Major Project (Alok)

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE
FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

------Major Project (Building Project) Report 2011-2012-----Page No
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted by Mr. Alok Chandra Joshi student of the final year Civil Engineering of this polytechnic carried out this dissertation and concerned gadget under my guidance and supervision. This is did in partial fulfillment for the award of three year diploma in Civil Engineering awarded by Uttarakhand Board of Technical Education. During work, his behavior was good and I wish him all the success in life.
B.B.Bali Date:.. Place: Head of Department Civil Engineer

CERTIFICATE
It is certify that the project entitled Construction of a single Storey Type Three Bed Room Set, has been prepared under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Uttarakhand Board of technical Education for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering and its own work of the student.
Date: Place:..
Mr. D.C.Chauhan (Lecturer) (Deppt. Of Civil Engg.)
Miss. Madhu Nautiyal (Asst. Lecturer) (Deppt. Of Civil Engg.)

APPROVAL
I affirm that the project work titled, Construction of a single Storey Type Three Bed Room Set being submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Diploma in civil Engineering is the original work carried out by me.
It has not formed the part of any other project work submitted for award of any degree or diploma, either in this or any other University.
Signature of the Candidate Name:. Civil Engineering Govt Polytechnic Dehradun
This Project Report has been completely drafted by .. Under my guidance. He have put in complete effort towards preparing this

Project Report and I confirm that it is complete and original in all respect. I certify that the declaration made above by the candidate is true.
Date of Approval
Signature S.K.GARBYAL (Lecturer in civil engineering)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To Design and Estimate a project is very laborious work which no student could been complete without taking any help from the experienced person of the profession. Acknowledgement with gratitude that the valuable guidance rendered at even odd hours by Shri B.B.Bali, Head of Department Civil Engineering.
I am much thankful to MR. D.C. Chauhan and Miss. Madhu Nautiyal, Lecturer Civil Engg. Of our polytechnic.
I am also thankful to my friends.
FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGG. B.M. GROUP OF COLLEGE DEHRADUN (U.K.)

PREFACE
The Project is essential feature pre-requisite requirement for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering this year. We were asked to prepare a project. This project is given by Uttarakhand Board of Technical Education. This brief project report wraps all the necessary information regarding the project, detailed specification, etc. are attached with this report.
This detailed estimate of the building has been prepared and the analysis of rates based on the latest PWD schedule of rates. I tried my best to make the project successful, but even the there may be some mistakes, I beg pardon for that. I am heartily thankful to my respected teachers and all my friends for their guidance and valuable help in completing this project.
FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGG. GOVT. POLYTECHNIC DEHRADUN (U.K.)

CO-WORKERS

INDEX
Building Project. Introduction Necessity Of Project.. Project Problem. Building Of Law Layout Specification. Notation. Designing... Schedule of Bars Units Of Measurement Schedule Of Rate Cartage Analysis Of Rate. Estimating And Costing.. Abstract Of Cost. Project Report. Bibliography Drawing The End

INTRODUCTION
Main requires different types of building for his activities : houses, bungalows and flats for his living: hospitals and health centres for his health; schools, colleges and universities for his education, banks, shops, offices, buildings and factories for doing work, railway building, bus stations and air terminals for transportation, clubs, theatres and cinema house, temple, mosques, dharmshalas etc, for worship. Each type of the above buildings has its own requirements. The above building activities are an in portant indicator of the countrys social progress.
House, bungalows, flats, huts etc provide shelter to man. The first hut with bamboos and leaves can be taken as the first civil engineering construction carried out to satisfy the needs for a shelter. Before that, caves were his early abode. The history of development of housing facilities reveals that man has been moulding his environment throughout ages for more comfortable living.

Egyptians constructed hugs pyramids. The greens developed a style of proportions of building elements, there propositions are known as the orders of Architecture. Romans developed arches for vaults and domes. They used pozolona sand, mortar, plaster and concrete. During the gathic period of architecture churches with pointed arches and the side supporting masonry walls, vaults were constructed. The arched ribs were supported by stone pillars strengthened by buttresses. There structures led to the idea of framed structures.
The period from 1750 A.D. onwards in known as the period of modern Architecture. Due to economic pressure, after the war and due to industrial development, many new methods and materials of construction were developed. The use of reinforcement concrete construction triggered the rapid development of modern architecture. Functional, structural components such as columns, chajjas, cantilever, R.C.C. slabs become increasingly popular because of the increased speed in construction. Use of plywood, glass, decorative etc., helped the designers to make the new structures look more elegant. The main considerations in Architectural design of buildings for all purposes are as follows:-

a) Climate and its effect. b) People and their requirements. c) Materials for construction and method of construction. d) Regulations and bye-laws of sanctioning authority.
Types of Buildings:a) Group A : b) Group B : c) Group C : d) Group D : e) Group E : f) Group F : g) Group G : h) Group H : i) Group I : Residential Building Educational Building Institutional Building Assembly Building Business Building Industrial Building Mercantile Building Storage Building Hazardous Building

Components of a building
A building has two basic parts:I. II. Sub Structures or foundation Superstructure
Sub Structures or foundation is the lower part of the building usually located below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the super structure to the supporting soil. Superstructure is that part of structure which is above ground level, And which serves the purpose of its intended use. A part of the superstructure, located between the ground level and floor level is known as plinth. A Building has main following components:a) Foundations b) Masonry units : walls and columns c) Floor structures d) Roof structures e) Doors, windows and openings f) Building finishes

MEANING OF PROJECT
Before taking up any work we should have to understand the meaning of work. Our work is make a project, therefore the meaning of the project is as follows:-
P for PLANNING:Before starting any work we should have to do planning of the work. In this divide the whole work in small stages and find the stages, which are inter depend on each. So that we can complete our work in more efficiency, in shorter span of time and also economical.
R for RESOURCES:The availability of resources is very much needed necessity to work.

O for OPERATION:A work involver many operation in its stages of completion one should have to know the proper operation required at each stages.
J for JOINT EFFORTS:The join efforts of the people who are responsible the work can only take the work to the path of successful completion.
C for COMMUNICATION:To complete work effectively there should be no communication gap between the concerned workers and also between the worker managers.
T for TECHNIQUE:The way and process by which we take out the favorable result to form the work is called technique.

BUILDING BYE LAWS
There are regulations and bye laws which are framed by Indian standard and issued of booklet. IS 1256-1967 is the code of building bye laws which is followed in India and all the constructions are regulated according to its provision municipalities and they may also laid down their own regulation to their local requirements but they are also laid in line with the provision of IS code 1256-1967 with little but modification. The building bye laws lay down provision with respect to the following.
1. Maximum Covered Area:S.N. CLASSIFICATION OF AREA OF PLOT PLOT COVERED PERMISSIBLE OF PLOT AREA AREA
1. 2. 3. 4.
Type A Type B Type C Type D
7-100 501-1000 201-500 1-200
33 40 50 60 Some local bodies in town allow coverage of pilot

2. Maximum Set Back:- Maximum set back is give below:FRONT (M) 0.30 SIDES(M) 1.5 BACK(M) 4.5
3. Maximum allowable thickness of load bearing masonry wall in cm. It depends upon the number of stories in building:STORIES 1 2 3 4 1 20 20 20 20 2 20 20 20 3 20 20 4 20
For singly storey building thickness of brick wall should be one brick and for doubly storey building we use one and half brick.
4.Carpet Area:- carpet area varies from 50-60% of the plinth area.

5. Passage Gluing Access To Start Case:- It should to as follows. a. Width of the passage saving a single staircase shall not to less than the width of that staircase. b. The width of the passage saving more than one stair case it serves plus one half the sum of width of the removing staircase.
6. Depth Of Foundation:- Depth of foundation depends upon the loading and type of foundation as well as soil characteristics. How the foundation was in under that is free from weathering effect. Minimum depth of foundation should to one mater.
7. Plinth Level:- The height of plinth depends upon the nature of the advancing ground especially with respect to drainage and floor level.

8. Height Of Ceiling:- For main room of the building the height should to between 3.30m and 3.60m. It may to scheduled to 3m for bathroom and W.C.
9. Open Air Space For Ventilation:- Every room intended for human habitation shall about on interior open air space of the width as dimensions specified below: a) Front open space:- Minimum 3m but not less than 1.80m in day light. b) Rear open space:- Rear open yard should have an average width of 4.5m and at no place the yard will measure less than 3m. c) Side open space:- There must be at least 9m wide open space, at least one side of the residential house.
10. Ventilation Of The Building:- The purpose of ventilation is to permit fresh air to come inside the rooms and to remove polluted air, smoke. For effective Ventilation the total area of the Doors and Window should be 25% of the total area, 12.5% may be provided for Windows. In addition to this Ventilation should have 4% of the Floor Area Generally Ventilators are place 15cm to 30cm below the Ceiling.

11. Orientation Of The Building:- In the Modern housing or in Urban Areas, the Architect or Engineer have very little flexibility to decide the Orientation of building. When the Area is developed for housing, the Road, sewer, water supply main lines and Electric line are already laid. The front of the House, has to fit with the front road and expect to locate the Building such that the by laws regarding the covered Area and set back from the front, back and sides. There is no flexibility available for the orientation of the building. However where certain flexibility is available such as in locating a farm house or on the Isolated Building, the following point may be kept in view: a) The orientation of the building should be such that the maximum benefit is obtained from Sun and Air. b) As far as possible building should be such that maximum benefit is obtained from Sun, Air, Northern Hemisphere so that low altitude Sun is available during Winter. c) In place subjected to Western wind the Building should face the Direction in which wind blows for most all the time during the year.

12. Double Storeyed Building:- The total floor area provided by the double storied building costs between 80-85% of the lost of equivalent floor area Wo t provided by a Single storied house. It is therefore economical to have two or three storied house. In view of the fact the available land for house Construction is limited the only way to meet ever increasing demand of housing is o resort the multi storeyed building.
13. Geometry Of The House:- As a rule it is more economical to have a square plan than an oblong one. The area occupied by the wall of an along house may be 25% larger than the corresponding area occupied by a square building. The house built on square plan keeps the house comparatively cooler in summer and warm in winter.
14. Room Locating And Common Size:- The common size and desirable locating of various components of a residential building are give below.

S.No
Particular Of Building Component Living Room, Drawing Room
Common Size
Characteristics And Their Location
4.20m4.80m This is the important part of building which is used as 5.40m7.20m sitting place of visitors and family members, it shall be directly approach for the front Verandah and connected to the Dining room when it is located separately. 3.60m4.20m It should be well righted and ventilated. It should be 4.20m4.80m connected to the Drawing Room as well as Kitchen.
2.
Dining Room

3.
Bed Room
3.00m3.60m The location should provided proper 4.20m4.80m Ventilation at least an sphere should be exposed to the Atmosphere for proper lightning and Ventilation.
4.
Store Room
2.50m2.50m It should be adjusted with Kitchen, by making a 3.003.00m number of Slabes and Racks.
5.
Office Room, Study Room, Guest Room
3.00m3.00m It should be at one end of the Front Verandah and is also connected with other Rooms, some time it serves as Guest Room. It should have an attached Bath and W.C.

6.
Pantry
2.50m3.00m It is used for keeping cooked Food. 1.801.80m

For Combined Bath and W.C.
7.
Bath and Water Closet
1.80m2.50m For separate Bath. 1.20m1.80m For separate W.C. 1.201.8m In Modern House W.C. and bath are in the same Room attached to each Bed Room.
8.
Kitchen
2.50m3.90m It should be located in the side of the Building and 3.00m3.00m connected pantry and Living Room. It should be Ventilated properly, fitted with Sink. 2.50m3.00m It should be provided at the 3.00m3.60m
Front and at the Back side of the Building.
9.
Verandah

LAYOUT
Setting out the position of wall and foundation lines on the ground from the drawing is called as layout of building. Layout is done by foundational plans shown in the drawing. Detailed plans and drawing are prepared before actual execution of any project. For layout detailed plan of the area is required. Site plan and detailed are studied thoroughly and out of various walls. The longest outer wall is chosen as the base line. With the help of site plan and detailed plan length of the center line of the wall are calculated and center line plan of the building is prepared. Distance of center point of the outer corner of the building wall from the property line is noted on the center line plan. On the choosed base line marks the corner points. These points can be located on the ground easily from the site plan, detailed plan and center line plan. The distance between the center to center corners points of the base line from the center line plan. Now pegs are down at these corners

center points. This center line can be mark on the ground by lime powder by stretching tightly a string between them. Now using the base line and using length of various center lines which are calculated on center line plan. All other center lines are marked and pegs are driven at their extremities. All the pegs so driven lie on the center line of various walls. At all these pegs show width of the foundational trench similarly at all the center corner pegs addition pegs one on the outer side and one on the inner side are driven showing the width of the trench to be excavated. After this the excavation lines are marked on the ground by the stretching string turn by turn between corresponding outer and inner pegs, thus foundation is completely trace on the ground. Thick nails are driven on the top of pegs. Once the excavation of the foundation trenches is started, excavation line and center line will also get excavated and will not remain available for checking purpose. Masonry pillars constructed at 900 at trench corner of the building. The height of masonry pillars is kept at plinth level of the building. The height of masonry pillars is kept at plinth level of the building. All such pillars shall be kept at the same level with the help of dummy level. The top surface of the pillars is plastered and position

Showing corresponding center line, excavation lines are marked by making groove in pillars. The pillars should not be destroyed till the foundation work is completed. If due to some reason it is not possible to construct masonry pillars alternative arrangement must be made to serve the purpose of masonry pillars. After ground tracing or layout has been completed with respect to center line of walls, diagonals of rectangular or square rooms should be equal if they are not equal adjustments are done at the site before pegs are driven finally. Right angles in the ground tracing may be set up using 3.4 and 5 meter length of the tape. Before starting excavation, the strings are stretched between the outside lines of the foundation trench marked over the masonry pillars and the cutting lines are marked on the ground by lime powder.

SPECIFICATION
Specification specifies or describes the nature and the class of work, material to be used in the work, workmanship, etc and is very important for the execution of the work. The cost of the work depends much on the specifications. From the study of specification one can easily understand the nature of the work, the purpose for which the work is required, strength of the materials, availability of materials, quality of materials etc.
Specifications are of two types:a) General Specification. b) Detailed Specification. 1. GENERAL SPECIFICATION:General specification gives the nature and the class of the work

and materials in general terms, to be used in the various parts of the work, from the foundation to the superstructure. It is the short description of different parts of the work specifying materials, proportions, qualities etc. The general specifications of the building are given below:1.Foundation & Plinth:- Foundation and plinth shall be of - Class brick work in lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar over lime concrete or 1:4:8 cement concrete.
2.Damp Proof Course:- D.P.C shall be 2.5cm () thick cement concrete 1:1.5:3, mixed with one Kg of Impermo per beg of cement or other standard water proofing materials as specified and painted with two coats of bitumen.
3.Roofing:- Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulation layer and line concrete terracing above, supported over R.S. Joists or R.C.C beams as required. Height of room shall not be less than 3.0 meter.

4. Superstructure:- Super structure shall be of -class brick work with lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar. Linter over doors & window shall be of R.C.C.
5. Flooring:- Floor shall be 2.5 cm () cement concrete over 7.5 cm (3) Lime concrete. Verandah floor shall be of brick tile of flag stone over lime concrete, finished cement painted.
6. Finishing:- Inside and outside walls shall be of 12mm cement concrete mortar plastered 1:6. Ceiling shall be cement plaster 1:3. Inside shall be white washed 3 coats, colour washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
7.Door & window:- Chaukat shall be of salwood, and shutters of chir mango or country wood. Doors & windows shall be painted two coats with ordinary paints over one coat of priming.
8. Miscellaneous:- Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall

be provided and finished painted. Building shall be provide with st class Sanitary and water fitting and Electrical installations. I meter wide 7.5cm c.c. 1:3:6 aprons shall be provided all around the building.
2. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS:The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the requirements in details. The detailed specification of an item of work specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportions of mortar, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the methods of measurement. The detailed specifications of various items of works are as follows:-
1. EARTHWORK IN EXCAVATION IN FOUNDATION:Excavation:Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of

Foundation concrete and the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is the not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be sloped back or protected with timber shoring. Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1m (3) of the edge of the trench.
Finish of trench:The bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly leveled both longitudinally and transversally and the sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to the loose concrete least thickness. The bed of the trench shall be lightly watered and well rammed excess digging if done through mistake shall be filled with concrete at the expense of contractor inspection and approval of the trench by the engineerin-charge.
Finds:Any treasure and valuable or materials found during the excavation, shall be the property of the government.

Water in foundation:Water if any accumulates in the trench should be bailed or pumped out without any extra payment and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface water to enter into the branch.
Trench filling:After the concrete has been constructed the remaining portion of the trenches shall be filled up with earth in layers of 15cm (6) and well rammed.
Measurement:The measurement of the excavation shall be taken in cum. Rate shall be for complete work for 30m lead and 1.50m lift including all tools and plants required for the completion if the works. For every extra lift if 1.5m separate extra rate if provided.

2. LIME CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION:Materials:All materials shall be as per stands specifications coarse aggregate shall be of hard, well burnt or over-burnt brick ballast of 4mm gauge. It shall be deep cherry red or copper colour and shall be clean, free from dust and other foreing matters. It shall be homogenous I texture and roughly cubical I shape. Ballast which appears porous and shows sign of saltpeter shall not be used. Fine aggregates shall be of surkhi or sand or cinder as specified, and clean and free from dust, dirt and foreign matters. Surkhi shall be made of well-burnt bricks or bricks bats (not over-burnt) shall pass through a siere of 2.5 meshes per sq.cm. Lime shall be white fat lime and shall be freshly burnt and free from ashes and other foreign matters. Lime shall be slaked at site of work and screened through a sieve of 3 meshes to a cm.

Proportion:The concrete shall consists of 1 cum of brick ballast, 0.32 cum of surkhi (sand of cinder) and 0.16 cum of white lime in the proportion of 100:32:16 by volume.
Mixing:Mixing shall be done on a clean watertight, masonry platform of sufficient size. Bricks ballast shall be stacked in a rectangular layer of uniform thickness usually 30cm (12) high and well soaked with clean water for a period of at least three hours. The dry mix of lime and surkhi shall be spread over the stacked ballast to the required thickness to give the specified proportion. The materials shall then be mixed dry turning at least three times. Clean water then be added slowly to the required quantity while mixing and materials mixed thoroughly by turning at least three times so that whole surface of each ballast do not separate from mortar.

Laying and Compacting:Bed of foundation trench shall be lightly sprinkled with water before concrete is laid. Concrete shall be slowly and gently in layers if not more than 20 cm (8) and thoroughly consolidated should be checked by water test, by digging a hole of about 7.5 cm dia and 7.5 cm deep in the concrete and filling water. The water level should not sink more than 1.25 cm in 15 minutes if concrete has been well consolidated.
Joints and consecutive layers:When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, the end shall be sloped at and angle of 300 and junction of different layers shall made rough and cleaned and watered before upper layer is laid.
Curing:Concrete after completion shall be kept wet for a period of at least 7 days and no masonry shall be constructed upon it during this period.

The curing shall be done by spreading gunny bags or sand or keeping them wet by water-can at regular intervals.
Measurement:Measurement shall be taken in cum (cu.ft) for the finished concrete. The length and breadth shall be measured correct to 1cm and depth correct to 0.5cm. the rate shall be for the complete work including the cost of from work if required, and all tools and plants.
Note:If kanker lime is used 0.35 cum of kanker like shall be used with cum ballast and no surkhi or sand or cinder shall be added. When brick ballast is no available, in hill areas, stone ballast 40mm (11/2) gauge, sand and white lime may use in the lime proportion as above.

LIME CONCRETE IN ROOF TERRACING:Materials:All materials shall be of standard specifications. Coarse aggregate shall be of well burnt or over burnt brick ballast of 25mm gauge, it shall be deep cherry red or copper color and shall be clean, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. It shall be homogenous in texture and roughly cubical in shape. Ballast which appears porous or shows sign of through a square mesh do 37.5cm and not more than 20 percent shall pass through a mesh 20cm. Fine aggregate shall be of Surkhi, clean free from dust, dirt and foreign matters. Surkhi shall be made from well burnt bricks and shall pass through a screen of 25 meshes per sq cm (144 meshes per sq in). Lime shall be white fat lime and shall be freshly burnt and free from ashes and other foreign matters. Lime shall be slaked at site if work and screened through a sieve of 3 meshes to a cm.

Proportion:Concrete shall consists of 1cum brick ballast 0.36 cum of surkhi and 0.18 cum white lime (proportion 100:36:18).
Mixing:Mixing shall be done in a clean watertight masonry platform of sufficient size. Brick ballast shall be stacked in rectangular layer of uniform thickness usually 30cm high and well soaked with clean water for period of at least three hours. The dry mix of lime and Surkhi shall be spread over the stacked ballast the required thickness to give the specified proportion. The material shall then be dry mixed turning at least three times. Clean water shall be added slowly to the required quantity while mixing and materials mixed thoroughly by turning at least three times so that whole surface of each ballast gets coated with a mortar and the mix become plastic of uniform color of workable consistency and the ballast do not separate from mortar. Concrete shall be mixed for days work, stale concrete shall not be used.

Laying And Consolidation:Surface shall be lightly sprinkled with water and then concrete shall be laid slowly and gently in layer so as to have required slop and specified thickness after compaction. The concrete shall then be lightly rammed with 6kg (121 bs) rammers and during preliminary ramming the surface shall then be perfectly leveled by means of trowel, straight edge and spirit level. The concrete shall then be further consolidated by two rows of labours sitting close and beating the concrete with wooden thapis and moving forward and backward covering the whole surface. The beating shall continue for at least seven days until the concrete is thoroughly compacted and until the thapis rebound from the surface when struck in the concrete, special care shall be taken to consolidate and the junctions shall be rounded. When beating is a progress, the surface of the concrete shall be frequently sprinkled with mixture of line molasses and boiled solution if bad for water proofing.

Finishing:As soon as beating has been completed the mortar that has come to top shall be softened by the addition of lime, molasses and beal fruit sudation and smoothened by rubbing and pressing with a trowel or float to a fine polish. No surface plaster shall be used on any account for finishing the surface. The finished surface shall have a minimum slope of 1 in 50 and maximum slope of 1 in 36 towards the rain water outlet. For every 40sq.m of roof area, 100 mm diameter rainwater pipe shall be provided.
Curing:The concrete shall be kept wet for a fortnight. The wetting would done by covering with straw or sand and watering frequently by watercan dividing in to squares by mud kiaries which shall be kept flooded with water.

Measurement:The measurement shall be taken for the finished work of superficial area in sqm. Stating the average thickness. The average thickness shall be measured correct to 6mm and length and breadth shall be measured correct to 1cm. no deductions shall be made for opening up to 0.4 sqm. and extra payment shall be made for opening up to 0.4 sqm or labour involved in forming such opening. For opening exceeding 0.4 sqm deductions will be made in the measurement but labour in forming such opening. Rate shall be for the finished work including all tolls and plants.
Note: If kankar lime is used, 0.45 cum of kankar lime shall be mixed with 1 cum brick ballast. If stone ballast used the proportion shall be 1 cum of stone ballast of 24 mm gauge 0.5 cum of sand and 0.25 cum of white lime The finished thickness of lime concrete in roof tracing may not be 1.5 cm to 12cm(3 to 41/2). The surface finishing may be taken in sqm under a separate item.

4. CEMENT CONCRETE(1:2:4):Materials Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar. Course aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matter. The stone ballast shall be of 20mm (3/4) size and all should be retained in a 5mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42%. For building work 2mm gauge may be used. Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through screen of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specification clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used. Cement shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matter. And water shall be suitable for drinking purpose.

Proportion:The proportion of concrete shall be 1:2:4 as cement: sand: ballast, by volume unless specified.
Hand Mixing:Mixing shall be done for masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion, first two boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly and then this cry mix of cement and sand shall be placed over a stack of 4 boxes of stone aggregate and the whole mixed dry turning at least three times to have uniform mix. Water shall then be added slowly and gradually with a water can while being mixed to the required quantity 25 to 30 liters per bag of cement, to give a plastic mix of the required work ability and water cement ratio. The whole shall be mixed thoroughly turned at least three times to give a uniform concrete.
Mixing by machines:-

Stone ballast and cement shall be put into the cement concrete mixture to have the required proportion. For concrete 1:2:4 proportion first four boxes of stone ballast them two boxes of sand and then one bag of cement shall be put in to the c.c. mixture, the machine shall be added gradually to the required quantity, 25 to 30 liter per bag of Cement to have the required water cement ratio. The mixing should be thoroughly to have a plastic mix of uniform color. It required 3/2 to 2 minutes rotations for thorough mixing. Mixed concrete shall be unloaded on a masonry platform.
Slump:Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the required consistency. A slump of 7.5 cm to 10 cm (3 to 4) may be allowed for building work.
Formwork:Formwork centering and shutting shall be provided as

required as per standard specification before laying concrete in position. The inner surface of the concrete shutting shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking to it. The base and formwork over which concrete to be laid shall be watered by sprinkling water before concrete lay. Forms should not be remover before 1Formwork shall be removed slowly and carefully without disturbing and damaging concrete.
Laying:Concrete shall be laid gently in layers not exceeding 15 cm (6) and compacted by pinning with rods and tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained. Over vibration will separate coarse aggregate from concrete should be avoided. After removal of the formwork in due times the concrete surface shall be free from money combing, air voids or any other defect. Concrete should be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or for the following day the end shall be sloped at the angle 30 and

made rough for further joining. When the work is resumed, the previous work sloped portion shall be rough ended, cleaned and a grout of heat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid. For successive layer the upper layer before the lower has set.
Curing:After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet stand for 24 hours, and then cured by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5 c, (3) height or by covering with wet sand or earth and keep damp continuously for 15 days. If specified, curing may be done by covering concrete with special type of water proof papers so as to prevent water escaping or evaporation.
Note:For week concrete 1:3:6, 1:4:8, 1:5:10 etc stack measurement

And hand mixing in a pucca platform may be allowed. For weak concrete brick ballast of cheep type ballast of 40mm (1/2) size may be used.
5. REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (R.C.C.) Steel:Steel reinforcement bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be free from corrosion, lose rust scales, oil, grease, paints etc. The steel bar shall be round and capable of being bent without fracture. Bars shall hook and bent accurately and placed in position as per design and drawing and bound together tight with 20s.w.g.annealed steel wires at there point of intersection. Bars shall be bent cold y Appling gradual and even motion, bars of 40mm (1/2) diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allowed to cool slowly without immersing in water or quenching.

Joint in the bar should be avoided as far as possible, when joint have to be made and over lap of 40 times diameter of the bar shall be given with proper hooks at ends and joints should be staggered. Bigger diameter bars should be joints by welding and tested before placing in position while concreting steel bar shall he given side and bottom covers of concrete by placing precast cover blocks underneath of 1:2 cement mortar 2.5cm 2.5cm in section and thickness of specified cover. 4 cm to 5 cm for beam and 1 cm to 2 cm for slab during laying and compacting of concrete the reinforcing bars should not move from there position and bar of the laid position should not be disturbed.
Centering and Shuttering:Centering and shuttering shall be made with timber or steel plate close and tide to prevent leakage of mortar, with necessary props, bracings and wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and not yield on laying concrete and made in such a way that can be slacked and removed gradually with disturbing the concrete. No plastering should be spread to adherence of concrete. For slab and beam small camber should be given in centering, 1 cm per 2.5 cm (1/2 per loft) with a maximum of 4 cm(11/2). Centering and Shuttering should not be remove before 14 days in general 4 days for R.C.C.

columns, 10 days for roof slab and 14 days for beams. The centering and shuttering shall be removed slowly and carefully so that no part is disturbed of damaged.
Proportion of Cement Concrete:Cement concrete shall be of 1:2:4 proportions by a volume of slabs beams and lintels and 1:11/2:3 proportion for columns unless other wish specified.
Materials for Concrete:Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard I.S.I. specification and shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness. Coarse aggregate shall be hard, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be retained in a mm square mesh and well graded such that no voids do not exceed 40 percent. For building work 20 mm gauge may be used. Fine aggregate shall be or coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass thorough screen of 5mm square

mesh. Sand should be of standard specifications clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matters. The stone aggregate shall usually be 20mm to 60mm (3/4 to ) gauge unless otherwise specified. For heavily reinforced concrete members as in the case of ribs of main beams the maximum size of aggregate should usually be restricted to 5mm less than the minimum clear distance between the main bars or 5mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement whichever is small.
Mixing by hand:Mixing shall be done in masonry platform or sheet-iron tray. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion, first two boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be mixed thoroughly and then this dry mix of cement and sand shall be placed over a stack of 4 boxes least three times to have uniform mix. Water shall be added slowly and gradually with a water can while being mixed to the required quantity 25 to 30 liter per workability and water cement ratio. The whole shall be mixed thoroughly turning at least three times to give a uniform concrete.

Machine-Mixing:Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into the C.C. Mixer to have the required proportion. For concrete the 1:2:4 proportion first four boxes of stone ballast, then the boxes of sand and then one bag of cement shall be put into the C.C. Mixer, the machine shall then revolved to mix materials dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity, 25 to 30 liters per bag of cement to have the required the water cement ratio. The mixing should be done thoroughly to have a plastic mix of uniform color. It requires 11/2 to 2 minutes rotation for thorough mixing. Output of concrete mixer is 15 to 20 per hour.
Laying:Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall he clean, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The concrete shall be deposited in its final position. In case of columns and walls it is desirable to place concrete in full height. Care should be taken that the time between mixing

and placing of concrete shall not exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting process is not interfered with. During winter concreting shall not be done if the temperature falls below 40C. Concreting shall be protected by frost. Concrete shall be compacted be mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained. The vibrating shall continue during the entire period of placing concrete. Compaction shall be completed before initial setting starts. Over vibration which will separate coarse aggregate from concrete shall be avoided. After removal of the formwork in due time, the concrete surface shall be free from honey combing, air-holes or any other defect. Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or the following day, the end shall be sloped at an angle of 300 and made rough for future jointing. When the work is resumed, the previous sloped position shall be roughened, cleaned and watered and a coat of neat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid for successive layers the upper layer shall be laid before the lower layer has set. Structures exceeding 45 meters in length shall be divided by one or more expansion joints. Structures in which plan dimensions changes abruptly shall be provided with expansion joints at the section where such

changes occur. Reinforcements shall not extend across an expansion joint at the break between the section shall be complete.
Curing:After about 1 hrs laying when concrete begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hrs, and then by flooding with water. Making mud walls 7.5 cm (3) high or by covering with wet sand or earth or kept damp done by covering concrete with special type of water proof papers so as to present evaporating.
Finishing:If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement sand mortar not exceed 6mm thickness and pasting shall be applied immediately after removal of the centering while concrete is green. Immediately before applying the plaster the surface of the concrete shall be wetted and need cement wash shall be given.

Measurement:Measurement shall be taken in cum for the finished work and no deductions shall be made for the volume of steel. Steel reinforcements shall be measured under a separate item in a quintal. Plastering if any shall not include a separate item in a quintal. Plastering if any shall not include in the measurement. The rate for R.C.C. work shall be for the complete work excluding steel includes centering and shuttering and all tools and plants.
6. DAMP PROOF COURSE 2.5 cm:Material:Damp proof course shall consists of cements of cement coarse sand and stone aggregate of 1:11/2:3 proportion with 2 percent of Impermo or cem-seal or standard water proofing compound (1kg per bag of cement). The cement shall be fresh. Portland cement of standard specification. The sand shall be clean hard and tough of 20mm size well graded and free from dust and dirt.

Mixing:Mixing shall be done in a masonry platform or in a sheet iron-tray in the proportion of 1:11/2:3 by measuring with boxes. The cement is first mixed with the water proofing compound to the required quantity, and then mix dry with sand in the proportion of 1:11/2. The mix of cement and sand shall then be mixed dry with stone aggregate to have the proportion 1:11/2:3. Clean water then shall be added slowly and gradually while being mixed with to the required quantity to give a plastic mix of the required workable consistency. The mixing shall be done by turning at least three times to give a uniform and homogeneous concrete.
Laying:The level of the surface of the plinth shall be checked longitudinally and transversely. The top of walls at damp proof course should be laid with frogs of the bricks downwards battens of 2.5 cm thickness shall be fixed properly and firmly on both sides to confine the concrete so that the shuttering does no get disturbed during compaction and mortar does not leak through. The inner edges of the shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete

adhering to it. The surface of the wall shall be cleaned and the masonry shall be wetted by watering before concrete is laid. The concrete shall be laid within half and hour mixing and compacted thoroughly by tamping to make dense concrete and leveled both on longitudinally and transversely. After two hours of laying the surface of concrete shall be laid in continuation in one day without any joints. Joints or breaks if unavoidable shall be given at the sills of doors or openings. Shuttering may be removed after three days. On removal of the shuttering the edges should become smooth without honey combing.
Curing:The damp proof course shall be cured by watering and kept wet for 7 days and the construction o the wall above may be started. The surface shall be cleaned and wetted before masonry is started.

Painting with Asphalt:Two coats of asphalt painting may be applied on the upper surface of damp proof course, if specified. The first coat of hot asphalt 1.5 kg per sqm shall be applied uniformly on the surface when the concrete is dry and the painted surface is blinded immediately with coarse sand and the tamped lightly.
7. BRICKWORK 1st CLASS:Bricks:All bricks shall be of first class of standard specifications made of good brick earth, thoroughly burnt, and shall be of deep cherry red or copper colour. Bricks shall be regular in shape and their edges should be sharp and shall emit clear ringing sound on being struck and shall be free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind bricks shall not absorb water more than one sixth of their weight after one hour of socking by immersing in water. Bricks shall have a minimum crushing strength of 105 kg/sqcm.

Mortar:Mortar shall be specified and materials of mortar shall be of standard specifications. For cement mortar cement shall be fresh. Portland cement of standard specifications. Sand shall be sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign matters. For rick mortar coarse local fine sand may be used. Proportion of cement sand mortar may be (1:3 to 1:6 as specified). Materials of mortar shall be measured to have the required proportion with measuring box and first mix dry to have a uniform a colour in a clean masonry platform and then mixed by adding clean water slowly and gradually to have a workable consistency and mixed mortar shall be used, old and stale mortar shall not be used and mortar for one hours work only shall be mixed with water so that the mortar may be used before setting starts.
Soaking of Bricks:Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging a tank for a period of 12 hours immediately before use. Soaking shall be

continued till air bubbling is ceased.
Laying:Bricks shall be well bounded and laid in English bond unless otherwise specified. Every coarse shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be in plump. Vertical joins in alternate course shall come directly over one another. No damaged or broken bricks and shall be placed near the ends of the walls but not at the other edge. Selected bricks shall be used for face work. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6mm (1/4) in thickness and joints shall be fully filled with mortar. Bricks shall be laid with frogs upward except in the top course where frogs shall be placed downward. Brickwork shall be carried out not more than 1m height at a time. When one part one part of the wall has to be delayed, stepping shall he left at an angle of 45 corbelling or projection where made should not be more than 1/4 brick projection in one course. All joints should be raked and faces of wall cleaned at the end of each days work.

Curing:The brick work shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after laying. At the end of days work the top of walls shall be flooded with water by making small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2.5 cm deep water.
Protection:The brick work shall be protected from the effect of sun, rain, frost etc. During the construction and up till such time it is green likely to be damage.
SCAAFFOLDING:Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of brick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and strong and supports and members sufficiently strong so as to with stand all loads likely to come upon them.

Measurement:Brickwork shall be measured in cum. Different kinds of brickwork with different mortar shall be taken under separate item the thickness of wall shall be taken a multiple of half brick the rate shall be for the complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants,
8. PLASTERING CEMENT MORTAR AND LIME MORTAR:The joints of the brickwork shall raked out to a depth of 18 mm (3/4) and the surface of the wall shall be washed and kept wet for two days before plastering. The materials of mortar, cement and sand or lime and surkhi or sand, or kanker lime, as specified should be of standard specification. The materials or mortar shall be first dry mixed, by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion, and then water added slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly. The thickness of plastering shall be as specified usually 12mm (1/2) applied uniform thickness of plaster patches of 15 cm 15 cm

(6) strips 1m (3) a part or 2m (6) a part or 10 cm (4) with plaster shall be applied first at about 2m (6) a part to act as a guide. First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface by means of float and trowel. External plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor. Internal plastering shall started wherever the building frame is ready and centering of the roof slabs have been removed. Ceiling plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster. All corners and edges shall be rounded. The plastered surface shall be kept wet for 10 days. The surface should be protected from rain, sun, frost etc. For ideal work, the plastering should be applied in three coats the rendering or first coat of 10 mm, the floating of second coat of 10 mm to 6 mm and finishing coat of 5 to 6 mm, having a total minimum thickness of 20mm (3/4). The first coat shall be applied on the prepared rakked, cleaned and wetted surface by dashing the mortar and floated roughly with wooden float. It shall be kept damp for at least two days. When the first coat has sufficiently has set, the surface shall be wetted and a second coat of plaster shall be applied and brought to true even surface and the lightly roughened with a wooden float to provide bond for the finished coat shall them be applied on the wetted surface of the second coat and finished smooth to true even surface by float and trowel.

The work shall be tested frequently with a straight edge and plumb bob. At the end of the day the shall be left cut clean to line. When the next day plastering is started the edge of the old work shall be scraped cleaned and wetted with cement slurry. At the end of the plastering shall be closed near to the wall and not near than 15cm to any corner. Curing shall be started as soon as the plastered has hardened sufficient not to be damaged when watered. If specified, the final surface shall be given special finishing textures, as scaped textures, canvas textures etc with the required tools by engaging as expert worker in the profession.
Proportions:Different proportions of mortar which may be used for plastering Cement sand mortar- 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 Cement lime sand mortar-1:1:6 Lime surkhi or sand mortar- 1:1, 1:2 Kankar line mortar-kankar line mortar alone

For ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar with coarse sand is generally used. Cement, lime sand mortar is slow setting and has better workability than cement sand mortar.
Measurement:Plastering shall be taken in sqm stating thickness. Mortar and its mix plastering of all roofs ceilings, walls etc shall be measured under separate items. The measurements of all plastering shall be taken for the dimensions before plastering for length and from top to floor or skirting to the ceiling to the height. Exterior plastering to a height greater than 10m (30ft). Plastering bands 30cm (12) or below shall be measured in running meters (rft).
Deduction: No deductions shall be made for the ends of joists, beams, posts etc and openings not exceeding 0.5 (5sqft) each.

For openings not exceeding 0.5sqm (5sqft) but not exceeding 3sqm (30sqft) each deduction shall be made for one face only and the other face shall be allowed for jambs, soffits and sills which shall not be measured. When the two faces are plastered with different mortars or if one side is plastered the other pointed, deduction shall be made on the basis of chaukhats of doors and window on which the width of jambs or reveals is less than on the side. In case of opening of area above 3sqm (30sq.ft) each deduction shall be measured and added.
9. 2.5cm (1) CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR:The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 or 1:2, 1/21/2 as specified. Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard specifications. The coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20mm (3/4) gauge, well grade and free from dust, dirt etc. the sand shall be coarse of 5mm maximum size and down, well graded, clear and free from dust and other organic matters.

The floor shall be leveled and divides into panels of size not exceeding 1 meter in its smaller dimension and 2m in large dimensions. Glass or aluminum strips 3mm thick and depth equal to the thickness of the floor shall be fixed on the base with cement mortar. Required camber of slope shall be given in the floor for drainage of wash water. Mixing of concrete shall be done by hand mixing or by mechanical mixer. Concrete for one panel only shall be mixed in one lot. Alternate panels shall be laid on alternate days. The floor shall be laid in two layers. The lower layer being 22mm thick and upper layer 3mm thick. The base shall be made rough and cleaned and soaked with water thoroughly and then given a cement wash just before laying. Concrete shall be placed gently and evenly and compacted by beating with wooden thapies and then the surface shall be tamped with wooden tampers. The surface shall then be smoothened with wooden floats and any unevenness shall be removed by adding 1:2 cement sand mortar. The whole operation of laying shall be completed within 30 minutes. After laying the surface shall be left undisturbed for 2 hours cured by flooding within water and kept folded for at least for at floor with wall plaster, dado and skirting shall be rounded off nearly.

10. WHITE WASHING:Fresh white lime slaked at site of work should be mixed with sufficient water to make a thin cream. The approximate quantity of water required in making the cream is 5 liters of water to 1 kg of lime. It shall then be screened through a coarse cloth and gum in the proportion of 100 gm of gum to 16 liters of wash shall be added. The surface should be dry and thoroughly cleaned from dust and dirt. The wash shall be applied with moonj or jute brush, vertically and horizontally alternately and the wash kept stirred in the container while using. Two or three coats shall be applied as specified and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied over it. After finishing the surface shall be of uniform colour. The white wash should not splash on the floor and other surfaces. In old surface should be cleaned and repaired with cement mortar where necessary and allowed to dry before white wash is applied. For final coat blue pigment powder should be mixed to the required quantity with the lime water to give a bright white surface.

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BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

B.B.Bali Date:.. Place: Head of Department Civil Engineer

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

Mr. D.C.Chauhan (Lecturer) (Deppt. Of Civil Engg.)

Miss. Madhu Nautiyal (Asst. Lecturer) (Deppt. Of Civil Engg.)

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

Signature of the Candidate Name:. Civil Engineering Govt Polytechnic Dehradun

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

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Signature S.K.GARBYAL (Lecturer in civil engineering)

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

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I am also thankful to my friends.

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGG. B.M. GROUP OF COLLEGE DEHRADUN (U.K.)

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGG. GOVT. POLYTECHNIC DEHRADUN (U.K.)

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

R for RESOURCES:The availability of resources is very much needed necessity to work.

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

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BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

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BUILDING BYE LAWS

Type A Type B Type C Type D

7-100 501-1000 201-500 1-200

33 40 50 60 Some local bodies in town allow coverage of pilot

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FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

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BLUE MOUNTAINS GROUP OF COLLEGE

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Particular Of Building Component Living Room, Drawing Room

Characteristics And Their Location

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Office Room, Study Room, Guest Room

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