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Aimee Drolet, et al. (2002). Consumer control and empowerment: A primer. Marketing Letters, 13(3), 297. Zaltman, Gerald (1996). Metaphorically speaking. Marketing Research, 8(2), 13. Zaltman, Gerald (1997). Rethinking market research: Putting people back in. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 34(4), 424. Zimbardo, Philip G.and John N. Boyd (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of personality and social psychology, 77(6), 1271.
Latin American Advances in Consumer Research (Volume 2) / 185 Methodology Structural semiotic allows discovering the meaning of cultural codes contained in brand narratives (Floch, 1995). An observation on the POS for each brand is followed by immediate report on a grid previously conceived by the researchers with systematic analysis categories (design, style, light, colors, forms, furniture, male/female rep, itinerary, store windows...). Also, researchers use a journal with free comments. Multiple visits to a same store by different authors of the paper allow to gather a maximum of information and to operate a triangulation. It is forbidden by law to take pictures on the POS. Then, each grid is analyzed and brands discourses compared to come up with our findings. Data Our study performs a semiotic analysis of 20 brands store visuals applied to sectors related to appearance (Skincare, Fashion, Lingerie): Vuitton, Gucci, Dior, Boss, Dolce & Gabbana, Smalto, Rolex, Cartier, Philippe Patek, Dunhill, Guerlain, Nickel, Clarins, Dim, Hom, Aubade, Barbara, Chanel, Celine, Mac Brands under study are leaders on their specific. We selected brands only for men, only for women, and brands for both men and women to analyze a wide variety of gender brands discourses. Major Findings Semiotic brand analysis on the POS display different discourses addressed to male shoppers: traditional masculine themes vs feminine, undifferentiated masculine and feminine codes (androgynous) and finally new masculine codes. We deeply explore the meaning of each of them and the way they give an account of brands evolving masculine rep today. Yet, we found out that the majority of brands still emphasize a traditional masculinity on the POS clashing with mass media new masculine rep (ads, magazines, web site). Then, some territories of communication are left empty by brands on the POS when dealing with masculine rep. The authors suggest that the media discourse might always been advanced when dealing with new values. Also, postmodern values are rising but are still not dominant. Brands seem to hesitate applying them to all of their customers. Concluding comments The paper is consistent with previous research that emphasizes male resistance to new brand discourses on masculinity that upset traditional masculine rep. Our study reveals that most brands take into account social fears expressed by male consumers when dealing with communication on the POS. Even brands that display very new media/ advertising discourses on masculinity follow a prudent retailing communication. Then, we address a lack in the literature as regard to masculinity and retailing. However, the paper also anticipates innovative communication territories crucial to brands managers that target male consumers specifically on the POS/store. Limits Future research should explore more deeply the reason of such a difference between brands communication on the POS and brands ads/media discourses as regard to masculinity. References Caru, Antonella, Bernard Cova, and Elisabeth Tissier-Desbordes (2004), Consumerscapes as Enclaves of Masculinity, ACR Conference on Gender, Marketing and Consumer Behaviour, Madison, Wisconsin, June 24-27. Elliott, Richard and Christine Elliott (2005) Idealized images of the male body in advertising: a reader-response exploration, Journal of Marketing Communications, Vol 11. N1, 3-19. Greimas, Algirdas J. et Courte?s (1986) Se?Hachette, Tome 2. Floch, J-M (2000/ 1995), Visual Identities, London, Continuum International Publishing Group Floch, J-M (2001/ 1990), Semiotics, Marketing and Communication. Beneath the Signs, the Strategies. Houndmills: Palgrave. Holt, Douglas B and Craig J. Thompson (2004). Man-of-Action Heroes: The Pursuit of Heroic Masculinity in Everyday Consumption, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol 31(2): 425. Kimmel, Allan J. and Elisabeth Tissier-Desbordes (2000), Masculinity and Consumption: A Qualitative Investigation of French and American Men, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Gender and Marketing, Schroeder, J. & C. Otnes (eds.), Association for Consumer Research, Chicago, 23-24, June 2000, 1-17. Otnes, Cele C. and Mary A. McGrath (2001), Perceptions and realities of male shopping behavior. Journal of Retailing, 77, 111-137. Ourahmoune, Nacima and Simon Nyeck (forthcoming), Gender Values and Brand Communication: The transfer of masculine representations to brand narratives, European Advances in Consumer Research, Vol VIII. Patterson, Maurice and Richard Elliott (2002) Negotiating Masculinities: Advertising and the inversion of the male gaze, Consumption Markets and Culture, vol 5, 231-246. Rinallo, Diego (2007) Metro/Fashion/Tribes of men: Negotiating the boundaries of mens legitimate consumption, chapter 6 in Consumer Tribes, edited by Bernard Cova, Rob Kozinets and Avi Shankar. Schroeder, Jonathan E. and Detlev Zwick (2004) Mirrors of Masculinity: Representation and Identity in Advertising Images Consumption, Markets and Culture, March, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21-52.