Se 4 Textbook Ch 1: Managing Peace and Security: Regional and International Conflicts MIDDLE-EAST Made up of parts of: northern Africa,

south-west Asia, south-east Europe Largest population: Arabs Smallest group: Turks, Kurds Main Religion: Islam Other Religions: Christianity, Judaism Richest countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait (oil reserves) Gulf States: oil-producing countries around Persian Gulf OPEC: aim : to stabilize oil prices How? Control amount of oil that its members can produce Suez Canal: *strategic waterway that links Europe to Middle East and Asia *important trade route for transporting goods and oil to other parts of the World Historical Relationship between Iraq and Kuwait Iraq and Kuwait: former British colonies Kuwait independence?: 1961 Problem: Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait and sent troops to claim Kuwait in 1961 1963: Kuwait paid large sums of money to Iraq yet Iraq used military power to threaten Kuwait over border disputes 1980s: Iran-Iraq War: Kuwait provided Iraq with a loan Why? Due to national self-interest Why Relationship Worsened? 1. Economic Problems in Iraq *Iraq inflicted massive losses after Iran-Iraq War. *post-war reconstruction required US$23 billion 2. Oil Production * oil prices dropped due to over-production *OPEC: set a quota *Kuwait and UAE (united Arab Emirates ignored quota and produced oil above given limit) *RESULT: a. Iraq list revenue b. Iraq angered by Kuwait and UAE actions 3. Dispute over Territory

*Iraq and Kuwait inherited borders from Britain PROBLEM: borders not well-defined *Rumaila Oilfield: ISSUE: oil drilling (slant drilling) *Bubiyan and Warbah Islands: ISSUE: Iraq did not accept Kuwaits ownership of these 2 islands Mediation? Arab League: *to get Kuwait to produce oil according to OPEC quotas *called for dialogue between Iraq and Kuwait to discuss outstanding territorial issues RESULT: mediation failed because Iraq and Kuwait could not agree on territorial demands OUTCOME: 2 August 1990: Iraq invaded Kuwait Why Iraq invaded Kuwait? 1. Official Reason * to free Kuwait from its ruling power 2. Saddam Hussein Leadership *situation in Iraq shaky: a) Prices of basic necessities increased sharply b) strong Iraqi army could turn against Saddam Hussein 3. Misreading US position *Saddam thought that Americans were sympathetic to Iraqs situation Reaction to Invasion 1. Fear of Iraqi dominance * with invasion of Kuwait, Iraq was closer to the Saudi Arabia border. Therefore it would have access to cast amounts of oil RESULT: a) increasing tension and suspicion in the region b) creating problems for the world economy 2. Arab solution *Arab League condemned Iraqi action *League unable to effectively deal with the crisis 3. American Response *the American response came in response to Saudi request *Operation Desert Storm: a coalition: to defend Saudi Arabia and get Iraq out of Kuwait 4. International Response

*US condemned Iraqis actions *UN Security Council demanded immediate Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait *Economic and Military sanctions were placed on Iraq

Was the use of force the only way to get Iraq out of Kuwait? 1. Iraq response to diplomatic attempts *Arab leaders called for resolution to conflict * Iraq agreed to withdraw from Kuwait but refused to allow ruling government back into power *Saddam grew unhappy with Arab Leagues vote to condemn his actions RESULT: a) Saddam annexed Kuwait b) took Westerners in Kuwait as hostages BUT: as the western coalition troops grew, Saddam was willing to discuss withdrawal from Kuwait, but with conditions *Americans refused to accept these pre-conditions *UN gave Iraq deadline: 11 Jan 1991 RESULT: all diplomatic attempts failed 2. Impact of Economic sanctions *Full impact could only be felt after a year or so *US felt this was too long to wait for a response from Iraq (to get out of Kuwait) *Furthermore the impact would be strong only if all UN members adhered to it RESULT: UN Security Council voted that there was a need to use force on Iraq 3. Outbreak of War * Military operations known as Operation Desert Storm began after Iraq failed to keep to the 15 January 1991 deadline Destruction in Iraq? Air command and control capability, air force, communication centres. *War officially ended when coalition forces regained Kuwait City, calling for a ceasefire. What was the impact of the conflict? 1. Impact on Kuwait *More than a 1000 Kuwaitis dies and many others tortured *Iraqis occupied homes of Kuwaitis who were forced to flee from Kuwait *Iraqi soldiers looted homes, Museums, hospitals and shops RESULTt: Kuwait not only had to sacrifice its citizens, its economy was badly affected

with 950 oil well damaged 2. Impact on Iraq Destruction of Iraqi military capability The coalition forces had destroyed almost one-third of the Iraqi war machine (prior to invasion, Iraq was one of the undisputed military powers in the Middle East) Iraqi air force was unable to provide cover for its air troops against the coalition forces state-ofthe-art weapons. RESULT: *coalition forces able to successfully carry out a sustained bombing campaign *Iraqi remaining troops suffered a loss of morale *Highway of Death: as many troops were killed in their fleeing vehicles during the allied bombing

Political instability in Iraq *Rise of a group (Kurds) going against Saddam Hussein as they believed that Saddams power would have weakened and that the coalition forces would help them *Kurds were brutally put down by the Iraqi military RESULT: many Kurds were massacred Almost 1 million Kurdish refugees fled Iraq UN passed a resolution condemning Iraqis handling of the Kurdish situation Peacekeepers sent to northern Iraq to provide safe areas for the Kurds Suffering of Iraqis *The Operation Desert Storm caused destruction of a large part of Iraqi infrastructure *Daily activities were disrupted *Diseases spread due to lack of electric supply and water contamination

3. Regional and International Impact Environmental Catastrophe *Iraq dumped millions of barrels of oil into Persian Gulf, causing an environmental catastrophe: threatened marine life, oil slick in Persian Gulf Displacement of foreign workers *Foreign workers fled Kuwait when war broke out RESULT: sudden loss of income Great suffering for their families

Was the UN successful in maintaining international peace and stability? SUCCESS: UN able to gather ints resources to deter aggression Reasons: Support of 5 permanent members of the Security Council US involvement was a crucial reason UN was able to easily form a coalition force Reason: conflict affected the interests of the countries that helped UN Gulf War was resolved in a relatively short period of time Reason: Since the aggressor involved was known, a failure in diplomacy paved the way for an attack

What is transnational terrorism? *Terms: Terrorism: a threat to all states and the people Terrorists: can strike at anytime / anywhere Transnational Terrorism: *unlawful use of force *indiscriminate violence done by internationally-linked groups *an act committed against people and properties in many different parts of the world OUTCOME: Collective action needed by nations in the world to work together to manage common enemy IS terrorism a new phenomenon? NO *In the past terrorist acts were: a. carried out by state agents or non-state organiseations b. small-scale operations What was the significance of the September 11 attacks? *victims: international community and were indiscriminate targets *well-trained and skilled terrorists able to coordinated simultaneous mass attacks * its attacks can bring on psychological and emotional impact to the world: Eg: Sept 11, 2001 attack in US What is Al-Qaeda? *An organization

*members: a network of Arab volunteers *practices: Global Terrorism *Origins arise from Osama: was rejected by Saudis when he offered to liberate occupied Kuwait RESULT: Osama carried out anti-state activities *Al-Qaeda wants to establish a global Islamic caliphate (Islamic form of government representing the political unity and leadership of the Muslim world. Why is Al-Qaeda significant? a. Al-Qaeda is the epitome of the new form of transnational terrorist organization. b. Al-Qaeda has many groups associated with it. c. It is a resilient organisation Al-Qaedas Ideology: It is rejected by Muslims and Islam as it is based on the misuse and misinterpretation of religious concepts. What is the impact of terrorism? 1. Economic impact USA * Sept 11 attack resulted in a loss of lives, property (amounting to US$40billion) *airline industry was badly affected Outcome: US government had to provide economic help to the airline industry Bali *Tourism was badly affected: tourist arrivala fell by more than 50% immediately *Government spending on security increased 2. Social Impact *creates suspicion and tension among the various ethnic and religious groups Outcome: Community Engagement Programme: to ensure that Singaporeans are better equipped to maintain social cohesion and harmony AIMS: *bring together Singaporeans from different communities to strengthen inter-communal bonds *to come up with response plans to help deal with potential communal tensions 3. Political impact *Government tightened security: border security RESULT: slowed down immigration clearance Often, measures and laws infringe on individual freedon and personal Privacy Can transnational terrorism be managed? *It is a global threat that required a concerted global effort to manage

ASEANs efforts to manage terrorism *ASEAN governments counter global terrorism through joint police and intelligence measures *ASEAN pledged to enhance information and intelligence exchange on terrorists and terrorist activities *RESULT: Success in disrupting terrorist activities in member soil International efforts to combat terrorism *UN passed resolutions: an aim was to get all member countries to freeze the financial assets pf terrorists and their supporters *Counter-Terrorism Committee: **to monitor member countries adherence to resolutions as well as to strengthen the counter-terrorism capacity of UN member states * * provide technical help to countries that require help in implementing the resolutions Have the CTC measures been effective? *more than 4000 terrorist suspects have been arrested Why is it difficult to get rid of transnational terrorism? *terrorists are able to evade security restrictions imposed by governments as well as terrorists ability to continually recruit new operatives. *terrorists able to recruit and influence people to their cause Nurturing an environment that censures terrorism *society must take a firm stand against the idea of terrorism Conclusion Countries have to work together at the regional and international level to contain the threat of transnational terrorism All religions advocate peace and harmony. It is the terrorists who miuse and distort religious teachings to justify their acts of violence.

Ch 2: Sustaining Economic Development in a Globalising World What is Globalisation? Process by which people, their ideas and their activities in different parts of the world become interconnected or integrated Key Driving Forces of Globalisation Developments in Transportation and Communications TRANSPORTATION *In 19th century: widespread use of steam engines *In 20th century: ocean-going vessels, commercial jet aircrafts, containerism Significance: greatly increased the movement of goods and people from one place to another *Efficient and integrated transportation infrastructure to facilitate movement: airports, seaports, railways, highways COMMUNICATION *Faster and more convenient communication via: telephone, electronic mail, fax, video conferencing *Satellite technology: allows for simultaneous transmitting and receiving of information *Optical Fibre systems: transmit large capacity of information at very high speed *Internet: consumers can access information more conveniently and efficiently Significance of advances in communication technology: Transnational Corporations (TNCs) can easily coordinate and control their worldwide activities Transnational Corporations (TNCs) * large global firms *operate in a number of countries *have production of service facilities outside their country of origin Why do TNCs set up their operations in different locations around the world? source for new markets lower cost of production How are worldwide operations controlled and coordinated? By the HQ in the country of origin Process to arrive at the final product? source for component from around the world assemble final product in another country Significance: economies around the world become more integrated Impact of Globalisation 1. Economic Impact Globalisation has led to:

Improvement in Standard of Living increase in income levels more revenue earned due to increased investments in a country Revenue earned used for: education, housing, health, defence and transportation Increase in lifestyle choices (ie: instead of buying local products, now have the choice to buy the same product made in other countries) Significance: people enjoy benefits, have a higher standard of living and a better quality of life Increased Competition among Nations Investment and Market TNCs: With globalization, countries face intense competition as governments compete with one another to attract the TNCs Eg: Singapores port faces competition from Malaysias port at Tanjong Pelepas Investors invest in a country: where productions costs are low incentives are offered to foreign investors Result: The country ends up having well-developed industrial infrastructure The country poses a strong challenge to other countries in the region When will investors not want to invest in a country? poor infrastructure political instability Talent The workforce has had more opportunities to find employment in a nother country due to globalisation c. Widening Income Gap between the Rich and the Poor Globalisation has brought about: rapid development in many countries as well as led to spread of poverty in other countries Developed countries: own manufacturing activities so = rapid income growth The rich in these countries continue to prosper because of better opportunities TNCs: draw investments, skilled people, resources away from poor areas and relocate them in other regions that benefit them Developing countries: face trade barriers from developed countries Unable to produce higher quality goods The poor and lowly-skilled workers in these countries: face economic uncertainties such as retrenchment Result: increasing tension between rich and poor 2. Social Impact Increased Awareness of Foreign Culture

People have become aware of different cultures HOW? Surfing the Internet, traveling, watching foreign movies Loss of Local Culture Global brands dominate consumer market in developing countries TNCs: have created a homogenous culture across the world Globalisation: led to spread of pop culture Result: influenced the youths, resulting in loss of local culture Reaction to Globalisation: people are uncomfortable with advancement of foreign culture as it is seen as the foreign culture beliefs, cultures and languages is being forced upon the rest of the world 3. Environmental Impact Natural Resources in developing countries as timber, oil and metals used up quickly Developing countries more concerned with profits and markets Result: Takes a toll on the natural environment Problem with developing countries? Unable to implement and enforce environmental regulations Environmental Degradation Deforestation and Related Problems Deforestation: * taking place at a rapid rate * to make way for development of industries, agriculture, housing and transportation *for economic activities such as forestry, mining and cattle ranching *to plant cash crops, build factories, transport facilities (Indonesia) Problems: * soil erosion *extinction of flora and fauna * increase in flooding *haze (a result of burning forest fast as it is the cheapest and easiest way) Effect of haze: not only caused environmental but also health problems and in terms of tourism

losses

Global Warming *Causes of global warming? Movement of goods via aeroplanes and ships, other modes of transportation How? Production of large quantities of greenhouse gases (fumes) such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides leads to an increase in the average global temperature c. Environmental Management

*increased awareness of environmental management *with a well-preserved environment future generation are able to use the resources to generate income Result: ability to continue to enjoy high standards of living *Energy use will increase by more than half over the next 25 years *China and India: will take up much of the energy increase due to rapid development and large-scale industrialization

How to ensure a sustainable source of energy supply? *Conservation *Alternative energy soures: wind, solar, geothermal But alternative sources of energy are costly to arrive at. Singapores Strategies to Maximize Opportunities and Overcome Challenges in a Globalizing World How are the strategies carried out? a. Diversifying the Economy Areas? *Research and Development Manufacturing Hub Education Hub Tourism Hub Singapores goal: centre for technology-intensive, high-value added manufacturing Activities egs: chemical engineering, pharmaceuticals Singapores direction? Life Sciences, attract TNCs (high value-added manufacturing) Life Sciences: How to ensure development? *Need for Research and Development, so set up A*STAR *Research institutes set up TNCs: *generates jobs *affirms Spores position as a manufacturing hub Education: *International Universities have set up branches in Spore Significance? Singapore will be able to create a strong university sector that attracts Talent

Tourism: (Service Industry) *need to keep up with competition in the region *Tourist destination building of IRs: Significance: Singapore will become a choice tourist destination in SEA and generate economic benefits b. Nurturing Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) SMEs: *important providers of jobs *Supplies TNCs with components in the manufacturing industries Result: enhances Singapores attractiveness as a. regional manufacturing hub b. service hub Problems with SMEs: a. unable to cooperate with big corporations which have more resources b. lack expertise in using advanced technology to keep operations up-to-date c. shortage of skilled professionals to manage the company (because family-run) d. lack capital to venture into overseas markets (because small domestic market) Solution: *Loan schemes where banks provide assistance *Training: regular seminars and workshops organized for members to enhance their capacity *Tax Exemption for new companies c. Venturing Abroad Regionalisation: invest in countries with abundant land and lower labour costs and new markets Country that is investing provides capital and expertise to develop Industrial parks in host countries Benefit: promotes development in the region Eg: Suzhou Industrial Park International Tech Park in Bangalore, India SingTel Groups: ventured abroad (in the region) Expanded into overseas markets Investments in over 20 countries Benefit; Ensures Singapores long-term growth Singapore has International Investments as well Overall Benefit: ensures Singapores economic growth is maintained Possible Negative Impact? With Singaporeans relocating overseas, studying abroad and choosing to live there and work there, may result in Singaporeans becoming less emotionally

rooted to Singapore d. Expanding Market Reach Through Economic Cooperation *Singapores domestic market is small *local companies have to sell their goods to a larger market to establish trade ties How to expand market reach? 1. sign Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with other countries Benefit: brings closer economic collaboration by legally binding countries 2. setting up Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Benefits: *less stringent economic laws than those in other parts of the country * uses tax and business incentives to attract foreign investments e. Managing Resources Efficiently *Singapore lacks natural resources *Have to take care of natural environment so future generations can continue to enjoy clean and green environment How to manage resources efficiently? Developing People HOW? Promoting local Entrepreneurship and Technopreneurship *Local entrepreneurs should take risks in their business ventures and come up with new products to compete with foreign countries How to promote entrepreneurship? Amend bankruptcy laws: Why? entrepreneurs who have failed can start a business again Recognising local entrepreneurs who have struggled and succeeded Promoting Continuous Learning Among the Workforce *Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) ensures that workforce remains competitive *Skills upgrading provided for workers by WDA: for new job demands and changing work environment *Skills Development Fund (SFD) provides financial assistance to employers to train and upgrade skills of their workers Attracting Foreign Talent Why? *to meet manpower needs *knowledge-based economy *brings with it overseas business contacts *creates more business opportunities and jobs in Singapore *make up for the lack of local expertise who have specialized skilled (craftsmen, artists) Managing the Environment *Environmental preservation is crucial to sustainable development

Managing Limited Land Resources *to allow for high standard facilities for housing, transportation, recreation, commerce, defence and education Benefit: *Singapore enjoys a good quality of life *Ensures Singapores sustained growth in globalising world *Land reserved to preserve natural sites *Land allocated for waste disposal Cooperation with Regional and International Organisations Regional Level: *Singapore cooperated with ASEAN on haze issue: Singapore hosted the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Haze in 1997 to discuss matters to combat the problems International Level: Singapore worked with other countries to work on global environmental problems Eg: signed agreement to phase out use of ozone-depleting substances like CFCs Public Education * people must be educated on understanding environmental protection *adopt environmental friendly ways *have a sense of responsibility *take personal interest in keeping surroundings clean *students encouraged in taking part in recycling and waste minimization programmes *shoppers encouraged: reduce excessive use of plastic bags eg: BYOBD programme