in confined spaces or where storage is problem. It has Brackets for a brush and shovel. Detachable waste bin makes it easy to use. Single bin cleaning cart is also used to collect garden leaves and vegetation etc. cleaning trolley has operator box that provides necessary tools. 2.7.2.3 Double Bin Street Cleaning Cart The Sturdy Street Smart is designed to improve street cleaning efficiency, increasing mobility while providing greater storage capacities. It is ideal for community, town, city cleaning and event venues. This street cleaning cart consists of two 90Ltr bins, a brush and shovel, and two small storage containers. Double bin cleaning cart is suitable for loading and unloading of waste bin. Design contains proper place for placement of cleaning tools like shovel, garbage, tongue, broom etc.
Figure 13 single bin cart

2.7.2.4 Tools of street cleaning cart Street cleaning cart contains broom, shovel, and tongue for waste collection.

Figure 14 double bin cleaning cart

2.7.2.5Cleaning agents for street cleaning cart Cleaning agents are important for the cleaning of cart Cleaning stirs up dust, mixing it with the breathing air, sometimes at considerable levels that are liable to cause health problems for cleaners and the buildings users. Formaldehyde is used in some cleaning products as disinfectant or preserving agent.

2.8 Local used waste collecting equipments

Following are some equipment that is commonly used in our society for waste collecting purpose. 2.8.1 Hand carts Hand carts are commonly used for collecting household waste. Cleaning workers collect wastes with waste bins, hand carts and brooms and then, they take them to container.
Figure 15 local handcart

2.8.2Customized rickshaw Customized rickshaw is introduced by government Of Punjab to collect household waste. The waste collected from door to door is transferred to nearby identified container point. Customized rickshaw was implemented to make people aware through social mobilizes and door to door awareness campaign.

Figure 16 customized rickshaw

16

These rickshaws are used to collect waste from the household to the nearest enclosure from where it is transferred to dumping site through arm rolls 2.8.3 Waste bins Waste bins are commonly used for waste collecting. 2.8.4 Broom Hand brooms are one of the important tools for street cleaning. Street cleaning is either done with help of mechanical devices or manual too. 2.8.5 Cycles Cycles are also used for the waste collecting in our society. 2.8.6 Scavenging There is no formal way of resource recovery method from MSW in Lahore. However Scavengers informally do separate recyclables in the absence of any formal System waste is collected at the dumping sites or there are various collection points and dumping sites where scavenging takes place. Proper collection of recyclable material can be beneficial to recycle waste items into useful things.
Figure 17 scavenging activity

2.8.7 Road collector Road cleaner is also one of the general way for the garbage collecting. Road collector concept in our concept is similar to night soil searchers in the other countries. 2.8.8 Animal transport Donkeys, mules, horses and buffaloes are used for pulling loads in many countries, including Pakistan and rural areas of Egypt. Animal carts can be effective in waste collection for distances up to 5 km. New type of donkey cart was designed which greatly increased the load capacity whilst reducing the burden on the donkeys and improving the image and status of the waste collector
Figure 18 animal cart for waste collecting

2.9 Street cleaning services

The various activities are carried out by trained personnel, equipped with manual tools and special equipment if the service is mechanized. 2.9.1 Street sweeper Street sweepers can only work on asphalted surfaces, and can work without the help of auxiliary personnel in these areas only if there are no cars parked on the roadside or in parking areas where the dead leaves collect. In areas where it is not possible to use leaf vacuuming equipment and/or street sweepers, or where the quantity of leaves does not justify their use, manual sweepers only are used. In this case the leaves are generally loaded onto three-wheeled vehicles or small flat-back 17

trucks which unload in the same places as leaf vacuum and street sweepers. 2.9.2 Organization of manual sweepers The organization of manual sweepers usually requires the establishment of depots. The depots can be used for managing the sweepers, for transferring the wastes that have been collected, and for providing a certain amount of comfort to the workers. The depot should include the following facilities: an office for the supervisor or foreman, an area where sweepers report to work, a parking area for the handcarts, storage for tools and equipment, a transfer area for the waste materials that have been collected, bathrooms, lockers, and a resting area. 2.9.3 Modern street cleaners Modern street sweepers are equipped with water tanks and sprayers used to loosen particles and reduce dust. The brooms gather debris into a main collection area from which it is vacuumed and pumped into a collection bin or hopper.

2.10 conclusions
Waste collecting equipments are always necessarily required for outdoor cleaning to maintain healthy and hygienic environment. Beside other waste collecting methods manual waste collecting method is performed on large scale under developed countries. There is a need to improve waste collecting equipments used by street sweepers (Lahore waste management company) in our society. This can be achieved by considering ergonomics and aesthetical values of waste collecting equipments so that their user feel proud in performing their duty.

18

Chapter 3 Cleaning Areas and Waste Disposal Process

3.1 Cleaning areas
Cleaning of different areas of city is the responsibility of local authority. Cleaning service does not generally cover all the areas included in the local authoritys competence. Roads, streets and public squares. Cleaning is usually carried out by local authority. Cleaning services are only carried out by local authorities outside urban. The definition of the surface area to be cleaned, and how often it should be cleaned, naturally has a direct effect on the cost of the service.

3.2 Commercial and residential areas

Commercial and residential areas include streets, markets, houses, hotel, towns etc. cleaning service is carried out by sweepers, powered vehicles or by mixed ways. Although other methods are also used for waste management but manual street cleaning is very commonly performed activity in our society.

3.3 Sources of waste

There are three main sources of waste generated from the commercial and residential areas

3.3.1 Natural resources

These include dust blown from unpaved areas, sometimes from within the city and sometimes from great decaying vegetation such as fallen leaves, blossoms and seeds which originate from trees and plants in the city. Natural wastes cannot be avoided, but may be controlled by such measures as the careful selection of the types of tree planted in the city.

3.3.2 Road Traffic Wastes

Motor vehicles deposit oil, rubber and mud in addition, there is sometimes accidental Spillage of a vehicles load. Animals drawing vehicles deposit excrement on the road surface. 3.3.3 Behavioral waste Behavioral waste mainly includes the waste generated from the commercial and residential areas. The main source of wastes is litter thrown by pedestrians and house or thrown out of private premises instead of being placed in the suitable container meant for the purpose. Human spittle and the excrement of domestic pets also fall into this category.

3.4 Waste and its types

Waste is mainly generated from the commercial and residential areas of city. 3.4.1Residential waste Residential waste is the waste generated from the single and multifamily dwellings, residential waste generally consist of Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, 19

leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes. 3.4.2 Commercial waste Commercial waste is generated by the hotels, stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings etc. commercial waste mainly consist of Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, office buildings, etc. hazardous wastes. 3.4.3 Institutional waste This type of waste is generated by Schools, hospitals, prisons, same as commercial government centers. 3.4.4 Municipal services waste main sources of municipal waste are Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, other recreational areas, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge water and wastewater treatment plan. 3.4.7 Recyclable materials Recyclable materials are those materials which can be used or reprocess again and again. Recyclable materials can be classified into different types. Waste generated from the commercial and residential areas includes both recyclable and non recyclable materials. Recyclable able materials include newspaper, office papers, computer paper, paper grocery bags, paper egg cartons, packaging, boxes, jars, bottles ,metals, tin cans, aluminum cans, juice boxes etc.

3.5 Waste generated by commercial and residential areas

Waste generated from commercial and residential areas of Lahore usually includes the daily use items. Some of the waste generated items are: 3.5.1 Recyclable Paper Newspaper and inserts, Corrugated and craft bags, Mixed paper, Magazine coated paper and Boxboard. 3.5.2 Recyclable Containers Glass bottles and jars, Plastic bottles, Ferrous cans, &Aluminum cans .All Other Ferrous Brown and white goods 3.5.3 Food Waste Waste generated from the daily use food item. 3.5.4 Other Waste Categories Books, Coated boxboard, Plastic , Plastic tubs, Plastic film, All other plastic, Leaf and yard waste, All other organic, Hazardous waste, Bulky waste, Electronics and small appliances, Tires, Construction waste, All other waste.

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3.6 Necessary data about waste collection

Data about the waste collection include 3.6.1 Generation rate The generation rate is the amount of waste generated by one person, one household (or one appropriate unit14 for other types of generator) in one day. Usually it is expressed in terms of weight. 3.6.2 Estimating waste generation rates at household level A future waste generation estimates are dependent upon various factors. However population growth and economic uplift are the most common factors. In general Lahore is witness continuous population growth and improvement in the socio economic stats which is influencing increase or change in composition of waste. Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 Waste generation per year Populations Population Estimated waste growth rate project area generation(kg/day) 3.32 9,907 6,440 3.32 9,940 6,461 3.32 9,973 6,483 3.32 10,010 6,507

Table 2 Estimated Household Waste per Year in Lahore

Different groups of generators should be distinguished. Residents of different socioeconomic groupings generate waste at different rates, and shops, offices, institutions and small factories may generate significant quantities of waste. Waste generation varies with day of the week and with season, so an accurate study must take this into account.

3.7 Physical composition of Lahore waste

Waste generated from the household and commercial areas of Lahore mainly consist of plastic rubber, metal, textile, glass, leaves straw, bones food items etc. According to the EPMC (engineering planning management consultant).Typical composition of waste for the waste is given below. [1] composition food Leaves, grass, straw % 8.4 to 21% 10.2 to 15.6 21

fines recyclables

29.7 to 45.6 13.6 t0 23.55

Table 3 Physical Composition of Lahore Waste

3.8. General structure of solid waste management Solid waste management is concerned with the collection, treatment and the disposal of waste. 3.8.1. Collection of solid waste Collecting solid wastes in Lahore is fulfilled by primary and secondary articulation types. According to the information that was received by interviews, in almost 25% of the city, wastes are being collected with handcarts directly from doors of houses. Those wastes that are collected directly from thresholds of houses are later on being thrown either to fixed containers or to vehicles. 3.8.2 Waste containers Those wastes that are collected with handcarts are unloaded to the nearest waste containers. Since height of those containers is too much to accurately unload the waste from handcarts, usually those wastes are scattered to streets, during this operation. 3.8.3 Waste transfer Waste is transferred to the dumping site with the help of waste vehicles to the dumping site. Since in Lahore there is no transfer station, almost all of those loaded machines are being sent to storage areas. This situation causes increase of transportation costs, volumes of the work, burdens of workers and traffic intensity. 3.8.4 Treatment of waste Treatment of solid waste includes Sorting by households Organized manual or mechanical sorting Open burning (by households or scavengers) Incineration (waste treatment process that involves combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials). 3.8.5 Disposal Disposal of waste generally includes Land filling Disposal of water bodies 3.8.6 Land filling There are three different land filling or dumping sites and one composting facility available in Lahore. Mehmood Booti Dumping Site Saggian Dumping Site Baggrian Dumping Site 22

3.9.1 Separation manners Recycling process is performed in the different manners in Lahore. Most common activates for the Separation of recyclable materials includes scavenging, road collecting or separation of recyclable materials at dumping site. Therefore there is need to implement an official system for the collection of household waste recyclable materials. There are different benefits of household waste sorting as it saves energy resources and labor cost. 3.9.2 Separation of recyclable materials In Solid Waste management system, works an estimated number of 10.000 to 15.000 street collectors. Since those collectors do not work officially. Those people either from containers or from dumping areas select recoverable materials and send them to recycling facilities. Unfortunately there is no proper way of sorting out recyclable material from household. Sorting out of recyclable material at source is important. Therefore there is need to develop system for collecting recyclables. Following are the different aspects of existing plan 3.3.2. Waste collection Waste from the door steps of houses is collected with the help of customized rickshaws. The waste collected from the different households is then transferred to the nearest waste collecting container. 3.9.2 Street sweeping Sanitary workers perform the sweeping duty of streets by using broom and wheel bins. Different number of workers is provided in the area. 3.9.3 Waste transfer Waste is transferred from the contemporary waste by six customized rickshaws. The contemporary waste station is authority of Lahore development of authority. The waste is then transferred by arm roll or truck to the dumping site 3.9.4 Flow chart of plan 1376 households 3.9.3 50 Shops Exist Waste enclosure Land fill site

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Flow chart 1 Figure 19 waste management process of Lahore

3.9.5 Benefits of plan Following are the benefits of improved plan Improved aesthetics of area Clean and liter free roads Efficient and effective solid waste management system Community satisfaction Decrease In health care expenditures 3.10 Conclusion A proper waste disposal and outdoor cleaning system is always been first priority of human being. Fast population increase, urbanization and industrialization cause a significant increase both in waste quantities and waste types. Single approach is not sufficient for complete solution of waste problem which has a pressure on environment and increases each passing day. Unlike other countries Pakistan has its own waste management and disposal system. Although there are suitable plans for the commercial and residential waste disposal in Lahore but still there is need of proper plan for collecting household recyclable materials. 24

Chapter 4 Materials and Manufacturing Techniques

4.1 Materials
Material selection is important for street cleaning cart. Material selection varies according to different working environments. Materials used in the street cleaning equipment are different due to its design. Some of commonly used materials in the street cleaning are Stainless steel, thermoplastics and synthetic foams. 4.1.1 Stainless steel Stainless steel is very commonly used material due to its high corrosion resistance properties. Stainless steels are iron-based alloys usually containing at least 11.5% chromium. Other elements, nickel being the most Important, may be added in combination with chromium to obtain special properties. Stainless steel of less thickness is used in the frame manufacturing of cleaning cart. 4.1.2 Galvanized stainless steel Galvanized steel is produced by coating the steel in zinc. The properties of galvanized steel are a unique combination that make it ideal for use in interior and exterior applications such as car bodies, appliances, nuts and bolts, roofs, and rebar. 4.1.2.1 Corrosion Resistance According to the American Galvanizers Association, galvanized steel resists corrosion up to 100 times better than uncoated steel. 4.1.2.2 Surface Appearance All galvanized steel has a matte-gray appearance. Zinc coating applied by using electro galvanizing is smoother than galvanized steel made with batch or continuous galvanizing and allows for a higher quality finish when painted. 4.1.2.3 Formability The zinc coating on galvanized steel is resistant to cracking and loss of adhesion when the steel is formed into a product . 4.1.2.4 Durability The zinc coating does not require special handling to protect it during transport or use. It is extremely durable and resistant to scratches from abrasion. 4.2 Medium density polyethylene Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) is a type of polyethylene defined by a density range of 0.9260.940 g/cm3. It is less dense than HDPE, which is more common. Medium density polyethylene is extensively used due to its heat thermal resistance. Cleaning cart body is manufactured by MDP.

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4.3 Hard carbon rubber

Carbon black is the predominant reinforcing filler used in rubber compounds. Through the addition of carbon black to the rubber compound, durability and strength are significantly improved. Improvement in rubber properties is a function of the physical and chemical characteristics of carbon black. Carbon black is most important fundamental characteristics are aggregate size and shape (structure), particle size, surface activity and porosity. Tires of cleaning cart are made up of hard carbon rubber.

4.4 Synthetic rubber

besides using rubber and natural rubber, synthetic rubbers are extensively used in hand grips.

4.5 Street cleaning cart parts and materials

Following are the different parts of cleaning cart and their materials details is give 4.5.1 Handle grip Some common types of materials used are vinyl, polysuede, vynafoam, vynaprene and many other many materials are used due to their non slip properties 4.5.1.1 Softex grip (dip molded) softex is made from a popular textured, non-slip vinyl material.The exclusive rubberized compound(softex) holds up under the most adverse environmental conditions while still providing a soft feel. Its non-slip, no gloss finish provides a secure hold for applications ranging from hand tools to health care. Softex grips are also molded with one closed end so as not to require an end cap like most extruded foam grips.
Figure 20 softex grip

4.5.1.2 Vynafoam grip Vynafoam is a unique proprietary material that combines the look and cushion of foam grips with the durability of vinyl. It mimics the look of traditional foam grips in that the surface of the grip has an exposed cell structure that provides a superior non-slip finish. Vynafoam is double dipped to provide extra wall thickness or increased durability. As such this material is not available for use on all styles of tooling. 4.5.1.3Vynaprene grip vynaprene grips are also known as foam grips. These grips are usually manufactured in four different sizes with on or two radius ends. They are constructed from rugged NPVC foam and feature 200 thick walls for added comfort and durability they are also known as buffed foam grips.Vynaprene resists cracking or splitting and has excellent weathering properties. It looks, acts, and feels like 26
Figure 21 vynafoam grip

Figure 22 vynaprene grip

a rubber grip. It is always used as a surface material on a double dipped grip, so it is not available for use on all styles of tooling. 4.5.2 Frame Hot dip galvanized stainless steel protect the cleaning cart from rusting. Stainless steel is important for the carrying load. Hot dip galvanized steel is used due to its high corrosion resistance. It is comparatively smooth and free from gross surface imperfections. 4.5.3 Cleaning cart body Material of cleaning cart varies according to the design. UV Stabilized Medium Density Polyethylene is common material Of the cleaning cart body because of its heat resistant, good color retention and high expectancy. 4.5.4 Wheel materials materials selection of cleaning cart is important better movement and greater efficiency in the harsh environments. Material is preferred for street cleaning wheel that can resist flat spot problem. 4.5.5 Recyclable bucket Medium density polyethylene is used for recyclable bucket. Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) is a type of polyethylene defined by a density range of 0.9260.940 g/cm3. It is less dense than HDPE, which is more common. 4.5.6 Tool kit or tool holder thermoplastic or polymer materials are used for tool kit or tool holder.

4.6 Design requirements and material selection

material selection and design parameters are closely related to each other. Following are the some design requirements of the cleaning cart Frame of light tubular steel, or angle, supporting a platform on which are placed two or more portable bins. Wheels of large diameter, with rubber tires, preferable pneumatic, ball or roller bearings are proffered for the smooth movement of cleaning cart. The portable bins should have a capacity of 30-40 liters each, according to the density of the wastes, brackets should be mounted on the frame of the handcart to carry three brooms and a shovel. For single portable bin capacity is equal to the double bin cleaning cart. Selection of bin capacity depends upon the cleaning frequency and area to be cleaned.

4.7 Manufacturing techniques

Manufacturing procedure for each part of cleaning cart is different. Polymers, metals and plastics are extensively used materials in the street cleaning cart.

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4.7.1 Steel tube bending machine Tube bending as a process starts with loading a tube into a pipe bender and clamping it into place between two dies, the clamping block and the forming die. The tube is also loosely held by two other dies, the wiper die and the pressure die. The process of tube bending involves using mechanical force to push stock material pipe or tubing against a die, forcing the pipe or tube to conform to the shape of the die. Often, stock tubing is held firmly in place while the end is rotated and rolled around the die. Other forms of processing including pushing stock through rollers that bend it into a simple curve. For some tube bending processing, a mandrel is placed inside the tube to prevent collapsing. The tube is also held in tension by a wiper die to prevent any creasing during stress. A wiper die is usually made of a softer alloy i.e. aluminum, brass to avoid scratching or Figure 23 tube bending damaging the material being bent. Much of the tooling is made of hardened steel or tooled steel to maintain and prolong the tools life. However wherever there is a concern of scratching or gouging the work piece, a softer material such as aluminum or bronze is utilized. For example, the clamping block, rotating form block and pressure die are often formed from the hardened steel because the tubing is not moving past these parts of the machine.
Figure 24 steel tube bending machine 4.7.1.1 Frame manufacturing Cleaning cart frame is made up of tubular steel rods. Steel is used in the frame of street cleaning cart due to its high load bearing capacity. Stainless steel is manufactured by tube bending machine.

4.7.1.2 Specifications of steel rod Steel bending machine can be used for both round and square tubes. Round tubes of thickness 15, 20,25,32,40 and 50mm can be bend. 4.7.2 Blow molding Blow molding is a manufacturing process by which hollow plastic parts are formed. In general, there are three main types of blow molding: extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, and stretch blow molding. 4.7.2.1 Extrusion blow molding In extrusion blow molding (EBM), plastic is melted and extruded into a hollow tube (a parison). This parison is then captured by closing it into a cooled metal mold. Air is then blown into the parison, inflating it into the shape of the hollow bottle, container or part. After the plastic has cooled sufficiently, the mold is opened and the part is ejected. Continuous and Intermittent are two variations of Extrusion Blow Molding. In Continuous Extrusion Blow Molding the parison is extruded continuously and the individual parts are 28

cut off by a suitable knife. In Intermittent blow molding there are two processes: straight intermittent is similar to injection molding whereby the screw turns, then stops and pushes the melt out. 4.7.2.2 Injection blow molding Injection Molding is a process in which molten polymer is forced under high pressure into a mold cavity through an opening (sprue). Polymer material in form of pellets is fed into an Injection Molding machine through a hopper. The material is then conveyed forward by a feeding screw and forced into a split mold, filling its cavity through a feeding system with sprue gate and runners. Injection molding machine is similar to Extruder. The main difference between the two machines is in screw operation. In extruder screw rotates continuously providing output of continuous long product (pipe, rod, sheet). It acts as a ram in the filling step when the molten polymer is injected into the mold and then it retracts backward in the molding step. Heating elements, placed over the barrel, soften and melt the polymer. The mold is equipped with a cooling system providing controlled cooling and solidification of the material. The polymer is held in the mold until solidification and then the mold opens and the part is removed from the mold by ejector pins. Injection Molding is used mainly for Thermoplastics but elastomers and thermo sets are also may be Figure 25 injection molding extruded. In this case cross-linking occurs during heating and melting of the material in the heated part. 4.7.2.2.1 Tool kit-application of injection molding Tool kits of street cleaning cart are manufactured through injection molding technique. Tool kit of different size can be manufactured by injection molding process depending upon the size of die. Type and material grade selection is important for tool kit. The material needs a good processing and coloring behavior. The plastic parts are needed to be ultraviolet stabilized material. 4.7.2.3 Rotational molding (waste bin) Rotational molding process is used for manufacturing of hollow plastic items like water tanks, waste containers and waste bucket in rotational molding process powder raw materials is heated in heating station in horizontal and vertical dimension. In heated process, raw material attains the shape of required mold. Hot air and water is used in cooling station to cool down the hot specimen.
Figure 26 biaxial rotational molding machine

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Chapter: 5

Cleaning cart ergonomics

5.1 Standard human requirements for cleaning cart

Street cleaning is a regular activity that is performed on large scale. Ergonomic is required to obtain maximum performance and decrease work fatigue. Standard human requirements are closely related to the design parameters of cleaning cart. Body motions, visibility, workload and other important ergonomic parameters will also affect the quality of work and the quality of work product. When a task is matched with the ability of the people who perform it they make fewer errors and produce less waste There are different key factors that must be considered before designing a street cleaning cart. These factors include human factors, task factors, cart and caster design and environmental conditions.

5.2 The Ergonomics of Pushing and Pulling of cart

Economics of pushing and pulling is ultimately required .manual materials handling tasks are physical work activities that involve exertion of force to perform a particular job. 5.2.1 Horizontal force Horizontal push force for moving cleaning cart is more important than the weight or load. 5.2.2 Angle of Push/Pull Force Application The force required moving a cart or equipment is in the plane horizontal to movement. 5.2.3 Factors that affect pushing and pulling of cleaning cart Some of the factors include 5.2.3.1 Human factors Human factors include height, weight, age, strength, posture and capacity. 5.2.3.2 Street cleaning Cart design factors Cart factors include handhold height, handhold type, caster wheel design specifications stability, size, weight etc. There are different ergonomic issues that need to be consider while designing a street cleaning cart. 5.2.3.2.1 Handholds When equipment is to be moved manually, it is advisable to incorporate designated handholds or a surface area that will provide good force application contact points for the person. As a matter of safety, handholds should not require or encourage the person to have the hands, fingers, or arms protruding to the side of the equipment. 30

5.2.3.2.2 Handhold height Handhold height is important because it defines what posture the person will assume. There is no single handle that is suitable for every person. Handle height should be in between elbow and hip. An adjustable handle system is one way to accommodate people of most sizes of street sweepers. 5.2.3.2..3 Handhold Type A handle should be shaped so that it does not concentrate pressure on any specific part of the hand (it should not have sharp edges, pronounced ridges). The person should be able to grip the handle with a power grip, meaning the fingers and the palm of the hand should be in contact with the handle. 5.2.3.2.4 Handhold Type Handle of street cleaning cart should extend beyond the sides of cleaning cart to avoid injuries. 5.2.3.2.5 Casters or wheel design specifications By selecting well-designed casters that utilize modern design technology and materials, resistance due to friction can be kept to a minimum. The resistance between casters and ground increases the required pushing or pulling force 5.2.3.2.6 Weight of cleaning cart Weight of cleaning cart is very important. If the weight of cart is greater, the more the weight must be borne by the operator. On other hand on the slope, entire weight of the cart is controlled by worker. 5.2.3.2 Task factors Task factors include distance moved, movement initiation force requirements, direction and nature of movement etc 5.2.3.3 Operating Environment A good match between the wheel diameter, wheel material, and the rolling surface conditions is of utmost importance. 5.2.3.4.1 Rough surfaces Cleaning carts are normally used on rough surface. Material selection and size of the wheels are carefully considered. Wheels of small size usually undergo seam, crack, flat spot damage and surface irregularities. Larger diameter wheel roll overall such irregularities with relative ease . 5.2.4 Rolling resistance-factors that affect cleaning cart movement Different types of factor affect the movement of cleaning cart. Some of which are briefly discussed here.

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5.2.4.1 Physical Interference Physical interference also affects the human ergonomics. Physical interference usually occurs when material is deformed over the time or due to uneven surfaces. 5.2.4.2 Flat spot damage Rolling but also can be very noisy and create vibration, which may damage equipment, and in severe cases may contribute to human vibration related injury 5.3 Street cleaning cart tools human psychology Human psychology is important to study. Tools that are frequently used should be in the accessible range of its user. Tool kit or holder should be in the accessible range as compared compartments for waste bags or other things.

5.4 Task, risk factors and possible solution for cleaning activities
Street cleaning cart ergonomics is considerable to overcome risk factors performing duty. Task Risk factors Possible solutions (prevention measures) Dusting, scooping and Includes reaching overhead, Can be reduced by long broom kneeling, bending, handed or adjustable handle Bent wrists, repetitive tools and cleaning head as motions and high grip light as possible forces. Includes back pain problems Waste transferring Can be reduced by Hand hold of cleaning cart. it should be between elbow height and hip of user Includes Lifting heavy bags Can be reduced by out of (high) trash , creating Replacing large trashcans a vacuum underneath and with smaller/lighter leading to increased need of cans, reduce suction by force vent holes in the sides.
Table 4 task, risk factors and their possible solution

Handling trash

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Chapter: 6
6.1 Survey analysis

Survey Analysis

Survey analysis about street cleaning cart includes visit to different places including Lahore waste management company and its workshops. 6.1.1 Field survey street cleaning carts are important collecting and transferring of household waste to waste collecting point or container. Street cleaning cart performance is directly related to estimate waste generated from households and other commercial areas in Lahore. To obtain necessary information about daily waste generation, I met with different people in Lahore waste management company. The area which I have visited include Lahore waste management jainmander and egerton road (shah complex). 6.1.1.1 Lahore waste management(jainmandr) This visit proved useful in getting information about overview of waste collecting methods ,their future intervention, waste storage points in the city, available storage capacity, waste collection capacity and waste collecting equipments used by street sweepers in Lahore. These visits proved useful in studying different local waste equipments and waste disposal process. On the other hand Lahore waste management (Egerton road)is concerned with the statistical data about waste generated from every. union council of the city. 6.1.1.2 LWMC Workshops (ring road Lahore) To study the waste collecting equipments used, I visited LWMC workshops. All types of waste equipments are repaired and Manufactured in their own workshops. 6.1.1.2.1 Local cleaning tools following are the easily available cleaning tools used by street sweepers. Broom Scoop Shovel Phenyl as disinfectant 33

Figure 27 LWMC workshop

6.1.1.2 Local Equipment Handcarts Waste bins Waste container

6.1.1.2.1 Hand carts hand carts are used in almost every area of Lahore. Solid waste collecting in Lahore is fulfilled by primary and secondary articulation types. According to the information that almost 25% of the city wastes are being collected with handcarts directly from doors of houses. Wastes that are collected directly from the thresholds of houses are later on being thrown either to fixed container or to vehicles. 6.1.1.2.2 Wheel Waste bin Mobile waste bins are used for collecting waste from the non crowded areas. 6.1.1.2.3 Skips The skips is used by Lahore waste management company. These Skips are designed to cater for domestic or builders with lower quantities of waste and delivered on 7.5 tone vehicle to allow flexibility to get to awkward locations. There are more than fifty skip present in the city. 6.1.1.3 International equipments for street cleaning internationally street cleaning carts are used for collecting and transfer of household waste. 6.1.1.3.1 Types of cleaning cart internationally used street cleaning cart are two types Cleaning cart with single or double portable Cleaning cart with liter bin 6.1.1.3.2 Cleaning chemicals Different types of chemicals are used in street cleaning cart depending upon the type of waste or debris. 6.1.1.4 Comparison between local international waste equipments locally used handcarts and cleaning tools are different from internationally used items. Following are the different factors that are useful to differentiate between them 6.1.1.4.1 Design of handcart Internationally used handcarts are different from local hand carts in terms of its design. Internationally used handcarts contain portable bins of different capacity for the waste collection. Beside local two wheel handcarts, human powered tricycle, manual tricycles, street cleaning carts are used for collecting waste and contain more waste than local cart. 34

6.1.1.4.2 Materials of handcart Locally used materials Local hand carts are manufactured of metal (iron) without considering the weight and wheels are made up of hard rubber. Internationally used materials Different variety of materials is used in the handcart or street cleaning cart. Steel thermoplastic and hard rubber are commonly used materials. 6.1.1.4.3 Ergonomics factors Ergonomic factors like weight. Handhold height, wheels and caster specification and ergonomics of cleaning tools are considered in street cleaning cart. On the other hand local hand cart lags in ergonomics. 6.1.1.4.4Waste storing capacity Storing capacity of local cart Local cart has not very much waste storing capacity. Waste capacity is less as compared to internationally used carts due to its waste containing part height Storing capacity of international cart Storage capacity of street cleaning cart and hand carts are greater than local handcarts. Storage capacity of single bin cart is 30-4o kg and for double bin is cart 80-90 kg. 6.1.1.5 Questionnaire analysis Questionnaire technique is carried to know the street cleaning cart need in our society. It is important to know the opinion of street sweepers about existing tools equipment and handcarts. 6.1.1.5.1 Objectives of questionnaire main objectives of questionnaire are to Know Street sweepers opinion about existing carts used in our society to Get user response about new introduced features in the handcarts. 6.1.1.5.2 Questionnaire &results Below given graphs show the necessary information that I have collected from the different group of peoples. 6.1.1.5.2.1 Equipment used for cleaning purpose This is basically to know about the frequently used cleaning equipments used by street sweepers for waste collecting because except handcarts other things also used for waste.

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Graph 6.1..5.2.7 1

Survey statistics The analysis of this question shows that handcarts are the most frequently used cleaning equipments. Wheel bin are also used for this purpose. Other activities shows that there are also other ways for waste collecting like recently introduced customized rickshaw, private persons and others. 6.1.1.5.2.2 Frequency of handcart use This question helps in estimating average household waste generation and waste bin capacity required for certain number of houses

Graph 6.1..5.2.7 2

Survey statistics this question is about the frequency of handcart use. The above graph shows that normally handcarts are used on the daily basis. Frequency of handcarts is important according to the waste storing capacity. 6.1.1.5.2.3 Existing handcart cleaning service This question helps to get necessary information about services of hand cart either they feel easy to transfer weight by using it or not.

Graph 6.1..5.2.7 3

Survey statistics 36

Graph shows that street cleaners using wheel bin feel ease to transfer waste as it do not become heavy. On other hand wheel bin is also proffered by street sweepers as waste is not scattered in the streets and roads. To the nearest waste collecting point. It is common observation that waste scatters in the streets due to low height of its waste containing part. 6.1.1.5.2.4 Cleaning tools and disinfectant This question is about to gather necessary information about cleaning tools and chemicals used for the outdoor cleaning purposes. Cleaning chemicals are majorly required for cleaning liter bins or small plastic waste containers.

Graph 6.1.1.5.2 4

Survey statistics Statistical data about the cleaning chemicals used for outdoor cleaning purpose shows that Phenyl is most commonly used chemical used in our society. The reason of using phenyl is that it is commonly available disinfectant 6.1.1.5.2.5 Weight factor of handcart This question is about to know the average street sweepers response about weight of handcart when it is empty and filled. Opinions of street sweepers on the weight of the handcart are shown by graph.

Graph 6.1.1.5.2.5

Survey statistics Weight of our local hand cart is 35kg.its waste container part has capacity to collect 15-18 kg of waste which can be increased to 30-35 kg with the help of wooden pieces. Street sweeper placed wooden pieces on the sides of handcart to increase its capacity/ 6.1.1.5.2.6 Storage compartment for personal equipment While performing Duty Street sweepers require gloves, uniform, shoe, garbage bag,

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Graph 6.1.1.5.2.6

water bottle and other things. These things are basic needs of street sweepers while performing their duty. Survey statistics the analysis of this question shows that in the opinion of majority of handcart users, prefer personal need items and things required while working. Personal need items include water bottles and other things of daily use 6.1.1.5.2.7 Bag for recyclable materials This question helped to find out the existing method used for recyclable materials collecting purpose. During my survey I came to know that there is no concept of proper Collection and sorting out of waste materials.

Graph 6.1.1.5.2.7

Survey statistics From the survey analysis, the need of recyclable materials is there. The recyclable materials collected by sweepers is either collect by scavenging activity or they collect it by themselves.

6.2 Suggestions
From the above given data it can be concluded that there are advantages as well as disadvantages of existing cleaning equipments used by Lahore waste management company. Majority of the street sweepers suggested that handcarts used by them should be improved in terms of its design, materials selection, ergonomics, weight and availability of personal need item so that they may feel proud in doing their duty and work efficiently to maintain a better and hygienic environment.

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39

Chapter7
7.1 Objectives of handcart

Case studies

Main objectives of the case study of the existing cleaning tools and equipments used for the cleaning purposes. Case studies include both internationally used street cleaning cart and currently used handcarts in our society.

7.2 Target group

target group for the case studies are street sweeper. Waste cart is common equipment used by street sweepers of LWMC. It is used for Household waste collection.

7.3 Local case study-handcarts

Handcarts includes following different parts 7.3.1 Parts of handcart Parts of hand cart include Waste container supporting feet small supporting feet wheel 7.3.2 Features of handcart Some important features of handcart include 7.3.2.1 Weight weight carts are made up of solid iron metal. Weight of hand cart when empty is 35kg approximately. On other hand weight of hand cart is increased up to 70 kg when filled with waste. 7.3.2.2 Dimensions 770mm(w)1070mm(L)720mm(H1) from back 770mm(w)1070mm(L)680mm(H2) from front 7.3.2.3 Handhold height hand holds of the handcarts are 720 mm higher from the ground level which is lower than the standard height required for push and pull force. 7.3.2.4 Loading capacity Loading capacity of the hand carts depends on the cleaning frequency. Loading capacity is concerned with waste generated from of houses. Loading capacity of empty handcart is four to five household. And with the help of wooden boards loading capacity increases to ten to fifteen houses. Waste containing part of handcart is 250mm high. In spite of its low height waste container its slanted design helps in carrying waste.

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7.3.2.5 Large wheels Large wheels of diameter 350mm helps in smooth movement of handcart. Hard rubber tires are very resistant to flat spot and in harsh environments. 7.3.2.5 Human ergonomics These handcarts are not ergonomically designed as their height is too low to maintain neutral human body posture. 7.3.2.6 Handhold grip handles of handcarts are just metal cylinders used for carrying waste. Hand holds size (grip diameter) and materials provide ease to worker while performing its duty 7.3.2.7 Tools sweepers use bunch mop and wooden pieces to collect waste from the roads. In addition street sweepers are provided with garbage bags of different capacity 7.3.2.7 Supporting feet Supporting feet are used to balance the overall weight of hand cart/

7.4 Manufacturing Process of Handcart

Following are the different phases of street cart manufacturing process. Handcarts are manufactured and repaired in Lahore waste management company workshops. 7.4.1 Sheet fabrication Sheet fabrication process is used for t he manufacturing of hand cart.raw material is available in the form of iron sheet (8-10guage).iron sheets are used in the manufacturing of angels of waste containing part, supporting feet and frame preparation. Sheet fabrication involves angels formation, support and formation of waste container. 7.4.2 Waste containing part manufacturing Metal sheet of less thickness (15 gauge) is used in the preparation of waste containing part. Metal sheets are bend to required shape with the help of press machining. After press machining angels are welded around it. 7.4.3 Handcart frame preparation Frame of handcart is prepared by bending the iron angels according to standard frame of handcart. Standard shape of the frame of handcart is shown in fig. Handcart frame is joint with handcarts waste container with the help of gas or electric welding. Damage parts of handcarts are also welded. 41
Figure 28 sheet fabrication

Figure 29 handcart frame manufacturing

7.4.4 Other parts joining some of the parts like wheels, axels, handles are supplied to Lahore waste workshops. Private vendors are paid for the preparation of these parts. Front and rear supporting feet are attached to the handcart body. Finally the wheels are welded with handcarts 7.4.5 Handcart repairing The workshop visited for the case study of hand carts also work for the maintenance and repairing handcarts. Handcart repairing includes replacement of handcart parts i-e wheels. Supporting feet etc. During then visit to repairing workshops I came to know the different methods for the repairing of hand cart. Handcarts are repaired by welding, forging(to reshape the deformed frame of the handcarts 7.4.6 Painting process End product is painted in the after manufacturing and repairing process. 7.4.7 Advantages of handcart Large wheel size helps it in moving through uneven and rough surfaces. Supporting feet of handcart are beneficial to maintain a specific level of waste at the slop. Repairing and maintenance is easy. 7.4.8 Disadvantages Weight of empty handcart is 35kg.its weight becomes almost Figure 31painted handcart double when filled with waste which reduces the overall efficiency of user. It lacks in separate compartment for recyclable materials. It is not suitable to operate for a long time .There is no separate compartment for the personal things of worker i-e gloves, uniform, garbage bag. It is not suitable for proper waste transfer. Waste scatters in the streets and road due to its low waste container height. Hand hold of the handcart is not suitable according to the anthropometric data of every user.
Figure 30final assembled handcart

7.5 Street cleaning carts (international)

There two main types of street cleaning cart. Cleaning cart with removable waste bin Cleaning cart with non detachable waste bin (fixed liter bin) 7.5.1 Basic objective Single space liner cleaning trolley is used for the waste collection. It is used to collect liter, waste generated from commercial and residential areas, leaf and recyclable materials. Some of the important features of single space liner street cleaning cart are mentioned here

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7.5.2 Specifications Height: 970mm Width: 630mmd Length: 1340mm Weight: 42kg Capacity: 100ltr container Pneumatic wheels:300mm diameter 7.5.3 Materials of cart Coated stainless steel frame Durapol (Durapol material is a polymer formulated to withstand extremes of temperature. It is self colored and will not chip or rust and never needs painting) Operators box is made up of duraplus. Hard rubber tire Chrome coated stainless steel frame 7.5.4 Parts of cleaning cart single liner cleaning cart have following parts 7.5.4.1 Removable waste bin it has removable street cleaning cart waste bucket of capacity 100 liter waste. Waste bin has drain holes to remove rain water 7.5.5 Operator box It has separate lockable compartment for the recyclable materials and personal things of user. 7.5.6 Tool holder tool holder or tool kit is important for holding necessary tools like broom, garbage tongue, shovel etc. the whole molded front of cleaning cart is used to store cleaning tools And can be removed for the easy cleaning.
Figure 33 operators box Figure 32 single space liner cart

7.5.7 Extra options single liner cleaning cart has following extra features as compared to common street cleaning cart pneumatic tires Operator's box divider. Collection container divider. Extra sack rings. Sack hook for easy transport of full refuse sacks. break unit 43

Figure 34locking lever for wheels

7.5.8 Casters and pneumatic tires small castors on the front of the cleaning cart are beneficial for its smooth movement. 7.5.9 Form and function Form of cleaning cart is important for transfer of waste. It is more modified form of 5cleaning cart in which waste circular bins or sack was used for the waste container. Form and shape of cleaning cart is beneficial in carrying out more waste as compared to Figure 35 container divider other cleaning carts. 7.5.10 Advantages Street cleaning carts are more functional than handcarts used in our society. The Cleaning equipments are also incorporated in the design. Each part of street cleaning cart is easy separated in the design The Design of cleaning cart makes it suitable for the proper transfer of waste. Duraplus and durapol is suitable for its durability. 7.5.11 Disadvantages On the other one of the drawbacks of single liner bin cleaning cart is its weight (42 kg empty). Handhold angel of the cleaning cart is such that it is above the standard height and it disturbs the natural human body posture. Single liner cleaning cart is not suitable to move for long distances due to its weight. 7.5.12 Conclusion Street cleaning cart is improved form of handcart. Separate compartment for the recyclable materials, garbage bags, and personal belongings of user makes it easier while performing their duty. Conversely when more things that are ignored in street cleaning cart is hand height. Ergonomics of pushing and pulling is very important. Handles of street cleaning carts are either low (in case of handcarts) or high than average height.

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7.6 Case study-wheel bin (local)

Local case study include waste collecting wheel bin. 7.6.1 Wheel bin Waste containers are also used for the waste collection. Waste containers used by the containers are the alternative of hand carts used in the low income areas. Waste containers used by the sweepers come in different capacity depending upon the. cleaning frequency. 7.6.2 Features Some important features of wheel bin are 7.6.2.1 Dimensions Waste bins are available in the different sizes. One of the most common sizes of waste bin include Outer dimension are L (30) H (4l)W(18) Inner Dimensions OF Waste Bin L (22) H(24)W(18) handhold length (250mm)

Figure 36 wheel bin at mall road Lahore

7.6.2.2 Loading capacity loading capacity is actually volume of the waste carried out by waste bin. 7.6.2.3 Material waste bin are generally made up of medium density polyethylene or thermoforming material 7.6.2.4 Tools used with waste bin generally workers are provided with bunch broom and wooden pieces for carrying humps of waste 7.6.2.5 Holding handle holding handle makes it easy for the street sweeper to move. 7.6.2.6 Wheel diameter 5 inch diameter wheels are used to move the waste bin. The wheels used in the waste bin are not of good quality and makes it difficult for the worker to move the bin 7.6.2.7 Problems in the design Following are some problems in the existing waste equipments used in Lahore. 7.6.2.8 Personal belongings the waste bin lags in carrying personal belongings of the sweeper. Belonging includes workers uniform, Water bottle, Waste bags etc

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7.6.2.9 Separate compartments Existing handcarts do not have separate compartment for different waste items. 7.6.2.10 small wheels wheels are comparatively small size to overcome road or surface friction 7.6.3 Manufacturing process of wheel bin Wheel bins of Lahore waste management is manufactured on the privates sector. One of the mist famous wheel bin manufacturers of wheel bin in Lahore is super tuff company located at the G.T road Lahore 7.6.3.1 Wheel bin manufacturers in Lahore polycon is one of famous manufacturers of the plastic items like waste containers, wheel bins and water tank under the brand name supper tuff. Most commonly manufactured items of supper tuff include hanging bins, wheel bins, trash bins, and waste container. To obtain suitable information I interviewed general manager of sales and marketing polycon Pakistan limited who explained about the manufacturing process of wheel bin

7.4 Manufacturing process

Figure 37 polycon head office

There are two types of manufacturing processes used by polycon. One is open flame molding and rotational molding. Polycon manufacturers are using rotational molding process for the manufacturing of wheel bin. 7.6.4.1 Rotational molding In rotational molding process cold mold is filled with the correct weight of a powdered plastic resin. The mold is placed in an oven and rotated simultaneously about two perpendicular axes. During this stage, a uniform layer of resin is deposited on the inside of the mold and the resin fuses together. The mold is then cooled while continuing to rotate. After cooling, the part is removed from the mold and more resin is added to repeat the cycle.
Figure 38 rotational molding process 7.6.4.2 Raw materials Granular Polyethylene is used as a raw material .polyethylene is used in pure form. Other materials are also used along with polyethylene to produce different colored products.raw material is first blended with the color grains of other materials. After blending, materials is melted and extruded in the forms of long wires. Theses wires are again cutted and used as raw material in rotational molding.

7.6.4.3 Materials selection (high density, cross link polyethylene) Materials selection is standard criteria of super tuff before manufacturing wheel bins. Some common types of materials that are usually used are polyethylene, nylon and polyvinyl 46

chloride, High density and cross link structure of polyethylene is used by polycon.It is used due to its excellent chemical rsistance, high dent resistance, durability, light weight and economics. 7.6.4.4 Die sizes Different types of dies are used for the manufacturing.die sizes of hanging bins, milk containers and waste buckets are smaller as compared to water storage tanks. 7.6.4.5 Stages of rotational molding process Rotational molding is a three-stage, no-pressure, plastic molding process. During the heating stage, the mold slowly rotates in two planes (bi-axial rotation). Heat transfer causes the plastic charge inside the mold to melt and uniformly coat the interior of the mold. During the second stage, the mold moves to the cooling station, Spray. In the final load or unload stage, the part is removed from the mold and a new charge of material is loaded into the mold. Three two arms rotational molding process is used by the polycon. 7.6.4.6 Heating Station Sui gas is used as heating source for the raw material. Rotational molding ovens are fired by natural gas, using blowers to distribute heat throughout the chamber. Other fuel sources can also be used for the heating purpose. Normal oven temperature of rotational molding. is 270-400 Celsius. 7.6.4.7 Cooling station Cool station provides forced air for initial cooling. Water is used for cooling molds and the part of specimen. 7.6.4.8 Types of molds used in rotational molding The most common type of molds are cast aluminum, fabricated aluminum, fabricated steel and stainless steel. Super tuff use fabricated stainless steel mold as they cost effective. Molds of all plastic items are different in sizes. 7.6.4.9 Products manufactured by rotational molding at super tuff Products ranging from 2.5kg material capacity to 225kg are manufactured. These products include water tanks, hanging bins, waste bins, wheel bins, milk container and buckets.Wheel bins are used by the Lahore waste management corporation .They are also extensively used in the hospitals, gardens, public places etc. Wheel bin are manufactured in parts. Wheel bin lid is manufactured separately by injection molding whereas bin is Figure 39wheel bin manufactured by the rotational molding process. Hanging bin are also manufactured by polycon. Hanging bins are used in the public places. Hanging bin capacity ranges from 30to 40 liters. The waste bin contains a holder, Which can be attached by a metal strip to any pole, bar, light, Stop etc.The metal strip is not a part of the product. Waste bucket is second important product produced by polcon.Waste 47

baskets are generally made of plastic or metal. The type of material often dictates the style. Polyethylene is commonly used materials. Colored resins are used along with the polyethylene to give it different colours. Waste buckets are produced in different sizes. 7.6.4.10 Advantages of rotational molding rotational molding is proffered on other manufacturing process due to its Low Equipment and Tooling Costs. Uniform Wall Thickness on Parts. Low Resin Waste Rates. Economic for both Small and Large Productions
Figure 40hanging bin

7.7 Wheel bin (international)

Case study of internationally used waste bin includes

Figure 41waste buckets

7.7.1 Basic objectives WBD(wheelie bin direct ) is one of the largest waste bin manufacturers. Two wheel and four wheel bin are manufactured with the variation in the design features and materials selection. The property of the materials used in production is important to give the product great resistance and lightness, incorporating such important. Materials used in wheel bin has benefits such as maximum resistance to low-weight loading, easy to handle, easy to clean, incorporated into the body, resistant to bad weather and acid or alkaline solutions, fungi, bacteria, washing Detergents and adapts perfectly to different types of selective collection such as glass, paper and tins. Some of the Figure 42 WBD waste bin important key features of wheel bin are 7.7.2 Features of wheel bin some of the important features are 7.7.2.1 Accessories of wheel bin Accessories of wheel bin include Paper slots Manual or slam locks Can ports Gravity locking Glass ports Towing attachments Secondary inner lid Central braking system Lid opening pedal

Figure 43 lid locking feature in WBD bin

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7.7.2.2 Polymer components Wheel bins are manufactured by Injection molded from specially designed HDPE (high density polyethylene) Resistant to decay, frost, heat and chemicals. Special UV stabilizers used in provide excellent ageing characteristics. 7.7.2.3 Dimension Size of wheel bin varies depending upon the design of bins. Bin Capacity( liter ) height width 94 1450 915 72 1410 915 Table 5 dimensions of wheel bin

depth 915 772

7.7.2.4 Material Steel and plastic are the two main types of the materials that are commonly used. Plastic bin are made up by injection molding process and Material selection of waste bin is important as waste bin is usually operated in harsh environments. Thermoplastic (high density polyethylene)is commonly used for the wheel bin. Galvanized stainless steel is used in the four wheel bins that are used for the clinical purposes. It is used to due to its corrosion resistance. 7.7.2.5 Holding handle option there is option of side handles in four wheel bins. Whereas handhold for moving the wheel bin is at top of the bin 7.7.2.6 Lid locking system lid locking system is also available to store personal items. 7.7.2.7 Wheel diameter Diameter of wheel bin varies depending upon the use of wheel. Diameter of wheels is larger for the wheel bins used for outdoor purposes.

7.8 User group

wheel bin are used for waste collection by street sweepers. It can also be used in the indoor environment.

7.9Advantages
Wheel bins are easy to use and provides all advantages to do work more efficiently.

7.10Disadvantage
there are no separate compartments for recyclable materials and wheels materials damage is common problem in it.

7.11 Conclusion
Case studies about the street cleaning carts, handcarts and wheel bins has helped to make out conclusion that there is no concept of street cleaning cart in Pakistan. Handcarts and 49

wheel bins are most commonly used waste collecting purposes in Lahore. Handcarts and wheel bins used for waste collecting are not manufactured according to its functional requirements. Therefore there is need to improve the functional requirements of waste collecting equipments to make suitable for street sweepers while performing their duty.

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Chapter 8

Design considerations

Design considerations of Street cleaning cart will include all primary and functional requirements of street cleaning equipment. Based on the conclusion deducted from case studies of local and international waste equipment, following are the different design considerations that I will include in my design.

8.1 Dimensions of street cleaning cart

Dimension of street cleaning cart provides information about every part. It is important to know the complete detail about the product before designing it. It will also include specific heights of street cleaning cart so that it is easy to use. Handhold height of cleaning cart will be considered. .Dimensions of proposed design of cleaning cart is given below

Figure 44 dimension of proposed design (front and back view) Figure 45(b) dimension of proposed design (side elevation and plan)

8.1.1 Human ergonomics and proposed design Different ergonomic factors are considered in designing street cleaning cart .handhold height of is between elbow and waste height of average height of the street sweeper. The handle height above the elbow and below the waste affects the worker performance.

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Other factor is knee clearance. Proposed design provides more than 470 mm knee clearance to the worker. Knee clearance provides easy walk to the worker.

Figure 46 human ergonomics and proposed design

8.1.2 Handle design Handle design includes shape, grip size and length of cleaning cart handle. Handle Provide grip between 190 mm200cm.

Figure 47 cleaning cart handle hold details

8.2 Design and function Design and function of street cleaning cart are very close to each other. Design of street cleaning cart includes shape of liter, frame structure, shape of bucket for recyclable materials. . Functional requirements of street cleaning cart will also include handhold type, Handhold grips, tool kit for cleaning tools etc. Design of street cleaning cart is related to its stability. There are two main possible designs of street cleaning cart. One is street cleaning cart with portable waste bin bucket that can be removed from the frame structure. On the other hand, there is no collection container separation in the cleaning cart.

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8.3 Material selections

Material selection is important for every part of street cleaning cart. Different types of materials that I will incorporate in my design will include medium density polyethylene for recyclable bucket. 8.3.1 Frame structure Materials selection is important for the frame structure as it affects cleaning cart weight, rigidity and durability. The frame structure of cleaning cart is made up of hollow stainless steel pipes. Hollow stainless steel pipes are used as they provide good support, strength and light weight too.

Figure 48 cleaning cart frame (3 dimensional and exploded view)

8.3.2 Cleaning cart body Steel sheet of 24guage (0.501mm) is used in cleaning cart body. 8.3.3 Liter bin Proposed design of cleaning cart contains two polyethylene liter bins of 30 liter capacity and one small liter bin of 15 liter capacity.

Figure 49 liter bin of cleaning cart

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8.3.4 Operator box and liter bin cover lid Operator box and liter bin cover lid are made up of fiber glass.

Figure 50 liter bin and operator box cover

8.3.5 Base supporting sheet Perforated stainless steel sheet is used as supporting sheet. Perforated stainless steel provides ease in cleaning debris or waste and removal of waste water when reacquired. 8.4.1Bucket for recyclable material Proposed design of street cleaning cart will include bucket for recyclable material or fabric bag. 8.4.2 Storage compartment for personal use items (operator box) Proposed design contains separate compartment for the personal use items for the worker. It is beneficial for the worker to keep its personal use items Including water bottles,mask, Gloves, uniform etc.

Figure 51 operator box details

8.4.5 Handhold grips Handhold grips of street cleaning cart are made up of polyfoam(polysuede)

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8.4.6 Liter bin cover design will include liter bin cover to make product aesthetically pleasing. 8.4.7 Large wheel large wheels are required for heavy load transfer on rough surfaces. 8.5 Parts specifications of proposed design Specifications of different parts of street cleaning cart is important to study before designing a street cleaning cart. 8.5.1 Large wheels Cleaning trolley weight is usually more than 70kg.wheels with diameter more than 200mm under the load of waste is usually preferred for outdoor environments. Wheels or castors of small diameters (125mm) are preferred for short distances. 8.5.2 Material of wheels Polyurethane or hard rubber tires for street cleaning cart is used in the proposed design. Hard materials are commonly used for hard and rough surfaces. Harder tires are generally noisier and cannot be used across a variety of surfaces. Therefore pneumatic tires of large diameters will be used in the proposed design as cleaning trolley is used with excessive load on the variety of surfaces.

Figure 52 cleaning cart wheels

8.5.3 Tool kit holder or clutches Proposed design will include tool kit or clutches for holding cleaning tools that are required.

Figure 53 clutches for cleaning tools

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8.5.4 Brake unit brake unit is reacquired to restrict forward and backward motion of street cleaning cart. Brake unit is normally reacquired in cleaning cart which contain large waste bin.

Figure 54 cart brake system(locking and unlocking)

8.5.5Base sheet

Base sheet of 3mm thick stainless steel is used in the cart. Base sheet details are explained below

Figure 55 cleaning cart base sheet

8.5.6 Front opening Proposed design has front opening. 56

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8.6 Cleaning tools

Cleaning tool includes length adjustable broom Garbage tongue Scoop design Chemicals for cleaning purposes

8.8 Service area

Besides considering different design parameters of proposed design, it is important to define the service area of cleaning cart. Service area of street cleaning cart depends upon the waste carrying capacity of street cleaning cart. Existing designs of handcarts have capacity to collect waste (30 to 35kg) generated from 10 to 15 household have Therefore a street cleaning cart with bin capacity 30 to 40kg can serve 15 to 20 household approximately. Average waste generated from each household is calculated by waste generated per individual in a household 8.8.1 Use of street cleaning cart in waste disposal plan 8.8.1.1 Door to door waste collection In proposed plan street cleaning cart is required for the door to door waste collection. 8.8.1.2Sweeping and collection of waste. Street cleaning cart will be used for Street sweeping and waste collecting from household. 8.8.1.3 Recyclable materials recyclable materials collected from roads and streets will be collected in proposed design and transferred to recycling plant or collecting site.

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Below given the flow chart shows the use of street cleaning cart in the waste disposal plan.
Figure 56 need of street cleaning cart in waste disposal plan

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Design development Initial ideas

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_molding http://www.gripworks.com/tuffoam-grips.htm 60

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5373328_properties-galvanized-steel.html www.rf-syscon.de/english/Images.../DL_2_4_Rad_Web_GB.pdf http://www.glasdon.com/Product_Spec.aspx?pID=1716&h=False http://www.statefundca.com/safety/ErgoMatters/Carts.asp http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr228.pdf urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap11.pdf http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/esf/bins.htm http://www.kingswoodpeople.co.uk/news/spend-pound-20-boxes-cardboard-tidy/story10375248-detail/story.html http://wastecart.posterous.com/ http://www.gripworks.com/stock-hand-grips.htm

Annexure Q 1-Daily user of handcart? Q2 -how often you perform cleaning or sweeping activity in a week? Q3 - what is your cleaning area? Q4 - which cleaning equipment you use for waste collecting purpose? Q5 - what is weight of handcart (loaded/unloaded)? Q6 - Do the handcart becomes heavy when filled with waste? Q7 - which is more suitable for waste transfer? Q8 - Do you feel comfortable with the hand holds of handcart while waste transferring? Q9 - do you collect recyclable materials like glass, metals, bottle and newspaper while waste collecting? If yes then by which method? 61

Q10 - Do you think there is need of recyclable bag for collecting recyclable materials? Q11- personal things like uniform, shows and gloves are sometimes required on duty? Q12 - waste collecting tools are required on duty Q13- which tool you use for waste collecting purpose? Q14 - Do you think handhold height of handcart or wheel bin is suitable to moving it easily? Q15-Supporting feet of handcart helpful to maintain the waste level at uneven surfaces? Q16- Waste is sometimes scattered on the road due to low height of waste collecting container of handcart? Q17 -which chemical you use for cleaning debris or waste from cleaning equipments?

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